Dance as an Art features of rhythmic beats of

music.
“Dance is an art which deals with the
motions of the human body” – James K. Characteristics of Folk Dance
Feibleman
 It is traditional
Dance  Has an expressive behavior
 Simple, basic rhythm
 An art of rhythmic bodily
dominates the folk dance and
movements that projects ordered
establishes the pattern of
sequence of moving visual
movement.
patterns of line, solid, shape and
 It is created by an unknown
color.
choreographer or communal
 The postures and gestures
efforts
suggest kinesthetic experiences
 It performs a function in the
of tension, relaxation and
life of the folk people.
emotional moods.
Folk dances – are traditional dances
Folk Dance
found in a certain country.
 The indigenous dances of any
National dances – also traditional
specific “folk” or the common
dances but have a national scope. They
people.
are popular and widely danced
 Traditional customary or
throughout the country.
recreational dance forms from a
given country which have evolved Examples: Carinosa, Curacha,
naturally and were handed down Pandango
from across generations.
Ethnic dances – dances performed in
 Folk dances are related to
primitive tribes and have retained their
everything of importance in our
close kinship with religious ritual and
daily lives such as customs,
community custom. They require a
rituals and occupation. It has
certain level of special performing skills
different themes as well.
that are symbolic in meaning and
 According to Duggan,
harder for those outside the group to
Schlottmann and Rutledge, the
understand.
overt expression of emotions
and ideas which are Types of Ethnic Dances
peculiarly significant or the
re-enactment of customs and Ritual Dances- dances that depict
events constituting an ritual ceremonies. Example: Dugso
important part of their (Bukidnon) and Pagdidiwata (Palawan)
history and patterns of daily Life cycle Dance – dances relating to
living. the cycle of human life such as
 Philippine folk dance – as birthing, courtship, wedding and
defined by Lopez, a traditional funeral. Example: Binasuan
mode of expression that employs (Pangasinan)
bodily movements of redundant
patterns linked to definitive
Occupational Dance- dances that stage in life such as from birth to
exhibit work and occupation of the childhood to adulthood, from
dancers. Example: Mag Asik (Cotabato) singlehood to marriage and from life to
death.
Francisca Reyes- Aquino
 Courtship dances
 Known as the first National
 Wedding dances
Artist for Dance
 Funeral dances
 Mother of Philippine Folk Dance
 The pioneer of folk dancing in Festival Dances – dances that are
the Philippines. either religious or secular and are
 Known for her thesis entitled connected with the celebration of
“Philippine Folk Dances and recurring events of special significance.
Games.”
Occupational Dances – dances that
Remember: All national and ethnic depict the means of livelihood of the
dances are folk dances but not all folk Filipino people. For example, Palay
dances are considered national or festival, wherein dancers portray
ethnic dances different steps in rice growing.
According to Francisca Reyes Aquino, Ritual and ceremonial dances –
folk dances may be classified by dances performed as part of the ritual
geographical extent of origin, nature, and ceremonies of a certain tribe or
speed of movement, formation and group of people.
distinguishing feature.
Game dances- derivations from local
Types of Philippine Folk Dances folk games. An example would be Pukol
dance which means “to strike or bump
Tribal dances from the Cordilleras –
each other.”
includes non-Christian dances from the
Cordilleras Joke and trickster dances – includes
jokes or tricks played by a dancer on
Lowland Christian Dances- dances
another or a group of dancers who is
coming from places with Western
one of them. The intention is to render
influences such as that of the Tagalogs,
that individual “to a physical or mental
Ilokanos, Pampaguenos, etc. These are
indignity or discomfort” Example would
influenced by Hispanic and European
be Pandanggo.
cultures.
Mimetic or drama dance – dances that
Muslim Dances – dance from the
mimic animals, inanimate objects, or
southern islands of the Philippines
other people. The dancers get into roles
such as Mindanao and Sulu. These
other than themselves and become
dances are influenced by Arabic and
actors totally immersed in the story. An
Indo-Malayan cultures.
example would be Itik –Itik dance in
Philippine folk dances may also be Surigao, where the dancer imitates the
categorized as: movement of a duck.
Life-cycle dances – dances that serve War dance- dances that express feud
as ritual as one passes to a different and enmity wherein two male dancers
engage in physical comnact with  According to Burian, An artistic,
Spartan like intensity. An example programmatic, scenic dance
would be Maglalatik (Laguna) that accompanied by music. It is
depicts a battle between Muslim of basically a special and
southern Philippines and the Christian generically unique form, which
Filipinos of the lowland over latik. resulted from the synthesis,
collaboration and equilibrium of
Social Amenities Dance- dances that
several different types of art. The
express social graces, hospitality and
art of gesture and mime
offerings of gifts to friends. An example
interprets, by specific means of
of this is the Minuete Yano from
expression, the thematic and
Camarines Sur, which is performed by
emotional content of the scenario
people from high social standing in the
on which it is based, bringing the
community during special occasions
poet’s ideas to life, presenting
honoring high government officials and
the story with all its conflicts,
church dignitaries.
plots, and solutions.
Fundamentals of Folk Dance Steps
History of Ballet
 Waltz
 15th Century, in the Renaissance
 Gallop period when ballet began in Italy.
 Change Step It started as a performance in
 Polka the royal court where the male
 Mazurka servants would execute a
 Sway balance movement related to the course
 Close Step they are serving for dinner. At
 Leap that time, the French king was
 Touch Step Francis I of the House of Valois.
 Waltz turn  16th century, Francis son, Henry
II married Catherine de Medici. It
Ballet
was during her reign as queen
 Was taken from the Italian word that marked the staging of ballet.
ballare, meaning “to dance” and She brought it to France from
ballo referring to dance Italy and further developed it at
performed in a ballroom. the courts. She bought with her
 According to Haskell, A Italian musician named
combination of the arts of Balthazar de Beaujoyeulx who
dancing, poetry, music and was known for his “Ballet des
painting. The essential quality of Nymphs” which delineated the
the ballet dancer is grace that is final contours of ballet as a form
phrasing, fluidity, harmony, the of art. His famous presentation
making of words into a poetic was Ballet Comique de lo Reine
whole; bound up with the which was festive dance.
reaction to music that goes far  In 1672, Louis XIV, a dancer and
deeper than a purely rhythmic performer known as the Sun
reaction.” King set up the Academe Royale
de Danse alongside his dancing
 master, Pierre Beauchamp. It  Ballet also reached the United
was during his time that the five States and George Blanchine, a
basic dance positions were Russian choreographer who
written down the first time which immigrated to America expanded
became the basis of dance until the form of classical ballet and
this day. Due to the restrictions introduced neo-classical ballet.
of traditions, ballet movements He also founded the New York
in this period were minimal City Ballet and was known to be
meaning there were no high ‘the greatest innovator of the
leaps and fast turns. contemporary “plotless” ballet’
 In the 19th Century, during the  Although ballet began in Italy, it
Romantic era, the people became was the French who widened its
more liberated in their fantasy in popularity thus making French
books, music, art and ballet. The the medium for the terms in
female dancers had more ballet.
important roles than males and
ballerinas wore softly gathered Classical Ballet
skirts, rose on specially stiffened  Known for its exactness of
shoes and pretended to be technique that highlights
fairies. Romantic era was pointed toes and turnouts,
considered the dancer’s golden high extensions and
age. gracefulness.
 The end of the 19th century,  Uses traditional mime that
ballet was imported to Russia utilize gestures for
during the country’s first period conversation instead of
of Westernization where classical words.
ballet was given birth. Marius
Petipa became one of the most Contemporary Ballet
important choreographers and
 Also known as modern ballet
was associated with the Imperial
 Mainly uses ballet steps and
Theaters also a virtual director of
more natural movement to
Russian Ballet. He created a
convey meaning.
formal structure for ballets
 Incorporates elements of both
which added greater variety of
classical ballet and modern
gravity defying jumps.
dance that allows a greater
 During the 20th Century, Sergei
range of movement that does
Diaghilev and Michael Fokine,
not support the strict
Russian choreographers
bodylines that are traditional
experimented with movement
in any of the classical ballet
and costume that went beyond
techniques.
the confines of classical ballet
form and story. The Rite of Ballet in the Philippines
Spring is a story of human
sacrifice that has dissonant  The American colonization paved
music and unfamiliar the way for the introduction of
movements.
 classical ballet in the 2. Barre Exercises – the students hold
Philippines. on to a barre to help maintain balance
 1915, ballet dancer Paul and correct placement of the body.
Nijinsky performed classical Exercise include variations of bending
ballet at the Manila Hotel Roof and stretching, small movements of the
Garden legs which gradually increase in range
 In 1927, Luva Adameit came to of motion and tempo as the leg is lifted
the Philippines and started a from the floor.
ballet school where she trained
3. Center work exercises- the
the first ballet dancers in the
students move to the center of the room
country. Her dance, Sur les
to do more stretching and relaxing
pointes, eventually influenced
exercises to loosen the back and the
Leonar Orosa Goquingco
muscles in other parts of the body
 Ballet has paved a way to a
which have worked hard in the previous
receptive outlook towards the
exercises. They first execute slowly
artistic values of the art form
(adage) to develop balance, strength
 Several ballet companies such as and body alignment. It is followed with
Ballet Philippines and Ballet turns (pirouettes) then with small
Manila have prospered and are jumps (petit allegro) and fast (allegro)
recognized internationally. footwork and jumps.
 Ballet performances come in
different forms. Some tell a story 4. Corner drifts (grand allegro)-
while others develop a theme and consists of sequence of steps combining
few are simply dancing called big jumps, leaps and turns which cover
abstract ballet large areas and put demands on the
body’s strength, endurance and control.
The first ballet company in the They are done moving across the dance
Philippines is the Cultural Center of floor.
the Philippines Dance Company (now
Ballet Philippines) and Dance Theater Basic positions of ballet
Philippines
The ballet technique is based on the
Ballet Philippines five positions of the feet. The feet in
each position are always parallel with
 Was founded in 1969 by Alice each other and with an outward
Reyes with the support of Eddie rotation of the legs called turnout
Elejar and the Cultural Center of
the Philippines. First Position – hands in circular
 It is recognized today as a position in front of the ribs.
cornerstone of the Filipino Second Position- Arms are at rounded
cultural identity. position and Distribute the body weight
Ballet class segments or on both legs and the feet are turned
compositions: out.
1. Warm – Up – limbering and Third Position- One arm stays in
stretching exercises that warm and second position while the other moves
gently stretch the muscles before trying to first position in front of the ribs
the difficult moves.
Fourth Position- lift the front arm into For Center Exercises
a round position over the head. Place
one foot in front of the other.  Port de bras – the carriage of
the arms, graceful
Fifth Position – Move both arms in a movements of the arms
circle above the head. through a series of
movements.
considered the hardest position
 Arabesque- comes from a
because it demands good turn out with
Moorish ornament that has
straight legs and correct posture.
similar lines. It can be a pose,
Basic exercises performed in the a step in adagio (slow
barre movements) or a step in
allegro (fast movement)
 Plie – to bend or fold knees. This combination. One leg is
is the basis of all coordinated raised and extended behind
ballet movement. Two types of the body while a variety of
Plie; Grand plie (bend deeper shapes of the arms are used
and let the heels come off the to harmonize with its long
ground) and Demi-plie (Start in extended line.
turned out feet position. Bend  Saute Arabesque- or
knees and turn them out to the arabesque hop, doing a
side, keeping the heels in contact complete hop and holding the
with the ground) place in demi-plie.
 Releve- To lift or rise. This is the  Attitude- the bent leg is
rising up the body on the balls of raised in front (croise) or
one or both feet with a little behind (echappe) the body. It
spring. All releve begin with a gives a feeling of enclosing
demi-plie space because of the wrapped
 Developpes – means unfold. around quality of the raised
This exercise helps with the slow leg. Used as a midway
work (adage) and balance. position in slow unfolding
Similar to unfolding and closing movements.
of the arms and legs together.  Pas de bourree –means
Preparation for attitude and “stuffed steps”
arabesque.
 Glissade- means “gliding
 Battement Tendu – It means step”. Transfer the weight to
stretched beating the first leg and quickly close
 Battement Degage- It meand the leg in the starting
disengaged in French. position.
 Grand Battement- It is a big
kick. In French it means “large For Corner Exercises
beating” This is designed to
 Ballet walks – the body is
loosen the hamstring and hips
aligned and moves with grace
by throwing the leg as high as
and ease when walking through
possible into the air.
the toes, ball and then heel of
Basic Ballet Movements one foot.
  Chasse- means “chasing step”. training a modern dancer.
This is similar to galloping but This teaches the dancer to
done with straight knees and control the body, making it
pointed toes. the instrument.
 Sautes- means “jump”. It
Famous techniques in modern
involves executing a vertical
dance
jump into the air and ending in
the starting position.  Graham Technique
 Jete – It means “thrown” and  Humphrey- Weidman
involves soaring through the air Technique
and landing as lightly as  Limon Technique
possible.  Cunningham Technique
 Grand jete –means big leap.  Hawkins Technique
Uses run as approach, brush the  Horton Technique
front foot forward and push off  Nikolais/Louis Technique
the back leg for the air moment 2. Improvisation- this refers to
and landing in a demi plie. the spontaneous movement
 Assemble – means “assembled” performed by dancers in
In this jump, the feet are brought response to suggestions by
together or “assembled” in the the choreographer.
air with the legs beating together 3. Choreography- the form in
before landing on the ground this dance represents the
Modern dance- a term to describe personal and emotional
contemporary dance. experiences of its creators
and allows choreographic
 A style of dancing where dancers freedom in modern dance.
are free to express their feelings
through movements without History of Modern Dance
adhering to any rules in dance  Modern developed independently
particularly that of ballet. in America and Germany
 A rebellion against the confusing  It was then known in Germany
nature of classical ballet. as Ausdruckstanz, which means
 Use their own interpretations expressive dance
instead of structured steps  20th Century- a group of
 Instead of classical ballet stance pioneering dancers started
of an upright. Erect body, created a new movement that
modern dancers execute suited the tempo and pulse of
deliberate falls in the floor. the new century. The pioneering
 Modern dance uses more of the artists were Isadora Duncan,
torso on a horizontal rather than Ruth St. Denis and Ted Shawn
a vertical plane.  Isadora Duncan’s style of
Characteristics of Modern Dance dancing emanates from the
center of body where energy flow
1. Technique – there is a outward, providing impulses for
technical approach to actions calling it solar plexis or
 emotional center. Her aim was another movement or gaining
to recreate the classical ideals of height.
the ancient Greeks through her 3. Triplet (plie, releve) – basic
dancing, putting less emphasis modern dance experience
on theatrical effects and focus in performed in an even ¾ meter
pure movement and the use of with each step requiring a
the body. complete change of weight.
 Ruth St. Denis single-mindedly 4. Waltz –
created a dance wherein she 5. Gallop- one foot always
portrayed an Egyptian goddess. maintains the lead.
Her dances were impressions of 6. Chasse/Gallop- It is smoother in
the ethnic dance forms. She quality than the gallop and puts
married Ted Shawn and they emphasis on the gliding action of
formed Denishawn, a touring the leading foot.
dance company that traveled 7. Jumps- Basic(saute), Enchappe,
throughout the United States. Sissone
 Martha Graham, was a student 8. Leap- in the gap between take-
of both Ruth and Ted. She was off and landing, the body is
the first to leave Denishawn and suspended in the air with both
became a solo dancer to form her feet off the floor for a short flight
own Martha Graham Dance of duration. Examples: Jete,
Company. Her movement style Prance (like the run, the weight
is based on the principle of changes alternate the feet in an
contraction and release in the even rhythm)
torso and is an extension of the 9. Falling- can be aesthetically
simple act of breathing. breathtaking when performed
quickly and with control.
Basic modern dance skills Examples: simple side fall,
 Modern dance movements are Simple forward fall, Overcurves
based on basic locomotor and (Glissade), Tombe (indicates any
non locomotor skills. time the body falls forward,
1. Dance walks- an even rhythm in backward or sideward off the
which alternate transfer of supporting leg onto the working
weight occurs from one foot to leg in a demi-plie), Front falls,
the other. It helps maintain body Back falls, Spiral falls
weight. It can be done in 10. Rolls- Log rolls, Forward rolls,
forward, backward and sideward backward rolls
direction 11.Turns- this involves establishing
2. Run – an even rhythm pattern in an axis within the body through
which there is an alternative the body’s point of contact with
transference of weight from one the floor. Spotting is an attempt
foot to the other. It is faster than to trick the eye and inner ear
a walk and requires more energy. balance receptors into thinking
Its’ uses in dances include one has not turned at all
covering distance, changing  Three step turn
direction, gaining momentum for  Cross over turn
  Chaine seen and heard during a college
 Grapevine- exaggerate the twists football game.
so that both hips and shoulders  Thomas Peebles- organized all-
turn from side to side on each male cheerleading in Princeton
step. University.
 Coupe Turn- related to the  In 1884, it was Johnny
chaine with the same footwork Campbell who was a student of
only on each step with the University of Minnesota, that
working leg is placed slightly cheerleading officially began in
above the front of the supporting November 2, 1898
ankle.  Cheerleading for the first 25
 Pas de Bourree years was an all-male activity. It
 Pique turn was only during 1920 when
 Pirouette women cheerleaders participated
in cheerleading.
Cheerdancing
Elements of a cheer dance routine
 An event that consists of cheers
and organized routines for sports  Dance techniques- Some
team motivation, audience squads prefer contemporary
entertainment or competition. dance techniques while others
 The routine contains many incorporate several techniques
components of cheers, jumps, such as jazz, hip-hop, modern
dance, gymnastics and stunting. dance, contemporary ballet, etc.
 The purpose Is to encourage Cheerleading style dance tends
the spectators of events to to be more rigid and sharper
cheer for sports teams at compared to contemporary or
games. pop-culture dance styles.
 The yellers, dancers and athletes  Elements of cheers- cheers are
involved in the cheerleading are coordination of organized words
called cheerleaders and movements relating to an
 Whey they are grouped together athletic event. The purpose is to
as one, they are called squad. draw a unified response from the
crowd to highlight their support
History of Cheerleading for the playing team.
Cheer motions are used to lead
 Linked closely to United States
the crowd and emphasize words
history of sports
for crowd response. These are
 In the late 19th Century where in
made up of hand, arm and body
1860s, students from Great
positions.
Britain began to cheer and chant
in unison for their favorite Hand positions
athletes at sports events.
 In late 1880s, the first organized  Bucket
recorded yell done in locomotive  Candlestick
style was performed in an  Blade
American campus and was first  Jazz Hands
 Clap
  Clasp  Landing- this involves whipping
of the legs and feet together to
Arm Position
end with a small rebound.
 Flying V Examples of Cheer Dance Jumps:
 Low V Tuck, Spread eagle, Double hook, Toe
 T Motion touch, Side Hurdler, Front hurdler,
 Half T Pike, Double Nine.
 Touchdown
 Low Touchdown b. Tumbling- very dynamic and an
 Bow and Arrow excellent way to shake a crowd
up quickly. A real attention
 Muscle Man
getter and crowd pleaser. It may
 Overhead Clasp
be executed simultaneously by
 Dagger
several tumblers or the entire
 Box
squad. It helps strengthen the
 Punch uniformity of the routine.
 L Motion
 Diagonal Examples: Forward roll, Backward roll,
 K Motion Cartwheel, Round-off.
 Checkmark Basic formation in cheerdance
Body Position  Bowling Pin- the formation is set
 Beginning Stance up like bowling pins in a bowling
 Cheer Stance alley. This works great when
highlighting a few members on a
 Side Lunge
squad/team.
 Squat
 Staggered Line- a simple line
 Kneel
where the back line is positioned
 Basic gymnastics skills-
in the windows (space in between
incorporates simple gymnastics
individuals) of the front line.
skills such as jumps and
They highlight difference in levels
tumbling to add to the thrill of
rather than suggest squad
the game and the effect of a
uniformity.
routine. Helps cheerleaders to
develop a higher spirit level and Segments of a cheer dance routine
enhance crowd motivation.
a. Jumps- requires stamina, Music Section – music plays a vital
strength and flexibility. role in cheer dance routine as it sets
Four elements the tone and pace as well as adds to the
 Approach- the first stage of a creativity of the choreography. The
jump music used in cheer dance is usually
mixed and several songs are cut and
 Lift- occurs after a cheerleader
linked together. The music should
leaves the ground
always be upbeat and at a fast tempo.
 Execution- is hitting a jump at
its peak or maximum height.
Cheer section- shows support for the Hold- the correct position of the body
school or program that the cheerleaders with the partner in closed position.
represent.
Poise- the stretch of the woman’s body
Cheerleading organizations in the upwards and outwards and leftwards
Philippines into the man’s right arm to achieve
balance and connection with his frame,
 Cheerleading Philippines as well as to project outwards to the
Federation (CPF) audience.
 Philippine Cheerleading
Association (PCA) Togetherness- dancing of two people
 National Cheerleading as one on the dance floor.
Championships (NCC)- first and
Musicality and expression- the basic
only nationwide cheerleading
characterization of the dance with the
organization
particular music being played and the
 University Athletic Association of choreographic adherence to musical
the Philippines (UAAP) phrasings and accents.
 National Collegiate Athletic
Association (NCAA) Presentation- how the couple presents
their dancing to the audience as well as
ICU Word Cheerleading the proper costuming and grooming.
Championships- is the epitome of all
cheerleading competitions in the world. Power- The energy that is controlled
It has been called “Olympics” of and not wild.
cheerleading.
Foot and leg action- the use of lower
Dancesport extremities that creates balance, beauty
and strength.
 A combination of art and sport.
 It was called competitive Shape- the combination of turn and
ballroom dancing in the past sway to create a look or a position.
since it goes with partners (male Lead and follow- the non-verbal
and lady) competing against communication of the man and lady
other partners on the dancefloor. through shape, visual and body weight.
 World Dance Council (WDC) and
World DanceSport Federation Floorcraft- the ability to avoid bumping
(WDSF) are the bodies governing into other couples and continue
dancesport. dancing without pause when boxed in.

Characteristics of dancesport Intangibles- how a couple “look”

together in performing their dances.
Posture- enables a dancer to stand out
on the floor, which shows Medals are usually the starting point to
sophistication and confidence. fully grasp the fundamentals elements
of dancesport
Timing – dancing on time with the
music. Bronze- starting level

Line- the stretching of the body. Silver- intermediate level

Gold-highest level by bullfighting. One of the most
dramatic of all the Latin dances
International Standard dances
Jive- developed from the dance
Waltz- was introduced in England in
“jitterbug” from America. It originated
1874 but it was in 1972 that it became
in the United States. The popularity of
as fashionable as Tango. Waltz’s steps
this dance form coincided with that of
have already undergone change that is
Rock n Roll.
why there are variations of this dance.
Basic Dancesport Terminologies
Tango- was first danced in Europe
before World War I. It originated in Name of the figure- identification of a
Buenos Aires (Argentina) where it was figure in a dance style.
first danced in Barrio de Las Ranas.
Step numbers- number of steps in a
Foxtrot- was named after an American figure
performer, Harry Fox which was
Alignment- the position of the feet in
premiered in 1914. “The Memphis
relation to the room.
Blues” was the inspiration for the
foxtrot. Amount of turn- this is measured
between the feet
Quickstep- was developed during
World War I in New York and became Footwork- refers to the part of the foot
popular in ballrooms. Has a common in contact with the floor.
origin as that of the foxtrot.
Timing- The synchronization of actions
Viennese Waltz- a controversial dance with the beat of the music.
with so many claims about it’s origin
but born in the modest outskirts of Line of dance (LOD)- the counter
Austria and Bavaria. clockwise direction around the dance
floor.
International Latin dances
Wall- means the direction is
Cha Cha Cha- a newcomer in Latin perpendicular to the LOD pointing
American dances with origin in the towards the wall of the room (possibly
fifties and became popular shortly after imaginary)
Mambo was introduced.
Center- means the direction
Samba- a national dance of Brazil perpendicular to the LOD pointing
which originated in Africa. It is danced towards the center of the room.
during carnival time.
Open facing position- a variation of
Rumba- originated from Cuba in the open position where man and lady
16th century which has its roots in stand apart, facing each other usually
Africa rhythms to American by the with a one or two hand connection.
slaves. It is composed by three rhythms
the Guaguanco, Yambu and Columbia. Outside partner position- a variation
of the closed position where the
Paso Doble- means double step which tracking of the man’s and lady’s feet are
originated from Spain and is inspired slightly offset.
Promenade position- A V-shaped performers, and stylized
dance position where both man and punching and kicking
lady move forward and in the same movements directed at an
direction, toward the open end of the V opponent. It was derived from
the Brazilian form of martial
Closed position- the normal hold
arts,
where partners stand facing each other
 Capoeira, “disguised as dance,
in body contact slightly offset to the left.
developed as the original
In Latin dances, partners stand a few
movement aspect of rap music
inches apart either directly in front of
when breakdancers filled the
each other or very slightly offset.
musical breaks between records
Open position- any dance position mixed by disc-jockeys”
where man and lady stand apart or
Graffiti Art- also known as aerosol
slightly apart, without taking a closed
art.
position dance hold.
The word hip –hop was apparently
Hip Hop culture- is from African-
invented by a New York rapper, Afrika
American group of people who were
Bambaata (real name is Kevin
looking for a creative outlet to vent their
Donovan) who was dubbed as the
frustrations and disappointments with
Grandfather of hip-hop
society.
The hip-hop culture in the Philippines
 Has developed as a “cultural and
emerged in the 1980s
artistic phenomenon affecting
the youth worldwide as it reflects Hip Hop is a dance style performed to
the social, economic, political hip-hop music and usually done in the
and cultural realities and street. It started om the 1970s and was
conditions of their lives, made popular in the 1980s by media’s
speaking to them in a language exposure of several hip-hop dance
and manner they understand. groups in America.
Four fundamental characteristics; The movement of hip hop “contain an
assertive angularity of body posture
 Rapping (MCing)- vocal element and an insistent virtuosic rhythmicity”
rap music is the heart of the hip
hop musical genre  It is freestyle in nature and may
 Disc jockeying (DJing)- means be practiced in either a dance
scratching or turn table record studio or in an open space
mixing. outdoor.
 Break dancing (B-boying)- an  Other terms used in street dance
elaborate social dance from that are crews, freestyling and
came from teenage Latino and battles.
African American males in the  Hip hop dance can either be a
South Bronx of New York City. It form of entertainment or hobby.
started as “a form of fighting, a
The word street dance is a “Filipinized
mixture of physically demanding
version” of hip hop dance that was
movements which exploited the
specifically used by Filipino dancers.
daredevil prowess of their
One of the pioneers of street dance in  Examples are breaking, popping
the Philippines is Jungee Marcelo. and locking.
Street dance – a cultural variation of Breaking
hip-hop dance in the United States.
 Also known as break dancing
Dance crews coming from different  An unstructured and highly
places meet on street corners or dance improvisational style that
floors to battle different groups. They incorporates gymnastic and
refer to this as “battles”. There were no acrobatic movements.
designated ‘judges’ and the winners  Popularized in the early 70s
were agreed upon by all the  The dancer executes several
participants at the end of the battle. explosive, acrobatic movements
with breaks or freezes in between
Elements of Street Dance
acts. That is, holding the
Bounce or recoil= a quick contraction position of the movement for a
and retraction or vise versa movement few seconds before continuing or
with energy and vitality. The body parts shifting to the next movement.
may move from one direction and
Power moves in break dancing
quickly change to a different direction.
The Windmill- a move in which the
Tightening of the body- the body is
dancer spins from his upper back to his
controlled with firmness and strength
chest while twirling his legs around his
to prepare it for explosive and sudden
body in a V-shape.
movements. It moves in a fragmented
manner which echoes the sampled Headspin- the dancer spin on his head
layering of hip hop music. often while wearing a stocking cap or
handkerchief. When the dancer uses
Agility and coordination- because the
his hands to aid in speeding up the
body dances a complex array of
spin called tapping. Kid Freeze claims
interlocking rhythms, percussive
to have invented the headspin
accents of isolated body parts pop put
in unexpected phrasing then it must be Flare- an incredibly difficult move
able to move quickly and smoothly from borrowed from gymnastics and
one position to the other with ease. resembles the use of a Pommel Horse
but is performed without one.
Fun- is an essential element of hip-hop
which offers its dancers a mechanism Jackhammer- a move performed on
to offer kinetic musicality with a the ground having the dancer balancing
bravado that is easily consumed by an on one hand and laying his body on the
immobile audience. elbow of the same arm then bounces
up and down with his hand as he spins
Hip hop dance styles that comprise two
around.
main categories:
Basic moves in break dancing
Old school dance style
Top rock- a simple dance done
 Emerged in the 1970s and 1980s
standing up to initiate break dancing.
Uprock- this is doing a toprock with musculoskeletal structures commonly
someone else like a fight but without injured in a dancer are the muscles,
contact and very rhythmic.. tendons, ligaments bones and joints.
6-step- resembles walking in a circle on Factors that are common among dancers
the ground. Only one hand is touching who have injury:
the ground at a time. It is the building
block for the rest of the dance.  Poor body and alignment-
Dance requires moving the limbs
Moonwalk- A move where a dancer in a controlled and precise
slides backward while their legs appear manner. These movements are
to be walking forward. anchored to the trunk and the
spine must be aligned properly.
Worm- A move in which a dancer lies
Poor body posture can lead to
on the ground and forms a rippling
uncoordinated movements which
motion through is body. Sophia Tucker
predisposes an individual to
is recognized as the creator of his move,
injury.
which goes back to the 1920s.
 Excessive training duration
Popping- a quick contraction and and intensity – impairs the
relaxation of muscles to producing ability to heal and repair
jerking of various joints. damaged tissues. Without proper
rest and sufficient nutrition, the
Locking- created by Don Campbell in body is not able to rebuild the
Los Angeles, California in 1969. It was tissues and predisposes the
originally called Campbellocking. It dancer to a serious injury.
relies on fast, distinct arm and hand
 Hard dance floor – An optimal
movements combined with relaxed hips
dance floor should be able to
and legs. It is characterized by frequent
absorb the impact that is
locking in place and moving again after
generated by the performer. A
a quick freeze. The movements are
hard floor does not help in
large, exaggerated rhythmic and tightly
dissipating the impact and
synchronized with the music.
returns the force to the dancer.
The New School Dance Style  Poor shoe design – Footwear is
able to correct foot mechanics
Krumping- characterized by and reduce the impact on the
unrestrained, rapid-fire and highly foot. A shoe that does not fit
energetic moves of the limbs and torso. properly or has insufficient
House- dance style that “emphasizes shock absorption can lead to
fast. Complex footsteps with fluid slips and falls.
movements of the torso.”  Muscle imbalance – an
uncoordinated muscle action
Street Jazz- combination of hip-hop because of uneven strength
dance style and jazz dance movements. between muscle groups.
Dance – Related Injuries Most Common Injuries
Injury – a tissue or organ damage due  Sprains/Strains
to mechanical trauma. The  Broken Bones
  Bumps & Bruises  Ankle Sprain
 Dancer’s Fracture
Most common Cause : Falls
 Back Strain
Where Injuries most often occur – In  ACL tear
the lower extremity (knees, ankle and  Forearm Fracture
foot)
Chronic injury – occur due to
The average time artists spend dancing repetitive trauma and the body is
only 1/5 is spent on performing. (45 not given time to recover.
hours)
Common Chronic Dance Related
Average retirement age for dancers (30 Injuries
years old)
 Stress Fracture
Dancers experience injury at least once  Achilles Tendinosis
in their career lifetime.  Patellofemoral Pain
Most Common Injuries for Dancers Syndrome
 Plantar Fasciitis
 Neck Sprain  Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis
 Lower back sprain
Strategies to reduce injury risk
 Snapping hip syndrome
 Knee tear  Programmed exercise and
 Ankle sprain training – Most injuries occur
as fatigue sets in. A dance
Causes:
training session is divided into a
 Type of dance warm-up, technique training,
 Duration of training choreography and cool down. It
 Environmental conditions is important that aerobic
 Equipment used (shoes) exercises and resistance
 Body’s alignment exercises should be included in
the training program.
 Prior history of injury
 Adequate recovery- recovery is
 Nutritional deficiencies
an important phase in training
Inversion because it is the period wherein
the body repairs and rebuilds
Eversion itself. There are two key factors
High ankle sprain to effective recovery are
nutrition and rest.
What are the common types of  Adequate environment- A
dance-related injuries? suspended floor is a floor
Acute injury – occur when a designed to absorb the impact
mechanical force that is absorbed by when dancing or jumping. The
the musculoskeletal structure is floor should be properly
more than what it is accustomed to. maintained and not slippery.
 Proper footwear- Shoes have
Common Acute Dance Related the ability to correct
Injuries overpronation of the foot and
 protect the lower extremities injury and it is first step to
from injury by reducing the healing and recovery.
impact when dancing or  Another component of
jumping. inflammatory response is
 Proper warm-up and increased blood flow. It is
technique- Dance movements necessary for repair and results
require a great degree of in fluid accumulation in the
flexibility. It is important for injured area. The fluid has to be
beginners to learn the proper removed before new tissue can
technique to minimize the risk of grow and mature.
straining muscles.  After the damaged tissue is
 Cross-training- a type of cleared from the site, new cells
physical training that is different would be laid on it, which will be
from what is usually performed. the foundation for the new
It helps maintain physical fitness tissue.
but it minimizes the mental
stress that is associated with Proper Management technique for acute
dancing. injuries
 Early recognition- Pain is a  Acute injuries result in a full
good indicator that there is blown inflammatory response
damage to the tissue. Some because the extent of damage is
dancers tend to have a high widespread and severe.
tolerance for pain and associate  The role of the first responder is
it with improvement and part of to recognize location of the
training however, it is only when injury, type of injury, severity
the pain become intolerable that of injury and first aid
they would consider consulting a procedure.
physician. This can be avoided if
 The PRICE principle can be used
the dancer recognizes the pain
to relieve pain and control
early and seeks medical
inflammation. It is applicable to
attention.
soft tissue injuries that are not
severe and the body can heal on
its own.
What happens to the tissue after it is  Protect – means to restrict
damaged? movement by using
 The damaged structure sends immobilization techniques.
out a message as soon as the  Rest – means the limb should
body is injured, once the not be used for some time to
message. Once the system is allow recovery.
made aware of the injury, it  Ice- is the application of cold
sends out resources to clear the material to reduce the swelling
damaged tissue. This response is and alleviate pain.
called inflammation.  Compress- is the application of
 Inflammation – is a coordinated an elastic bandage or similar
response of the body to the material over the injured area to
 minimize blood flow and control audience from seeing those
swelling. lines.
 Elevate – a technique that helps  Technique – dance is an art
reduce the swelling by bringing form that requires years of
the injured limb higher than the practice to perfect. Many dance
level of the heart. athletes worry about whether
 The first aid procedure for their technique is good enough
fractures and dislocations is to please choreographers and
immobilization, restricts the audience. They tend to
movement of the injured limb compare themselves to other
and prevents the injury from dancers, which aggravates their
getting aggravated. feelings of incompetency.
 Performance – An upcoming
Three different types of immobilization
audition or concert is going to
technique
increase feelings and
Rigid splints – is made of hard nervousness among dancers.
materials such as wood, metal, hard Dance competitions and
plastic, plaster of parts and similar auditions are set for a single
materials. showcase only. This make- or-
break situation adds to the
Soft splints- Newspaper, pillow, cloth feelings of anxiety among dance
and similar materials. athletes.
Anatomical immobilization – utilize  Injury – some suffer injuries
uninjured body part as splint. that force them to retire early.
The idea of getting injured and
Emergency Action Plan- a written not being able to recover or
policy and procedures that had been completely stop from dancing
agreed upon by the faculty and staff, increases the anxiety level of
which is implemented during dance athletes.
emergency situations. It is commonly
displayed in conspicuous places such Tips to minimize stress:
as flow chart or an algorithm of what to  Accept that you are unique. Be
do. happy with what you possess
An overuse injury has a gradual onset and work on your weakness.
because the injury starts small.  Invest on training and enhancing
your technique.
The most important part of managing  Prepare your mind and body for
overuse injuries is early recognition. a performance.
Sources of Stress for dance athletes  Perform breathing exercises.
 Experience the joy when you
 Body Image – The dancer’s dance. “Dance to express, not
physique has the ability to impress.”
enhance these lines, however, a
dancer tend to worry about Perfectionism – is setting high
whether his/her physique personal expectations and being overly
enhances or detracts the critical about one’s performance
Types of eating disorders common  Balance
among dance athletes  Agility
 Reaction Time
Anorexia nervosa – a condition
characterized by self-starvation because Cardiovascular endurance – is the
of an intense fear of gaining weight. ability of the cardiovascular system
to effectively distribute oxygenated
Bulimia nervosa – a condition
blood to the working muscles.
characterized by overeating followed by
self-induced vomiting due to excessive Muscular Fitness – the ability of
feelings of guilt. the muscles to generate maximal
force and to sustain contractions for
Anorexia athletica a condition
prolonged periods.
characterized by excessive exercising
because of an intense fear of gaining
weight.
Sign and symptoms of eating disorders:

 Drastic change in weight

 Edema or bloating
 Cessation of menstruation
(greater than 3 months)
 Frequent muscle cramps
 Dizziness (electrolyte imbalance)
 Thinning of hair
 Gastrointestinal problems
 Avoidance of eating in public
 Frequent of checking of weight
 Evidence of self-induced
vomiting
Physical fitness is composed of several
components such as health related or
skill related components
Health Related Component

 Cardiovascular Endurance
 Muscular Strength
 Muscular Endurance
 Flexibility
 Body Composition
Performance Related Fitness

 Power
 Speed
 Coordination