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    MIT15 S12F18 Ses9

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    MIT15 S12F18 Ses9

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    MIT15_S12F18_ses9

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    41 views21 pages

    MIT15 S12F18 Ses9

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    Blockchain &

    Money

    Class 9
    October 4, 2018
    1
    Class 9 Overview

    • Readings and Study Questions

    • Blockchain Technical and Commercial Challenges

    • Permissioned Blockchain Systems

    • Blockchain Systems vs. Traditional Databases

    • Conclusions

    2
    Class 9 (10/4): Study Questions
    • What is permissioned or private distributed ledger technology? How
    does it differ from permissionless or open blockchain applications?

    • What are the key blockchain inspired features of Corda and


    Hyperledger Fabric? What is Digital Asset Holdings?

    • What are the business tradeoffs of utilizing a permissioned vs. a


    permissionless application? What are the tradeoffs for consumers?

    3
    Class 9 (10/4): Readings

    • ‘Enterprises building Blockchain Confront Early Tech Limita;ons’ CoinDesk

    • ‘Technical difference between Ethereum, Hyperledger fabric and R3 Corda’ Nandi

    • ‘What is Corda?’ Newton

    • ‘A Blockchain PlaHorm for the Enterprise, Introduc;on’ Hyperledger Fabric

    • ‘What is Digital Asset? / Distributed Ledgers for Financial Ins;tu;ons’ Coin Central

    4
    What is a blockchain?
    timestamped
    auditable database consensus protocol
    append-only log

    Secured via cryptography Addresses ‘cost of trust’


    • Hash functions for tamper (Byzantine Generals problem)
    resistance and integrity • Permissioned
    • Digital signatures for consent • Permissionless
    • Consensus for agreement
    5
    5
    Blockchain – Technical Features
    • Cryptography & Timestamped Logs
    • Cryptographic Hash Functions
    • Timestamped Append-only Logs (Blocks)
    • Block Headers & Merkle Trees
    • Asymmetric Cryptography & Digital Signatures
    • Addresses
    • Decentralized Network Consensus
    • Proof of Work
    • Native Currency
    • Network
    • Transaction Code & Ledgers
    • Transaction Inputs & Outputs or State Transitions
    • Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) set or Account Based
    • Script, Solidity or Other Programing languages
    6
    Challenges with Blockchain Technology
    • Performance, Scalability, & Efficiency
    • Privacy & Security

    • Interoperability
    • Governance & Collective Action

    • Commercial Use Cases

    • Public Policy & Legal Frameworks


    7
    7
    Vitalik Buterin Trilemma

    Decentralization
    Scalability

    Security
    8
    Public Policy Framework
    • Guarding Against Illicit Ac0vity

    • Financial Stability

    • Protec0ng the Inves0ng Public

    9
    9
    Framework for Comparing Costs & Trade-offs
    (Coase)
    Coo
    rdin
    secu atio
    rity, n, g
    scal overn t s ,
    abil en
    ity ance, Ca pt u re , R
    f
    P oin t o
    S in g le
    Failure

    Decentralized 10
    Centralized
    Financial Sector Currently Favors
    permissioned blockchains vs. permissionless blockchains

    ? ?

    ? ?

    • Known set of participants • Unknown participants


    • No proof-of-work or mining • Security based on incentives
    • No need for a native currency • Native currency
    • Distributed database technology • Crypto-economics
    11
    11
    Blockchain – Technical Features Permissioned?
    • Cryptography & Timestamped Logs Yes
    • Cryptographic Hash Func9ons ✔
    • Timestamped Append-only Logs (Blocks) ✔
    • Block Headers & Merkle Trees ✔✔
    • Asymmetric Cryptography & Digital Signatures ✔
    • Addresses ✔
    • Decentralized Network Consensus No
    • Proof of Work PBFT, Notary Nodes, etc.
    • Na9ve Currency X
    • Network ✔
    • Transac9on Script & UTXO Yes
    • Transac9on Inputs & Outputs or State Transi9ons ✔
    • Unspent Transac9on Output (UTXO) or Account Base ✔
    • Script, Solidarity or Other Programing Code 12
    ✔
    Permissioned Private Blockchains
    Key Design Features
    • Membership Limited to Authorized Nodes
    • Transactions can also be Limited to Authorized Known Participants
    • Data & Ledgers can be Partitioned to Keep amongst Subgroups of Nodes
    • Consensus built on Permissioned, Private Protocols – Globally or Modular between
    Transacting Parties.
    • Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance
    • Delegated Notary Nodes
    • Diverse Protocols – from Protocols for Multi Party Consensus to Crash Fault Tolerant for 1 Party
    • Uses Cryptography and Registration Authorities to Mask User Data
    • Facilitates Smart Contracts using Chaincode or other Programming Language
    • No Native Currency – Possible, though, with Smart Contracts
    • Code Generally Open Source 13
    Hyperledger Fabric and Corda vs. Ethereum

    14

    © micobo GmbH. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commons license. For more information, see https://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/
    Permissioned Private Blockchains vs.
    Traditional Databases
    • Append-only Timestamped Logs vs.
    Create, Read, Update, and Delete (‘CRUD’)

    • Cryptographic Data Commitment Schemes for Data


    • Distributed Ledgers & Application Platforms

    • Provides Finality of Settlement


    • Can provide Real Time Ledger Updates
    • Lowers Reconciliation Costs (and Need for) Distributed Data Bases
    15
    Framework for Comparing Costs & Trade-offs

    Coo
    rdin
    secu a.o
    rity, n, g
    scal overn t s ,
    abil en
    ity ance, Ca pt u re , R
    f
    P oin t o
    S in g le
    Failure

    Decentralized 16
    Centralized
    Blockchains and Tradi/onal Databases
    Access Control Protocol

    Open Permissionless MulKple Permissioned Client Server

    Public Blockchain Private Blockchain Traditional Databases


    Public Write Capability Private Write Capability Trusted Party Hosts Data

    Peer to Peer Transactions Finality of Data in Trusted Party can ‘CRUD’


    Append Only Log
    No Central Intermediaries Client Server Architecture
    Public Verifiability
    Token Economics

    17
    Class 10 (10/11): Study Ques3ons
    • What are the tradeoffs of centralized institutions and markets in the
    financial sector?

    • Which challenges of the financial sector – periodic crises,


    concentrated risks, economic rents, legacy systems, processing risks,
    financial inclusion – might present opportunities for blockchain
    applications?

    • How does blockchain technology fit within other trends – particularly


    with regard to technology - facing the financial sector in 2018?
    18
    Class 10 (10/11): Readings

    • ‘Top financial services issues of 2018’ PwC Financial Services Ins2tute

    • ‘Sheila Bair on What Hasn’t Changed since the Great Recession’ New York Magazine

    • ‘The Rise of Market Concentra<on and Rent Seeking in Financial Sector’ Zhang

    Op<onal
    • ‘Ten Years aDer the Crash, We are Living in a World it Brutally Remade’ New York
    Magazine

    19
    Conclusions
    • Public Blockchain provides P2P Networking, but with Costs

    • Decentralization Costs and Trade-offs of Permissionless


    Blockchain need be Compared to Centralized and Permissioned Systems

    • For Scalability, Efficiency, & Privacy Challenges – though Promising work exists
    on Possible Solutions – Financial Sector Currently Favors Permissioned Systems

    • Blockchains – Private and Public – can Provide Real Time Final Settlement
    Features and Lessen Reconciliation Costs compared with Traditional Databases

    • Permissioned Systems may Currently Provide better Performance and Privacy


    than Public Blockchains but Innovation may Well Narrow the Gap
    20
    MIT OpenCourseWare
    https://ocw.mit.edu/

    15.S12 Blockchain and Money


    Fall 2018

    For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: https://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

    21

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