CHAPTER 3

VECTOR SPACE
(PART 2)
 SMA3013 LINEAR ALGEBRA SEM 2 2014/2015

3.2 Vector Spaces

3.2.3 Linear Combination
 3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Linear Combination (Cont..)
Example
1   1
1 
Is the vector   is a linear combination of the vectors  0  and  1  ?
   
2  3
 3   3 

Solution:

We want to find scalars x & y such that

1   1 1 
x 0   y  1    2 
 3  3  3 
Then, the augmented matrix,

1 1 1 B3 – 3B1
1 1 1 B1 + B2
1 03
0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2
3 3 3 0 0 0 0 00
Then, the RREF of this matrix is
1 03
0 1 2
0 00

Then, x = 3, y= 2.
The corresponding linear combination is;
1   1 1 
3 0   2  1    2 
 3  3  3 
 3.2 Vector Spaces
Example
2
3 1   1
Is   a linear combination of the vectors  0  and  1  ?
 4     
 3   3
Solution: The augmented matrix;
1 1 2 1 05
which reduces to 0 13
0 1 3
3 3 4 0 0 2

2
Thus, the system has no solution. Then,   is not a linear comb. of
3
 4 
1   1
  and  
0 1
 3   3
 3.1 Vectors in Rn (cont.)
Exercise (Linear Combination):
1.Determine whether each vector can be written as linear combination of the
vectors in set S given (show your steps).
Answer: 1 i(a) No
(b) v = 1/4(2, -1, 3) + 3/2(5, 0, 4)
i. (c) w = 8(2, -1, 3) – 3(5, 0, 4)
(d) z = 2(2, -1, 3) – (5, 0, 4)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Answer: 1 ii (a) u = -7/4(2, 0, 7) + 5/4(2, 4, 5) + 0(2,-12, 13)

(b) No
(c) w = 1/6(2, 0, 7) + 1/3(2, 4, 5) + 0(2,-12, 13)
ii. (d) z = -4(2, 0, 7) + 5(2, 4, 5) + 0(2,-12, 13)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

3.1 Vectors in Rn (cont.)

2. Show that vector b can be written as linear combination of the vectors in set
A given (show your steps).

(i)

Answer:
2 i. x = 1 y= -3 z = 1
(ii)
ii. x = 1 y = (t-1) z = t
iii. w = -26 x = 13 y = -7 z = 4

(iii)
 3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets

The notion of a spanning set is intimately connected with the solution of the linear
systems.

A system with augmented matrix [ A | b ] has a solution precisely when b is a

linear combination of the column of A.

Theorem
A system of linear equations with augmented matrix [ A | b ] is
consistent if and only if b is a linear combination of the column of A.

Example (previous example)

1   1
1  1
0
Since the vector  2  is a linear combination of the vectors   and  
   3
 3   3 
Then , the system is consistent.
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets

Definition (Spanning Sets of Vector Space)

If S = { v1, v2, …, vk } is a set of vectors in a vector space V, then the set
of all linear combinations of v1, v2, …, vk is called spanning set of v1, v2,
…, vk and denoted by
span(v1, v2, …, vk) or span(S).
If V = span(S) it is said that V is spanned by S, or that S spans V.

The notion of a
spanning set of vectors
carries over easily from
Rn to general vector
spaces
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont…)

Example
  2  1 
Show that R2 = span    ,   .
  1 3 
Solution.
a 
(To show an arbitrary vector   can be written as a linear
b 

2 1
combination   and  3 . )
 1  

Then, we have to find x & y such that,

2 1  a 
x  y    
 1  3  b 
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont…)

The augmented matrix;

B1  B2 -B1 1 3 b B2 – 2B1
2 1a 1 3 b
1 3 b 2 1a 2 1 a

1 3 b B2 / 7 1 3 b B1 + 3B2

0 7 a  2b 0 1 (a  2b) / 7

1 0 (3a  b) / 7
0 1 (a  2b) / 7
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont…)

3a  b a  2b
Then, x , y .
7 7
We have,

 3a  b   2   a  2b  1  a 
   1    3   b 
 7    7    

Then,   2  1 
R  span    ,    .
2

  1 3 
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont…)
Example
1   1
   
Let w = span(v1, v2 ) where v1   2  and v 2   1  , v1, v2 in R3.
1   2 
3
Determine whether u   2  is a linear combination in w.
 
1 
Solution.

Let w = span(v1, v2 ) = rv1 + sv2 .

We have to find scalars r & s such that;

1   1  3
r  2   s  1    2 .
1   2 1 
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont…)

Then,

1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 3
B2 – 2B1 B2  B3 - B2
2 1 2 0 3 4 0 1 2
1 2 1 B3 – B1 0 1 2 0 3 4

1 1 3 B3 - 3B2 1 1 3
0 1 2 0 1 2
0 3 4 0 0 10

Since this system has no solution (not consistent), then, u is not a linear
combination of v1 and v2 . Therefore u is not in w.
 3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont…)

Example

1 2 1 0

Let v1   0  , v 2   2  , v 3   2 and v 4   2  v1, v2, v3, v4 in R3.
     
 1 1   4  3 

Let w = span( v1, v2, v3, v4 ). Determine whether the following vectors are in w?

3 7 
(i ) u   2  (ii) u 2  6 
 3   2 
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont…)
Solution.

(i) Let w = span( v1, v2, v3, v4 ).

Then to find scalars a, b, c and d such that,
1  2 1  0   3
a  0   b  2   c  2  d  2   2 .
 1 1   4  3  3

The augmented matrix,

1 2 1 03 1 2 1 03 B3 – 3B2
B3 + B1
0 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 1 1
1 1 4 3 3 B2 / 2 0 3 3 3 6

1 2 1 03
Then, this system has no solution. Therefore, u
0 1 1 1 1 is not in w.
0 0 0 03
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont…)

1 2 1 07 B3 + B1 1 2 1 07 B3 / 3
(ii ) 0 2 2 26 0 1 1 1 3
1 1 4 3 2 B2 / 2 0 3 3 3 9
1 2 1 07 B3 – B2 1 2 1 07
0 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 3
0 1 1 1 3 0 0 0 00

Let c = t, d = s.
Then, b–t+s=3 a + 2b + c = 7
b=3+t–s a + 2(3 + t – s ) + t = 7
a = 1 – 3t + 2s.
Then,
a = 1 – 3t + 2s, b = 3 + t – s , c = t, d = s.
Then, u2 in w 
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont.)
Example

In P2, determine whether r(x) = 1 – 4x + 6x2 in span(p(x), q(x)), where

p ( x)  1  x  x 2 and q ( x)  2  x  3 x 2
Solution:

To find scalars c and d such that,

cp(x) + dq(x) = r(x)

Then,
c(1 – x + x2) + d(2 + x – 3x2)
= 1 – 4x + 6x2

Regrouping according powers of x;

(c + 2d) + (-c + d)x + (c – 3d)x2 = 1 – 4x + 6x2.

3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont.)
Then,
c + 2d = 1
-c + d = -4
c – 3d = 6
Hence, c = 3 and d = -1.
Therefore,
r(x) = 3p(x) – q(x).
Then, r(x) is in span(p(x), q(x)).
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont.)
Theorem
Let v1, v2, …, vk be vectors in a vector space V.
a. span(v1, v2, …, vk) is a subspace of V.
b. span(v1, v2, …, vk) is the smallest subspace of V that contains v1, v2,
…, vk.
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont.)
Exercises: (Spanning set of Vector Space)

a. Let X={ v1, v2 }  P2, where

v1 = 1 – x and v2 = 2 + x + 3x2.
Determine whether w = 1 + x2 in span(X). Ans: r1 = 1/3 ; r2 = 1/3

b. Let {v1, v2}  M22 where

 1 2 3 1
v1    v2   
 1 0  1 1
Determine whether ,

0 5
w  in span(v1, v2). Ans: r1 = 3, r2 = -1.
 4 1
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont.)
Exercise (Linear Combination & Spanning Set):
1.Write v as a linear combination of u and w, if possible. (show your steps).
 1 1
u  , w 
2   1

2   1 0  1
(a) v    (b) v    (c) v    (d) v   
 1  2  3   4 

2. Write v as a linear combination of u, x and w, if possible. (show your steps).

2   1  2 
     
u  3  , x   2  , w   2 
5  4 3
     

10   1  1  1

(a)   (b)   (c)   (d)  
v1 v1 v 7 v 5
4  2  2 3
       
 3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont.)
Exercise (Linear Combination & Spanning Set):
3. Determine whether v can be written as a linear combination of u, x and w.
(show your steps).

 1  1 2  3 0   1 2  3 

               
( )i v 7  ; u 3 ,  x 1 ,  w 2   ( ii) v 3  ; u 4 ,  x 5 ,  w 6  
2 5  3  4  6  7  8  9 
               

3   1 1  5 8  2 4 6

               
( iii) v 1  ; u 1 ,  x 0  ,  w 2  ( iv) v 12
 ; u 3  ,  x 9 ,  w 6  
0  2   1  1 1   1  1  1
               

5  1 2 6 9   1 2  3

               
( v) v 3  ; u 1 ,  x 1  ,  w 2   ( vi) v 0  ; u 2 ,  x 1 ,  w 1  
 1 1  4   2 4 4  1 1
               
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont.)

Exercise (Linear Combination & Spanning Set):

4. Determine whether the third column can be written as a linear combination of
the first two columns.
 1 2 3  1 2 3
   
( )i 7  8 9  ( ) 7ii 8  9 
4 5 6 4 5 7
   

5. Determine whether the set S spans R2 (Show your steps).

  1 

  1  2    1  2    
( )i S  ,    ( ii) S   ,   ,  2 
 
  1  1 
   2   4   1  
  


  1  4  1 
 
  1  2  1 

( iii) S  ,   ,    ( iv) S  ,   ,   
  4   1 1 
    2   1 1 
 
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont.)

Exercise (Linear Combination & Spanning Set):

6. Determine whether the set S spans R3 (Show your steps).
 6   3  1   1  1 0  
           
( )i S  7 ,  2  ,  3    ( ii) S  0 , 1
 6   4  , 1  
2   1 0   1 
           

  1  2  4 2     1 0   0   1  
               
( iii) S  0 ,  0  , 0 , 0   ( iv) S  0 , 4 ,  0  ,  5   
 3   1 5  6    0  0   6   3 
               

  4  1 6    1  1 2  
           
( v) S  3 ,  2 , 0 ( vi) S 1 , 1 , 1  
   1
4 3 0   2   1 
           
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont.)

Exercise (Linear Combination & Spanning Set):

7. Determine if the vector b is in the span of the columns of the matrix A.

1 2 5 
( )i A , b 
3 4  6 

 1 2 3 10 
   
( ii) A 4  5 6 ,  b 11
 
7 8 9  12 
   
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont.)
Exercise (Linear Combination & Spanning Set) - Answer:

1. (a) v uw 2. (a) v  u  2x  3w

(b) v  u  0w (b) v  3u  5x  w
(c) v  u (  w
) (c) v  9u  13x  3w

(d) v  u  2w (d) v  5u  7x  2w

3. i. Not consistent
ii. Yes. v ux w

iii. Yes. ( 2 )t (2u  3 ) t x  t w

v 1
iv. Yes. v  u  x  w

v. Not consistent
vi. Yes. v  2u  5x  w
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont.)

Exercise (Linear Combination & Spanning Set) - Answer:

3   1 2
     
4.(i) Yes . 9     7   2  8 
6  4 5 
     
(ii) No. Not consistent.

 a  2b   1   a  b  2 
5.(i) span.     
 3   1  3   1
(ii) Does not span

 1 a  4b   1  1 4a  b  4  1
 t     t    t  
(iii) span.  3 15  4   3 15   1 1
 a  2b   1  2a  b   2  1
 t      t     t  
 3 2
   3   1 1
(iv) span.
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont.)
Exercise (Linear Combination & Spanning Set) - Answer:

a  6  3 1
   8a  10b  11c     32a  6b  25c     40a  42b  9c  
6. (i) span. b    184
 7   
184
 2  
184
  3
c    6     4   2 
       
a   1  1 0 
   a b c   a  b c  
    a  b  c  

(ii) span. b    2
 0   
2
  1  
2
  1
c     1   0     1
       

(iii) Does not span.

a   1 0  0 1
     5 b    1 c    
b    t  a  0     4 t  4   4     2 t  6   0   t 5
(iv) span. c  0    0     6   3
         
a   4 1 6 
       a  16b  11c  
b    3b  2c   3   4b  3c   2    0 
(v) span. 6
c  4 3   0 
       

a  1  1 2
       
b    a  3b  c  1   b  c   1  a  b   1
(vi) span.
c  1 2  1
       
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.3 Spanning Sets (cont.)

Exercise (Linear Combination & Spanning Set) - Answer:

5   1  9   2 
        
 4
3   2   4 
7. (i) Yes.
6 
10   1 2  3 
   28     29     
(ii) yes. 11
    t   4
    2t   5   t 6 
3 3
12    7    8  9 
       
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.4 Linear Independence

Definition (Linearly Dependence & Independence )

A set of vectors {v1, v2, …, vk } in a vector space V is linearly

dependent if there are scalars c1, c2, …, ck at least one of which is not
zero, such that
c1v1  c2 v 2  ...  ck v k  0
A set of vectors that is not linearly dependent is said to be linearly
independent.

Remember: the set of vectors is linearly

independent iff c1v1 + c2v2+ …+ ckvk implies c1
= c2 = … = ck = 0. Note:
A set of vectors is linearly independent if
the scalars have trivial solutions.
Eg. c1 = c2 =…= c3 = 0
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.4 Linear Independence (Cont.)

Testing for Linear Independence & Linear Dependence

Let S = { v1, v2, …, vk } be a set of vectors in Rn. To determine whether S is

linearly independent or linearly dependent, perform the following steps:

1.From the vector equation c1v1 + c2v2 + … + ckvk = 0, write a homogeneous

system linear equations in the variables c1, c2 , …, ck .
2.Use the Gaussian elimination to determine whether the system has a unique
solution.
3.If the system has only the trivial solution , c1 = c2 = … = ck = 0, then the set S
is linearly independent. If the system also has nontrivial solutions, then S is
linearly dependent.
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.4 Linear Independence (cont.)

Theorem (Property of Linearly Dependent Sets)

A set of vectors { v1, v2, …, vk } in a vector space V is linearly
dependent if and only if at least one of the vector can be expressed as
a linear combination of the others.

Example

In P2, determine whether the set { 1+x, x + x2, 1+x2 } is linearly independent.

Solution:
Let c1, c2 & c3 be scalars, such that
c1(1 + x) + c2(x + x2) + c3(1 + x2).
Then,
(c1 + c3) + (c1 + c2)x + (c2 + c3)x2 = 0
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.4 Linear Independence (cont.)

Then, c1 + c3 = 0
c1 + c2 = 0
c2 + c3 = 0
Hence, c1 = c2 = c3 = 0.
Therefore, { 1 + x, x + x2, 1+ x2 } is linearly independent.
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.4 Linear Independence (Cont.)

Example.

a.The set in R2 is linearly dependent because

b.The set in R2 is linearly dependent because

c. The set in R2 is linearly dependent because

 3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.4 Linear Independence (Cont.)
Example
Determine whether the following sets of vectors are linearly dependent/ linearly
independent.
1   2  1
a. 2  2 2
v1    , v2    , v3   
3 1  7
     
1   3  3

 1 2
b. w1   2  and w2   4 in R 3 .
 1   3 

1  1 1 
c.  2 ,  1  and  4  in R 3 .
     
 0   1  2
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.4 Linear Independence (Cont.)
Solution.

a. r1v1 + r2v2 + r3v3 = 0

1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0
B2 – 2B1
2 2 2 0 0 2 4 0 B2  B4
3 1 7 0 B3 – 3B1 0 5 10 0
1 3 3 0 B4 – B1 0 1 2 0
1 2 1 0 1 2 1 0
B3 + 5B2
0 1 2 0 0 1 2 0
0 5 10 0 B4 + 2B2
0 0 0 0
0 2 4 0 0 0 0 0
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.4 Linear Independence (Cont.)
Then, the three vectors are linearly dependent since the system has at least one
nonzero solution.

Let r3 = t ,
r2 - 2t = 0
r2 = 2t.
r1 + 2r2 – r3 = 0
r1 = t – 2(2t)
= -3t.
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.4 Linear Independence (Cont.)
b. r1v1 + r2v2 = 0
1 2 0 1 2 0
…..
2 4 0 0 50
1 3 0 0 00

Then,
5r2 = 0
r2 = 0.
r1 – 2r2 = 0
r1 = 0.
Thus, these two vectors are linearly independent.

c. Linearly dependent
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.4 Linear Independence (Cont.)

Example.

Let

Show that one of the vectors in this set can be written as a linear combination
of the other two.

Solution : so we have linear combination c1v1 + c2v2 + c3v3 = 0

The augmented matrix;

….

Let c3 = t. Then,
Then, 3c2 + c3 = 0
c2 = -t/3
c1 + 2c2 = 0
c1 = 2t/3.
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.4 Linear Independence (Cont.)
Theorem
Let v1, v2, …, vm be (column) vectors in Rn and let A be the nxm matrix
[v1 v2 … vm ] with these vectors as its column. Then,
v1, v2, …, vm are linearly dependent
if and only if
the homogeneous linear system with augmented matrix [ A | 0 ] has a
nontrivial solution.
Proof:

()
Let the homogeneous linear system with augmented matrix [ A | 0 ] has a
nontrivial solution.
Then,
clearly that the vectors are linearly dependent.
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.4 Linear Independence (Cont.)
()

Let v1, v2, …, vm are linearly dependent.

Then, there are scalars c1, c2, …, cm not all zero such that
c1v1 + c2v2 + … + cmvm = 0.
By theorem, a system of linear equations with augmented matrix
[v1 v2 … vm | 0 ] is consistent; that is

 c1 
c 
The nonzero vector  2 is a solution of the system. 
:
 
cm 
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.4 Linear Independence (Cont.)
Example
1  0  0
     
The standard unit vectors e1   0  , e 2  1  , and e3   0  in R3 are
 0  0  1 

linearly independent in R3, since;

the system with augmented matrix [ e1 e2 e3 | 0 ] is already in the reduced
row echelon form;

1 0 00
0 1 00
0 0 10

which means, r1 = r2 = r3 = 0 (trivial solutions).

3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.4 Linear Independence (Cont.)

Theorem
Any set of m vectors in Rn is linearly dependent if m > n.

Example
1 4 5 0
Let matrix 2 x 3;
2 1 1 0

We can see that 3 > 2.

Therefore , these vectors are linearly dependent since the system has at
least one nonzero solution.
 3.2 Vector Spaces

Exercise: (Linear Independent/ Dependent)

a. In P2, determine whether the set X = { 1 + x – 2x2, 2 + 5x – x2, x + x2 } is linearly

independent/ dependent. Ans: linearly dependent

b. Determine whether
the set X = { 1+2x + 3x3, 1+2x2 + 3x3, x + 2x2 + 3x3, 1 + 2x + 3x2 }
is linearly independent in P3. Ans: c1 = c2 = c3 = c4 = 0
independent
 3.2 Vector Spaces
Exercises: (Linear Independence)
1. Determine whether the set S is linearly independent or linearly dependent.
(Show your step)
  3   5     1 0   3     1  1   5  
               
( ii) S  3 , 1 ( iii) S  1 ,  0  ,  2   
( )i S  3  ,  4    ,  2   
  4   8    2  2  1  2   1  1 
               

 0   2   3   2   4   5   1  2  6

                 
( iv) S  2 , 3  , 1    ( v) S  4  ,  1 ,  0    ( vi) S  1 ,  1  ,  2   
  1  1  2     2   2   3     1   4   2  
                 

 2   1  1 2  2  3  1 

 3   2   3                
       3 ,4   0,   1   ( ix) S  3 , 3
 , 1  
( vii) S  1 ,  3  ,  6    ( viii) S   , 
 2  1 
 2   6  12     1 5 
 
2
 
6
   
4
   
       5   2   1  1 

 3.2 Vector Spaces
Exercises: (Linear Independence) – Answer:
1. ( )i Linearly Independent x0, y0
( ii) Linearly Independent x0, y0, z0
( iii) Linearly Dependent x2, t y3, t z  t
( v) Linearly Independent x0, y0, z0
10 4
( vi) Linearly Dependent x   , t y  , t z t
3 3
21 15
( vii) Linearly Depende nt x   t, y   t , z t
11 11
( viii) Linearly Independent a0, b0, c0, d0
( ix) Linearly Independent x0, y0, z0
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.5 Basis for Vector Space

Definition (Basis for Vector Space)

A subset B of a vector space V is a basis for V if
a. B spans V, and
b. B is linearly independent.

Example

The standard unit vectors,

1  0 0
0 1  0
e1    , e2    , ... , e3   
: : :
     
0 0 1 

are linearly independent and span Rn. Therefore, they form a basis for Rn,
called the standard basis.
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.5 Basis for Vector Space (Cont.)

Example

Set X = { 1, x, x2, x3 } is a standard basis for vector space P3.

1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 

0 0 1 0
 
0 0 0 1
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.5 Basis for Vector Space (Cont.)
Example.

Show that is a basis for R2.

Solution.

To show - S spans R2
- S linearly independent

1.Let and

To find c , d such that

Then, d = (x – y )/2
R2 – R1 c = (x + y )/2
Thus,
S spans R2.
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.5 Basis for Vector Space (Cont.)
2. To show S linearly independent
R2 – R1

Then,
d = 0 ; c = 0.
Thus, S is linearly independent.

S is a basis for R2

Example.

Show that is a basis for R3.

3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.5 Basis for Vector Space (Cont.)

Solution.

To show - S spans R3
- S linearly independent

1.Let

To find c , d , e such that

….

Since the system is consistent then, S spans R3.

3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.5 Basis for Vector Space (Cont.)
2. To show S linearly independent

….

Then,
e = o; d = 0 ; c = 0.
Thus, S is linearly independent.

S is a basis for R3

3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.5 Basis for Vector Space (cont.)
Example

Show that B = { 1 + x, x + x2, 1 + x2 } is a basis for P2.

Solution:

(To show B span P2)

Let c1, c2, c3 are scalars such that
c1(1 + x) + c2( x+ x2) + c3(1 + x2) = a + bx + cx2.
Then,
1 0 1a 1 0 1 a 1 0 1 a
1 1 0b 0 1 1 b  a 0 1 1 b  a
0 1 1c 0 1 1 c 0 0 2 c b a

Since the system is consistent, then P2 is spanned by B.

 3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.5 Basis for Vector Space (cont.)
(To show B is linearly independent)

1 0 10 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 1 00 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
0 1 10 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 0

Since c1 = c2 = c3 = 0, then B is linearly independent.

Then, B is a basis for P2.
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.5 Basis for Vector Space (cont.)
Example

Determine whether X = { 1 – x, 2 – 3x2, x + 2x2 } is a basis for P2.

Solution:

1 2 00 1 2 0 0
1 0 1 0 …. 0 1 1/ 2 0
0 3 2 0 0 0 7/2 0

Since the system is consistent, then, P2 is spanned by X.

Since the matrix has rank 3, then X is linearly independent.
Then,
X is a basis for P2.
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.5 Basis for Vector Space (cont.)
Example

Find bases for the following vector spaces.

 a 
 b 
   
(i) W1   
  b  
   
a

(ii) W2  {a  bx  bx 2  ax3}

  a b 
(iii) W3    
 b a 
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.5 Basis for Vector Space (cont.)
Solution:
a 1  0
b 0 1
(i)    a  b 
 b  0  1
     
a 1  0
Then, W1 = span(v1, v2)
where,
1  0
0  1
v1    v2   
0   1
   
1  0

Since {v1, v2} is linearly independent, then,

{v1, v2} is a basis for W1.
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.5 Basis for Vector Space (cont.)
(ii) Ans: W2 = span(u(x), v(x)) where
u(x) = 1 + x3 span W2 &
independent –
v(x) = x – x2 check!
{u(x), v(x)} is a basis for W2.
Independent Consistent

(iii) Ans: W3 = span(u, v), where

From matrix, 1 0 
1 0   0 1 0 1 
u v   
  1 0  0 1
 0 1 
 
 1 0 
Then, {u, v} is a basis for W3.
3.2 Vector Spaces
3.2.5 Basis for Vector Space (cont.)

Theorem
Let B = { v1, v2, …, vn } be a basis for a vector space V.
a. Any set of more than n vectors in V must be linearly dependent.
b. Any set of fewer that n vectors in V cannot span V.

Theorem (The Basis Theorem)

If a vector space V has a basis with n vectors, then every basis for V has
exactly n vectors.
3.2 Vector Spaces
Exercises: (Basis for Vector Space)

1.Explain why S is not a basis for the indicated vector space.

Answer:
1. i. S dependent
i. ii. S dependent
iii. Does not span
ii. iv. Dependent & not
span

iii.

iv.

2. i. Find a basis for

A = span (x2 + 1, x2 – 1 , 1, x, x2 , x3 ) in P3.
(i) { x2+1, x2-1, x, x3} is a
ii. Determine whether the following set is a basis for M22. basis for A.
 1 7   0 0  0 5  0 1   (ii) B is a basis for M22 –
B 0 0  ,  2 3 , 5 0  ,  4 4   show span &
         independent!
 3.2 Vector Spaces
Exercises: (Basis of Rn)

1.Explain why S is not a basis for Rn given. (Show your steps)


  1  1  2  
 
  4  0  
 
  2  6  

( )i S   ,   ,  ; 2
 ( ii) S    ,  ;  2
 ( iii) S   ,  ;  2

  2   2  2 
 
   5  0 
 
   3  9 
 

2   2  4    1 0    2  0 
   3  3
( iv) S   1,   
 , 1
 
2 ; 
3
 ( v) S   ,1   
;2   ( vi) S   ,1   
 ;1 
  2   2   4    2  1    0  1  
        

0  4  8    0   1 6  
   
( vii) S   3,   
,0 

15 ; 
 3
 ( viii) S   ,0   
,5 
 
2; 
3

  2  3   16    0  6  1  
     

 6  3 8 0  
   
( ix) S   ,4   
 ,5 
 
, 6
13  ;
3

 1  1  6  9  
    
3.2 Vector Spaces
Exercises: (Basis of Rn)
8 
 
2.Determine whether S is a basis for R3. If it is, write u  3  as a linear
combination of the vectors in S. 8 
 
 4 0  0     1  1 1   0   1 6
                 
( )i S  3 , 3 , 0   ( ) ii S0 , 1 , 1  (  )  iii0 S
, 3 ,  1    
 2  2  2   0  0  1   0   4  2 
                 

 2 
 3   1 
  1 0  0        2   1 3  2 
     
( iv) S  0 , 0 , 1
  5, 12
3        
   ( ) v S  , 2 2 ( )
  vi 4 S
, 0
 , 1     
  1 0  0        6  7   1 2 
             
    1 0 
   
 
3.2 Vector Spaces
Exercises: (Basis of Rn) – Answer:

1. (i) Linearly dependent

(ii) Does not span
(iii) Does not span & linearly dependent
(iv) Does not span & linearly dependent
(v) Does not span
(vi) Does not span & linearly dependent
(vii) Does not span & linearly dependent
(viii) Does not span & linearly dependent
(ix) Linearly dependent

8  4 0  0 
2. (i) S is a basis.        
3
   2 3  ( 1)
3  3 0  
8  2  2  2 
       
8   1  1 1
(ii) S is a basis.        
3
   5 0  ( 5)1
  8 1  
8  0  0  1
       
3.2 Vector Spaces
Exercises: (Basis of Rn) – Answer:

2. (iii) S is not a basis. (Not span & linearly dependent)

(iv) S is not a basis. (Not span & linearly dependent)
(v) S is not a basis. (Not span & linearly dependent)
8   1 3  2 
       
(vi) S is a basis. 3    4   3 0  ( 1)1
  
8   7   1 2 
       