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UNLOCKING
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Contents
Part One
4 Understanding the New Accessibility
Requirements for Doors
by Lori Greene, AHC/CDC, CCPR, FDAI
12 Part Two
Specifying Door Hardware
by Scott J. Tobias, CSI, CDT, AHC
Part Three
20 The Standard for Hardware Performance
by Michael Tierney
Part Four
26 Layering Security Controls for Healthcare Projects
by Marilyn A. Collins, EDAC
Part Five
34 Antimicrobial Copper and Healthcare Projects
by Adam Estelle
Cover photo © BigStockPhoto.com
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DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 3

Unlocking the Secrets of
Door Hardware
Part One
Understanding the New Accessibility
BY LORI GREENE, AHC/CDC, CCPR, FDAI
4 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

Understanding the
New Accessibility
All images courtesy Allegion
THE 2010 AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT • a utomatic operators on doors that do not provide proper
(ADA) STANDARDS FOR ACCESSIBLE DESIGN egress-side maneuvering clearance for a manual door must
WENT INTO EFFECT IN MARCH 2012, BUT THERE have standby power.
ARE SEVERAL REQUIREMENTS THAT CONTINUE Some of these issues are specific to the 2010 ADA, while others
TO SURPRISE ARCHITECTS AND SPECIFIERS. are also addressed by International Code Council (ICC)
A117.1, Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities. This
This article examines four particular changes related to doors standard is referenced by the International Building Code
on an accessible route: (IBC), International Fire Code (IFC), and National Fire
• door hardware must now operate with 22.2 N (5 lb) of Protection Association (NFPA) 101, Life Safety Code, for doors
force—a limit most panic hardware does not meet; on an accessible route.
• any low-energy automatic operators actuated by a motion
sensor must meet the safety requirements for a full-powered Operable force for door hardware
automatic operator—possibly including safety mats and An editorial change was made to the 2010 ADA to limit the
guide rails; operable force for door hardware to 22.2 N (5 lb). Editorial
• the bottom rails of manual swinging doors must be at least changes are normally used to address errors or make
254 mm (10 in.) high, and no hardware may protrude from clarifications that do not affect the scope or application of
the push side within the bottom 254 mm; and the code requirements. These changes do not go through the

apply to the force required to release the latchbolts. This
implies the allowable force required to release latchbolts
could be greater than the 22.2-N (5-lb) opening force. The
U.S. Access Board unofficially acknowledged that there was
a conflict between the opening force section and the operable
force required by reference, but to date the standards have
not been modified.
Another conflict lies with IBC, IFC, and NFPA 101,
for which panic hardware is required to operate with a
maximum of 66 N (15 lb) of force to release the latch. In an
attempt to establish a level of operable force aligned with
other codes and standards, a change proposal was submitted
for the 2015 edition of ICC A117.1. If approved, the proposal
would establish a limit of 66 N (15 lb) maximum for
hardware operated by a forward, pushing, or pulling motion,
and 3 N-m (28 in.-lbs) maximum for hardware operated by
a rotational motion.
Additionally, the 2013 California Building Code (CBC)
A change submitted for the next edition of International Code includes language virtually identical to the 2010 ADA operable
Council (ICC) A117.1, Accessible and Usable Buildings and
Facilities, would limit rotational force to 3 N-m (28 inch-pounds), force requirements, and requires hardware to operate with
and operation by a pushing/pulling motion to 66 N (15 lb). 22.2 N (5 lb) of force, maximum. However, the code
contains conflicting language in Section 1008.1.10–Panic
normal code development process (i.e. committee hearings and Fire Exit Hardware, which requires panic hardware to
and opportunities for public comment). In other words, this operate with a maximum of 66 N (15 lb) of force.
change was unexpected. Given the change to CBC and the delay in addressing the
In the 1991 edition of ADA, door hardware was required conflict within the 2010 ADA standards, there are projects
to have: where the 22.2-N (5-lb) limit is being enforced for both lever-
operated and panic hardware. For each project, a decision must
a shape that is easy to grasp, and does not require tight be made regarding whether to use hardware meeting the
grasping, tight pinching, or twisting of the wrist to operate. requirements of IBC (and its referenced standard, ICC A117.1),
or whether to specify hardware that meets the 22.2-N limit
This is the same language currently included in A117.1. No to avoid a conflict with ADA standards.
force limitation was mentioned with regard to the operation
of hardware. Actuators for automatic operators
The 2010 edition of ADA changed the section that applies From a codes and standards perspective, there are three basic
to door hardware, by referring to Paragraph 309.4–Operation: types of automatic operators for swinging doors:
• power-assist;
Operable parts shall be operable with one hand and shall not • low-energy; and
require tight grasping, pinching, or twisting of the wrist. The • full-power.
force required to activate operable parts shall be 5 pounds Power-assist operators reduce the opening force so the door
(22.2 N) maximum. can be manually opened more easily, but some manually
applied force is still necessary. These operators are usually
By referencing Paragraph 309.4, a limit for the operable force activated by pushing or pulling the door, although occasionally
of hardware was established. a wall-mounted actuator is employed to reduce the force only
for users who need that feature.
Conflicts and clashes Low-energy operators are often used when the door will be
This change created conflicts with other codes and standards, opened manually by some users and automatically by others.
and even within the 2010 ADA standards. For example, in ADA, The doors are subject to limitations on opening speed and
Section 404.2.9 addresses door and gate opening force—the force to curtail the generation of kinetic energy and the
force required to physically open the door. This section potential for injury. Further, they must be operated by a
states the 22.2-N (5-lb) limit on opening force does not ‘knowing act,’ as described later in this article.

Due to these limits, most doors with low-energy operators are
not required to have safety sensors, control mats, or guide rails.
Both power-assist and low-energy operators must comply with
American National Standards Institute/Builders Hardware
Manufacturers Association (ANSI/BHMA) A156.19, Power-
assist and Low-energy-operated Doors.
Full-power operators are typically found on high-use
openings like the entrance to a grocery store or department
store. These operators are not subject to the same restrictions on
speed and force, and safety sensors or control mats and guide
rails are required to prevent the doors from opening if someone
is in the path of the door swing. Full-power operators must
comply with ANSI/BHMA A156.10, Standard for Power-
operated Pedestrian Doors.
The 2007 edition of ANSI/BHMA A156.19 introduced
a requirement for power-assist and low-energy power-operated
doors to be activated by a ‘knowing act,’ and this requirement
carries forward to the 2013 standard. The ‘knowing act’ method
may be:
• a push-plate actuator or non-contact switch mounted on the
wall or jamb;
• the act of manually pushing or pulling a door; or
• an access control device like a card reader, keypad, or keyswitch.
The A156.19 standard also makes recommendations regarding A low-energy automatic operator must be actuated by a
knowing act (e.g. this wall-mounted push button), or must
the mounting location of a knowing act switch. Actuator comply with the requirements of the relevant Builders
switches should be located: Hardware Manufacturers Association (BHMA) standard.
• a maximum of 3.7 m (12 ft) from the center of the door
(0.3 to 1.5 m [1 to 5 ft] is preferred)—when further, the
recommended increased hold-open time is one additional
second per 0.3 m (1 ft) of distance;
• where the switch remains accessible when the door is opened,
and the user can see the door when activating the switch;
• in a location where the user would not be in the path of the
moving door; and
• at an installation height of 864 mm (34 in.) minimum and
1219 mm (48 in.) maximum above the floor.
The 2010 ADA and ICC A117.1 contain requirements pertaining
to the actuators for automatic doors in addition to what is
included in the referenced standard. Clear floor space for a
wheelchair must be provided adjacent to the actuator, and
beyond the arc of the door swing. The mounting height is
variable, depending on the reach range associated with the
switch location. However, the range that is recommended by
ANSI/BHMA standards is acceptable for most applications.
Actuators must not require tight grasping, pinching, or
twisting of the wrist to operate, and the operating force is
limited to 22.2 N (5 lb) maximum.
Stepping into the field of a motion sensor is not considered a
knowing act. If automatic operation via a motion sensor is desired,
automatic doors must comply with the standard for full power If a motion sensor is used to actuate a door with an automatic
operators—ANSI/BHMA A156.10, instead of A156.19. This operator, then guide rails and safety sensors are typically required.

This door lacks proper
maneuvering clearance on the
egress side. If an automatic
operator were to be installed
to overcome this issue, the
2010 ADA requires standby
power for the operator.
means that even though the door may have a low-energy and any additional requirements. Further, one must keep
operator, it has to meet the same requirements as a full-power in mind additional safety features—including sensors and
operator, including the safety sensors or control mats and guide rails—may be required for low-energy operators
guide rails. actuated by a motion sensor.
Typically 762 mm (30 in.) high, guide rails are required on
the swing side of each door. For some locations, the need for Standby power for automatic door operators
guide rails may mean motion sensor operation is not feasible. The 2010 Americans with Disabilities Act includes revisions
When certain criteria are met, walls may be used in place of to the section on automatic doors with regard to clear width
guide rails. When doors are installed across a corridor, guide and maneuvering clearance. (These have not been included
rails are not required if the distance between the wall and in A117.1 to date.) The ADA standards read:
the door in the 90-degree open position does not exceed
254 mm (10 in.). 404.3.1 Clear Width. Doorways shall provide a clear opening
The 2013 California Building Code requires two push-plate of 32 inches (815 mm) minimum in power-on and power-off
actuators at each actuator location—one mounted between mode. The minimum clear width for automatic door systems in
178 and 203 mm (7 and 8 in.) from the floor to the centerline, a doorway shall be based on the clear opening provided by all
and the other mounted between 762 and 1118 mm (44 in.) leaves in the open position.
above the floor. Vertical actuation bars may be used in lieu of
two separate actuators, with the bottom of the bar at 127 mm 404.3.2 Maneuvering Clearance. Clearances at power-
(5 in.) maximum above the floor and the top at 889 mm assisted doors and gates shall comply with 404.2.4. Clearances
(35 in.) minimum above the floor. at automatic doors and gates without standby power and serving
Actuators must be in a conspicuous location, with a level and an accessible means of egress shall comply with 404.2.4.
clear ground space outside of the door swing. The minimum EXCEPTION: Where automatic doors and gates remain open
size for push plates is 102 mm (4 in.) in diameter or 102 mm in the power-off condition, compliance with 404.2.4 shall not
square, and the minimum operable portion for vertical be required.
actuation bars is 51 mm (2 in.) wide. Both types of actuators
must display the International Symbol of Accessibility. According to both accessibility standards and egress
While all these requirements have the same basic intent, requirements, most doors have to provide at least 815 mm
it is best to check state and local codes to see which (32 in.) of clear opening width. (For pairs of doors, at least
standard has been adopted, and what the specifics are one leaf has to provide this.) The aforementioned Paragraph
in reference to actuators for automatic operators. It is 404.3.1 states that the required clear opening width must
important to verify the actuator type/quantity, location, be provided “in power-on and power-off mode.” The clear

opening’s full width is considered—for example, a
1.5-m (5-ft) pair of automatic doors would provide
sufficient clear width even though neither leaf meets
the minimum clear width for a manual door.
Maneuvering clearance for manual doors is
addressed in Section 404.2.4 of the 2010 ADA. This
section establishes the minimum space around the
door needed by a wheelchair user to manually
operate the door. The previously cited Paragraph
404.3.2 requires power-assisted doors and gates
(manually operated but with reduced opening
force) to have the same maneuvering clearance as
manual doors. Automatic doors and gates serving an
accessible means of egress without standby power
would also need the required maneuvering clearance.
Therefore, automatic doors and gates with standby Some jurisdictions
require actuators
power do not need the maneuvering clearance that
mounted in two
would be required for a manual door. positions, or a vertical
If an existing door serving an accessible means bar actuator that will
of egress does not have the required maneuvering allow the door to be
operated by a hand/
clearance and an auto operator is added to overcome arm or a crutch, cane,
that problem, the operator needs to have standby or wheelchair footrest.
power (unless the door stands open on power failure
per the exception). This applies to doors part of
a means of egress that must be accessible in an
emergency, and is intended to avoid entrapment of
a person with a disability if there is a power failure.
The standard does not include a requirement for
how much standby power must be provided.
It is important to keep in mind automatic
operators on fire-rated doors are required to be
deactivated upon fire alarm. Therefore, an automatic
operator with standby power should not be used on
a fire-rated door to overcome maneuvering clearance
problems because it will not be functional when
the fire alarm is sounding.
Flush bottom rails

For many years, ICC A117.1 has included a
requirement for a 254-mm (10-in.) high flush Manual doors on an accessible route must have a smooth surface on the
push side with no protruding hardware within 254 mm (10 in.) of the floor
bottom rail on manual doors, and this requirement or ground. In the photo above, these components could inhibit passage
is now included in the ADA standards. The text of through a door opening by catching a crutch, cane, walker, or wheelchair.
both standards is similar, except ADA also addresses
existing doors. (This requirement appears in the the floor or ground to the top of the horizontal
“Manual Doors” section of both publications, so it bottom rail, extending the full width of the door.
does not apply to automatic doors.) Prior to the 2003 edition of A117.1, the required
The purpose is to avoid projections that could dimension was 305 mm (12 in.).
catch a cane, crutch, walker, or wheelchair and The standards require the surface of swinging
inhibit passage through the door opening, so the doors and gates within 254 mm (10 in.) of the finish
requirement applies to the push side of the door only. floor or ground to have a smooth surface on the
The 254-mm (10-in.) measurement is taken from push side that extends the full width of the door or

problem, the cavity between the kickplate and the
glass or recessed panel must be capped.
There are several exceptions to this requirement.
For example, sliding doors are not required to
comply. Tempered glass doors without stiles are not
required to have a 254-mm (10-in.) bottom rail
(if the top of the bottom rail tapers at 60 degrees
minimum from the horizontal), but protruding
hardware is not allowed in the 254-mm (10-in.) high
Manual doors area. Doors that do not extend to being within 254 mm
on an accessible (10 in.) of the finish floor or ground are also exempt.
route must have
As outlined in ADA, existing doors are not
a smooth surface
on the push side required to provide the 254-mm smooth surface,
with no protruding but if kick plates are added to widen the bottom
hardware within
rail, the gap between the top of the plate and the
254 mm (10 in.)
of the floor or glass must be capped. Existing doors are not
ground. In the addressed by A117.1, which is typically used for
photo at right,
new applications as referenced by IBC. Now the
these components
could inhibit standards are consistent, and increased awareness
passage through and enforcement of this requirement seem likely.
a door opening by
catching a crutch,
cane, walker, Conclusion
or wheelchair. With regard to these changes in the Americans
with Disabilities Act standards, some accessibility
gate. Narrow bottom rails and protruding surface requirements are not prescriptive and enforcement
bolts, surface vertical rods, kick-down stops, and full- varies by jurisdiction. Therefore, it can be difficult to
height door pulls installed on the push side of the apply the standards, especially when conflicts exist.
door would not comply with this requirement for a Additionally, some states have established their own
254-mm (10-in.) high smooth surface. Horizontal or accessibility standards. Following the most stringent
vertical joints in this surface must be within 1.6 mm requirements can help to avoid problems, and the
(1/16 in.) of the same plane. If a kick plate is added to local authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) can also
a door with a narrow bottom rail to resolve this provide assistance to determine what is required. cs
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Author changes to door hardware operable force, use of low-energy
Lori Greene, AHC/CDC, CCPR, FDAI, is the codes and automatic operators, protrusions into egress, and the need for proper
resources manager for Allegion. She has been in the industry maneuvering clearance.
for more than 25 years, and used to be a hardware consultant
writing specifications. Greene is a member of CSI, the Door MasterFormat No.
and Hardware Institute (DHI), the International Code Council
08 71 00−Door Hardware
(ICC), the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), and the
Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association (BHMA) Codes
UniFormat No.
and Government Affairs Committee. She has a monthly column
B2050−Exterior Doors and Grilles
on code issues in Doors & Hardware, and blogs online at
www.iDigHardware.com (or www.iHateHardware.com). Greene C1030−Interior Doors
can be contacted via e-mail at lori.greene@allegion.com.
Key Words
Abstract Division 08 Bottom rails
The 2010 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) Standards Americans with Disabilities Act Door hardware
for Accessible Design has several requirements that continue Accessibility Egress
to surprise architects and specifiers. This article examines Automatic operators Life safety

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Door Hardware
Part Two
BY SCOTT J. TOBIAS, CSI, CDT, AHC

Photo © BigStockPhoto/Kuzina
FAR TOO MANY DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION accessibility, security, and convenience of use—some of

PROFESSIONALS FAIL TO PAY ENOUGH which can conflict and jeopardize lives. Fortunately,
ATTENTION TO DOOR HARDWARE. IT there is an industry standard to provide guidance to
DOES NOT MATTER HOW IT IS OPERATED, design and construction professionals.
WHETHER A PUSH, PULL, KNOB ROTATION, The Door and Hardware Institute’s (DHI’s) Sequence
OR DEPRESSION OF A PUSH BAR—IT IS and Format for the Hardware Schedule is specifically
TOO OFTEN GIVEN SHORT SHRIFT AS JUST named for hardware schedules, but the same sequence
A MEANS TO GET TO THE OTHER SIDE. and format is typically used for specifying door hardware
sets in Division 08 architectural specification documents.1
Virtually every building project will contain doors and The specification documents are typically the responsibility
hardware, starting with the entrance or possibly perimeter of the architect, coordinated with a DHI-certified
security. Despite the mundanity of these components, architectural hardware consultant (AHC), and used to
there are many considerations to specifying and using estimate and understand what doors and hardware are
doors and door hardware such as life and fire safety, required on a project.

Depending on the type of door, function, and application, it
can be hung onto a frame (of a door or an opening) or directly
on a wall. A swinging door can be hung on hinges, continuous
hinges, pivots, or floor closers, while a sliding door can be hung
on tracks and hangers suspended from the top, underneath the
head of a framed opening, on the face of the wall, or supported
by the floor from underneath the door.
The most efficient and effective way to hang a door would
be any means supported by the floor, rather than the frame or
wall. In the latter cases, the door pulls away from the frame or
wall, causing tension, whereas a door supported by the floor is
resting on top and has no tension at all. Although a swinging
door is the most common type, sliding door options and use
have increased over recent years for their function, space-
saving ability, and aesthetics.
When entering a building or space, the door hardware is often the

first thing a person touches. This means it must be not only functional
2. Securing devices
in terms of safety and security, but also aesthetically pleasing. Now that the door is hanging, the next part of the sequence
Photo © BigStockPhoto/aruba200 is to secure it with devices such as bolts, bored or mortise
locksets, fire-exit hardware, or deadlocks. When specifying or
Once it is determined what is required, the entity scheduling a pair of doors, the inactive leaf is always secured
furnishing the doors and hardware (e.g. a door and hardware first—otherwise, the active leaf has nothing to secure itself
distributor supplying through a general contractor) is into, leaving both vulnerable. In other words, the inactive
responsible for the hardware schedule. This schedule is leaf must act as the fixed material that the frame or wall
typically created from the specification and in conjunction would be for a single door opening.
with the drawings and is submitted back to the architect for Once the inactive leaf of a pair has been secured (or, only
approval prior to anything being ordered, furnished, or a single door opening is being specified), the proper securing
installed on the project. device is then specified. There are many factors, options, and
The DHI Sequence is helpful with assisting anyone in the preferences to take into account when securing the opening,
construction industry working with architectural door including function, building codes, life safety and fire codes,
hardware. It brings a basic understanding of all the components design, and personal preference. Sustainability can also be
and how they are applied to work with the total door opening. a factor when choosing the materials used to manufacture
There are many products, functions, applications, and a product. When the life cycle is twice as long as another
component combinations available to be specified, furnished, product of the same function, not only are healthier materials
and installed. DHI’s resource helps put order to the used, but they are also replaced less often, reducing labor and
scheduling process to ensure all applications, codes, and material needs, along with products being sent to the landfill.
components are reviewed for proper operation, compliance, When specifying any type of electrified hardware, operations
and function.2 descriptions (also known as operations narratives) should
always be used. These are short paragraphs describing the
Categorizing the various types of door hardware operation of every part of the opening from either side,
DHI divides door hardware into 10 sequenced sections in so the designer, installer, and user can all have the same
its standard. understanding of what is supposed to happen at the opening
at any given time.
1. Hanging devices It is very important to have the owner or user’s input when
The first item addressed in the sequence is the hanging device. specifying door hardware for proper functionality of use.
Although not typically a highlight of the door opening, the When one decides how someone else will use a room or a
hanging device is one of the most important components. door, it might not be exactly what that person has in mind. By
Supporting the entire weight of the door from the top, bottom, coordinating the original specification with all parties involved
side, or a combination thereof, they are relied on for precise (including the user, security consultant, installer, contractor,
and consistent pivot-point swing or slide—hanging devices are architect, distributor, and any other party affected), the results
probably the most actively used door opening components. can be less mistakes and misunderstandings.

Elevation and point-to-point diagrams should also be
required as part of the submittal process. Elevations provide an
overview of what the opening looks like with all the components
of the system connected. The point-to-point shows the system
connections as well, but is geared more toward the actual
wiring, including the colors and connections of each. A logic
diagram might be used by the person who designed the system
in order to lay out the system flow and process.
3. Operating trim
Once the door has been hung and secured, the third part of
the sequence is to specify operating trim. Whether or not there
is a locking device (e.g. mortise lockset or panic hardware), one
must specify or schedule a door pull, push plate, or a push-pull
bar. There are many different manufacturers and variations
of operating trim to ensure something for all aesthetic tastes.
Further, some manufacturers have the ability to fabricate custom
design or patterns into existing operating trim.
4. Accessories for pairs of doors only

When working with a pair of doors, the next step in the
Delayed egress fire exit hardware delays the release of the latch
sequence is to include the related accessories, including from the egress side with the intent to allow time for a responder,
coordinators and carry bars. These devices help coordinate while not keeping the person in danger for longer than necessary.
the closing and opening of certain pair of door applications. Photos courtesy Scott Tobias
5. Closing and control devices dinging, denting, scratching, or ruining their surfaces, the plate
Closing and controlling a door is important for many reasons, can take the abuse. A protection plate is also typically less
including the protection of lives and materials, traffic control, expensive to replace than an entire door.
security, and energy efficiency. Closing devices, also known
as door closers, can be manufactured for different types of 7. Stops and holders
applications depending on the function, aesthetic, and frequency If floor or door closers with overhead stops are not applied,
of use of the opening. the next step in the sequence involves stops and holders. Plates
Surface-mounted, concealed overhead in the door or and trim are not enough—the surrounding conditions must
frame, and concealed in the floor are available for different also be taken into account. The door and frame can be
applications with various options for each. A control device, protected with floor or wall stops, floor or wall holders, and
also known as a door stop, can also be manufactured as electromagnetic door holders.
different types (e.g. floor, wall, and overhead) in order to
protect the door, frame, hardware, and the surrounding 8. Accessories
conditions. Sometimes, a closing device is erroneously used The next item in the sequence comprises accessories that
as a controlling device to stop the door from going past a include astragals, thresholds, weatherstripping, and
certain point in the open position, which is not its intended gasketing. These hardware types are employed to seal the
application. (In all cases, a door stop of some sort, as clearances around the perimeter of an opening. This can
described earlier in this article, should be used.) By misusing help with many issues, including:
the closing device, the life of the opening will certainly be • k eeping sound, light, and smoke either in or out;
shortened, having to maintain and adjust the door, frame, •m aintaining energy efficiency; and
and hardware time and again. •h elping contain indoor conditions inside the structure and
the exterior conditions outside.
6. Protective plates and trim Although most weatherstripping and gaskets are surface-
Next in the sequence are protective plates, which defend the mounted or recessed installed, some manufacturers offer
door as a layer installed on the surface of the door. Some doors their door frames with gaskets already installed in kerfs where
can be very expensive to replace, so rather than damaging, the rabbet meets the stop of the frame.

Hardware Manufacturers Association refer to a trio
of finish designation systems:
•N ational Bureau of Standards of the U.S.
Department of Commerce;
•C anadian Builders Hardware Manufacturers Inc.; and
•B HMA.
The BHMA finish designations provide more
information in their number by stating not only the
item’s finish, but also its base metal. This is important
when specifying fire-rated openings, as an example,
to ensure there is a steel-based metal as required by
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 80, Fire
Doors and Other Opening Protectives. Otherwise, any
other base metal, such as brass or bronze, would
melt long before the time required by code, leaving
Flush pulls are an option for doors that do not require a locking or latching
device—a publicly accessible closet might be an ideal application. Other reasons the door vulnerable to fire hazard.
to choose pulls over locks or latches could be for the design intent or cost. For instance, US26D is the U.S. designation for ‘satin
chromium plated,’ while 626 is the BHMA designation
9. Miscellaneous items for ‘satin chromium plated on brass or bronze base
From bumper guards, card holders, and coat hooks metal,’ and 652 is ‘satin chromium plated on steel
to signs, silencers, and viewers, this is the part of base metal.’ This is important when specifying,
the sequence that miscellaneous items are listed. ordering, and installing hinges on fire-rated doors,
as they require steel-based hinges per NFPA 80.
10. Miscellaneous items
Yes, there are two categories for miscellaneous items. 3. Most hardware devices are tested to meet multiple
To this author, the main difference between the two minimum criteria, and depending on the levels met,
seems to be the previous category contains hardware grades are applied.
applied to the door (e.g. hooks and viewers), while Grade 1 is the best-performing device passing the
this one contains items not installed directly on highest minimum standards, Grade 2 would be the
the door, such as computers, wiring diagrams, key next, and Grade 3 would be the lesser quality of the
switches, software, and wire. three. Procedures include cycle testing, which is the
performance of how many times a device can be
Six important things to remember ‘used.’ For example, one cycle of a test would include
With many other aspects of door hardware with such a lever handle of a lockset being rotated to
which a specifier should be concerned, this article retract and extend a latchbolt. Another example
now explores six pertinent items that can help would be a door closer cycle—each time the door
limit the amount of door hardware punch list items closer opens and closes would be one cycle.
on a project. Other examples include:
• impact testing where the devices are struck;
1. Most door hardware components have to meet • weather or salt tests where the devices are exposed to
various codes and standards for minimum functionality outdoor weather to see how long they will last; and
and durability, depending on the device type. • fi
nish tests to see how long the architectural finish
Door hardware is affected by many building, fire, on the device will resist wear and the test of time.
safety, accessibility, and other standards and codes.
Some local jurisdictions have specific codes and 4. Although many door hardware devices are not
standards for their own use. ‘handed,’ there are many devices that are.
‘Handing’ a device is determined by which way a door
2. ANSI and BHMA’s standard refers to three finish swings. A door hanging on the left and pushing away
designation systems. from the user is a left-hand door and a door hanging
In the co-published ANSI/BHMA A156.18, American on the right and pushing away is a right-hand door.
National Standard for Metals and Finishes, the Reverse-handed doors are the opposite, as their
American National Standards Institute and Builders name suggests. In other words, when a door is

hanging on the left and pulls towards you, it is a
left-hand reverse, and a door hanging on the right
and pulling toward you is a right-hand reverse door.
5. Hardware schedules, also known as submittals, are

typically created from architectural project specifications
and drawings, which are created by an architect,
typically coordinated with a DHI-certified AHC.
Hardware schedules are created from the specifications
typically by a door and hardware distributor
employee. The schedule is typically submitted to
the project general contractor or construction
manager, who typically submits it to the project
architect for approval prior to ordering and
delivering to the jobsite.
While a vertical schedule is typically specified and
preferred by an architect, this standard describes
both horizontal and vertical formats. Project A five-knuckle non-bearing hinge is one of the most commonly used hanging
devices, along with the bearing five-knuckle hinge. Non-bearing hinges allow
specifications typically specify that hardware the knuckles to rub together, causing wear of the metal over time, while
schedules are required to be created by an AHC. bearing hinges allow for a smoother operation and less friction.
6. If product substitutions requests are allowed from

what was originally specified, the request process
is typically specified in Division 01 of the Project
Manual, otherwise known as the specifications.
The substitution request requirements are typically
asking for product data and proof the requested
substitution will meet the same grade, function,
application, aesthetic, and quality of the originally
specified product. It is recommended all substitution
requests be submitted within the procedures as
outlined in Division 01, Section 01 25 13 Product
Substitution, and on CSI Substitution Request Forms.
One should be cautious of what is considered an
‘equal,’ as standards refer to the minimum standard,
but there are some manufacturers, products, and
solutions that go above and beyond these minimums.
It is recommended substitution requests and approvals
not be taken lightly as sometimes the substitution is
proposed or taking place to strictly save money or to
become more competitive on a bid to win the project A kickplate, also known as a protection plate depending on its height and
contract to supply the door hardware without application, is used to protect the face of the door in high use and abuse
areas. This way, the face of the plate withstands the damage or elements,
considering the item’s quality or durability. Typically, and can be replaced at a lesser cost than the replacing the door. Although
with door hardware, you get what you pay for. This available in most finishes, stainless steel is the most common.
means if you are saving money on an item, it is likely
it is not of the same standards and quality as the step in sequence, it is easier to focus on what is
originally specified device. required—the opening comes together like a
puzzle. It is also very important and necessary to
Conclusion coordinate with other relevant specification
Following the DHI Sequence can help ensure all sections, such as hollow metal or wood doors. By
components of an opening have been addressed cross-referencing sections, one can see where one
and no items were missed. By going through each product can affect another, such as with

The manual flush bolt
is typically specified,
furnished, and installed in
pairs—one at the top edge
of the inactive door, and one
at the bottom. Manual flush
bolts cannot be used on fire
rated doors as they require
manual operation to secure
the door leaf in place, while
the codes require automatic
latching at the time of a
fire. In this case, automatic
flush-bolts are an option.
can be saved and things will operate the way they are
intended for the user without the massive punch list
A floor-mounted magnetic holder can be used to hold the
door in the open position. This application would typically issues for which door hardware can be known. cs
be tied into a fire alarm system—when the alarm goes
off, power is cut off, and the door closes and latches as Notes
required by code or preference. These devices are also
available mounted at the head of the door if the application
1
With roots dating back to 1934, DHI is a paid annual
and surrounding conditions allow. membership-based association formed from two other
industry groups—National Builder’s Hardware
coordinating door and frame preparations for hardware Association (NBHA) and American Society of
or the coordination of who furnishes materials such Architectural Hardware Consultants (ASAHC). As the
as a power supply. These are both typical items that industry resource for door opening standards, all
can be assumed by others, and can be missed or left industry professionals including contractors,
out of a bid, submittal, or, worse, installation when the manufacturers, distributors, sales representatives,
building is ready to open. building officials, facility managers, architects, and
With all the items to take into consideration, one can others turn to DHI for education and certification.
see why a door opening is not something to just walk 2
This article has been excerpted and adapted from the
through. Among other things, with the proper author’s book, Illustrated Guide to Door Hardware:
components or assemblies, applications, functionality, Design, Specification, Selection (Hoboken: John Wiley &
code and standard compliance, and installation, lives Sons Inc., 2015). Used with permission.
Author the first thing a building owner will touch. This article takes a look at
Scott J. Tobias, CSI, CDT, AHC/CDC, CFDI, LEED AP, is the Door & Hardware Institute’s (DHI’s) Sequence and Format of the
associate principal of Door+Hardware Consultants Inc., and Hardware Schedule, which is the industry standard for specifying
the author of Illustrated Guide to Door Hardware: Design, hardware sets in specifications, and detailing submittals for approval.
Specification, Selection. He currently serves on the Door
& Hardware Institute’s (DHI) board of governors and has MasterFormat No.
been servicing the architectural, design, and construction 08 06 71−Door Hardware Schedule
communities for more than 25 years. With multi-disciplinary 08 71 00−Door Hardware
door opening industry experience, Tobias provides independent
door and hardware consulting services, including Division 08 UniFormat No.
specification writing, educational training, and public speaking. B2050−Exterior Doors and Grilles
He can be reached at scott@scottjtobias.com. C1030−Interior Doors
Abstract Key Words

Found in virtually every building, door hardware often gets short Division 08 Door hardware
shrift when it comes to attention to detail—this despite it is usually DHI Sequence

CREATE
A SPACE
WHERE
NONE
PREVIOUSLY
OPTIONAL
SOFT EXISTED.
CLOSE
The EKU Porta 100 G embodies all the superior
qualities of the EKU Porta product group and
utilizes a simple yet reliable glass clamp to secure
the door with friction alone. The combination
track can be wall or ceiling mounted and designer
fascia panels made of aluminum or wood can be
easily clipped into position. The EKU soft closing
mechanism can be added at the time of installation
to leave a lasting impression of quality and
sophistication.

Phone: 800.325.6202
Door Hardware
Part Three
The Standard for Hardware Performance
BY MICHAEL TIERNEY

The Standard for
Hardware Performance
How specifiers can use BHMA standards to ensure safety and access
All photos courtesy BHMA
SCHOOLS, HOSPITALS, AND GOVERNMENT The industry group is composed of U.S. manufacturers in
BUILDINGS SHARE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS; categories such as:
THEY HOUSE SENSITIVE INFORMATION, ARE • cabinet hardware and hinges;
DESIGNED TO BE USED FOR LONG PERIODS, AND • sliding and folding doors; and
HAVE PUBLIC RESPONSIBILITIES. SPECIFIERS AND • power doors and components.
BUILDING MANAGERS MUST ENSURE SAFETY AND BHMA is the only U.S. organization creating standards for
SECURITY NEEDS ARE MET BY SELECTING THE builders hardware through the American National Standards
APPROPRIATE DOOR HARDWARE. Institute (ANSI). ANSI/BHMA standards are written criteria
defining appropriate operation, test values, and safety criteria
The suite of Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association for builders hardware products. In addition to ensuring
(BHMA) standards is a tool for architects, designers, specifiers, hardware quality and performance through its development
and engineers working on non-residential, public projects to of standards, BHMA sponsors third-party certification of
help ensure buildings are accessed and used as intended. hardware products.

The standards certify essential products for daily After consulting the BHMA certification number of a
use, including locks, hinges, exit devices, and gaskets. project, a specifier or engineer can determine whether
the product performs the required task.
What are BHMA standards used for? Grades are determined by tests designed to
As quasi-public buildings, hospitals, schools, and measure a product’s performance capabilities.
government facilities must balance safety and They assist the specifier in determining which
security with openness and use. BHMA standards product is most appropriate for a project.
provide specific information on the way materials Performance assurance is especially important
are tested for certification. What is relevant in the for products that have an impact on life safety
lab should prove relevant to real-world use. and security. For those less familiar with builders
All BHMA standards have certain elements in hardware, definitions for the products and technical
common including: jargon are included throughout the standards. (See
• designated criteria of performance for the product; “Builders Hardware Terms.”)
• product performance levels; After the specification process, these standards can
• expectations for use of products; and also be applied to help facility mangers determine if
• tests the product has passed. a product is operating correctly, and to ensure it
The most important features are evaluated in terms was installed and made for the right purposes.
of security, durability, strength, finish, and operation. For example, when an exit device is pushed, it
The results garnered from tests allow specifiers to should not require more than 67 N (15 lb) of
answer the questions of “how does it work?” or “how force, as stated in the standards. Also, many of
do I want it to work?” the standards for builders hardware come with
The three steps of the certification process are: illustrations for better specification.
• independent testing; As mentioned, builders hardware impacts life
• statement of compliance; and safety and security, and it is therefore one of the few
• third-party follow-up testing and auditing. categories of functional hardware that is specified.
When a product has been certified and tested under These components are subject to repeated use and
these standards, it will then be listed in BHMA’s wear, yet must withstand constant operation. The
Certified Products Directory, along with applicable standards are not designated for use by facility type,
model and type numbers. but some facilities tend to rely on certain standards.
Most of these standards provide a numbering
system that uniformly applies to all tested builders Hospitals
hardware. Therefore, specifiers acquainted with the Hospitals have a large number of practical and
standards can look at a hinge standard, see the operational matters to take into consideration during
specific numbers assigned to it, and know what design planning. They must be functional for staff
level of performance it is expected to achieve. and personnel, while also providing easy access for
This gives a common language to the industry patients with limited mobility. By limiting the amount
and, depending on the standard, can include of touch surfaces, which can pass germs in highly
a lot of information. trafficked areas, the potential for spreading infection
is minimized. Also, as a highly populated building,
How to read a BHMA Certification a hospital must meet safety and fire requirements
Using the example of a hinge specification, type when it comes to builders hardware.
numbers will read as: Low-power-operated doors are fairly common
throughout many hospitals. BHMA 156.19, Power-
A2412 assist and Low-energy Power-operated Doors, deals
with assemblies that allow patients to easily navigate
Where: and access the hospital. They also have the added
A–Section A; benefit of making it unnecessary to touch a handle.
2–Material (Wrought Brass or Bronze); Placing sensors in front of doors that open when
4–Type (Half Surface Hinge); someone walks in front of them helps reduce
1–Description (Anti-friction Bearing); and potential for the spread of germs and infections
2–Performance Grade (Grade 2). through touching a handle or button.

Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association (BHMA) The main third-party testing facilities include Underwriters
product certification signifies a product meets the American Laboratories (UL), Architectural Testing Inc. (ATI), and
National Standards Institute (ANSI) and BHMA standards. Intertek Testing Services.
Push/pull passage locks offer a similar benefit. with the security needed to keep patients safe. A delayed
They are often specified for patient rooms to provide egress lock does this by activating an alarm to notify
privacy, but they can be opened without a lever so personnel the door is being used, but will open within
nurses or other staff members can exit or enter the 10 seconds to allow for exiting during an emergency.
room with their hands full. Specifiers must be acutely aware of situations like this
Hospitals also commonly rely on BHMA 156.24, in a hospital, and the BHMA standards are essential
Delayed Egress Locks. For a patient suffering from to properly executing this process.
dementia and requiring a certain level of security in Hospitals often use National Fire Protection
a hospital, wandering can be prevented by using the Association (NFPA) 101, Life Safety Code, which
features of a delayed egress lock. However, the hospital includes references to the BHMA standards, including
must balance egress during an emergency situation those for exit devices and low-power-operated doors.
BUILDERS HARDWARE TERMS

Builders hardware—sometimes referred to as architectural Auxiliary lock
hardware, building hardware, or finish hardware—consists of An auxiliary lock has a latch-bolt or dead-bolt operated by a key,
products mounted onto the moving parts of buildings (i.e. doors, thumbturn, or both. This lock is often used in addition to another
windows, or drawers) in order to move, fasten, or protect them. lock, which may or may not be key-operated, but which has a
Examples of builders hardware include: latch bolt operated by knobs or levers.
• locks;
• latches; Cylinder
• cabinet hardware; The cylindrical sub-assembly of a lock containing a cylinder plug
• hinges; with keyway and a cylinder body with tumbler mechanisms.
• door hardware;
• door closers; Automatic closing
• exit devices; A code term involving the permitted practice of holding a fire door
• power doors; in the ‘open’ position providing the door closes upon detection.
• sliding doors; and Generally, the detection must be from the presence of visible or
• folding doors. invisible particles of combustion.
Mortise lock Exit device

This type of lock fits a rectangular cavity in the edge of a door. An exit device is also called panic device, panic hardware, panic
A round hole in the face of the door receives a spindle to which bolt, and crash bar. It is a type of lock having an inside release
knobs or levers are attached. If key-operated, a second round bar. When depressed, the release bar (i.e. crossbar or push pad)
hole above the first receives the cylinder(s) and thumbturn. retracts the latch bolt, permitting the door to be opened. cs

Government buildings
Government projects can include any number of
facilities such as local police stations, town halls,
and municipal buildings. A key focus on these
buildings is security, both of sensitive materials
and personnel. Top-grade builders hardware—
such as locks that are certified by BHMA—
The ANSI/BHMA are essential to ensuring top-level security.
standards ensure BHMA A156.30, High-security Cylinders, is
high-quality, safe
products meet commonly used for government buildings with
the market. features over and above typical cylinders.
Products under this standard must pass three
categories of tests: key control, destructive,
Schools and surreptitious.
Schools face a particular set of challenges in their Key control means limiting accessibility to
design and operation, but they are not necessarily key blanks, such as creating no markings on the
much different than those posed by other buildings keys or leaving trails of the bittings (the geometry
being discussed. of a key) or serial numbers; it also applies to
Similar to other public buildings, schools must electronic locks that control the audit trail and
meet requirements for assembly areas. Exit devices, time-zoning. For destructive tests, the locks
also known as ‘panic devices,’ are common. Mostly undergo drilling and impact evaluations over
used in auditoriums and gymnasiums, they are required and above the normal amount. Surreptitious
for educational occupancies that can be highly crowded tests seek to ensure a lock provides safety
and difficult to escape. The devices employ a release against picking. They ensure high levels of
bar across the door that, when pushed, releases the resistance to picking and bumping, which are
latch bolt and allows the door to easily open. common lock-breaking techniques.
Many schools employ door closers, especially BHMA-compliant hinges have anti-friction
as they are required on fire doors. For example, a bearings so they hold up for long-lasting use. For
door in a location designated to help stop a fire from higher security use, hinges with non-removable
spreading (e.g. fire partition, fire barrier, or fire wall) pins that perform at Grade 1 level are tested to
needs a closer to ensure it is completely closed. The withstand 2.5 million cycles.
testing for Grade 1 door closers endure two million In addition to high-security cylinder locks, all
cycles, to make certain the best products do not the lock and exit device standards have security
fail when they are needed. The full array of concerns designed into them. Latching products
requirements for their performance is described in have security operating hardware standards as well.
ANSI/BHMA A156.3, Exit Devices. While government buildings are rightly focused
BHMA standards for schools also include ANSI/ on security, they also have access needs, to ensure
BHMA A156.2, Bored and Preassembled Locks and smooth functioning in places often visited by the
Latches, and ANSI/BHMA A156.13, Mortise Locks and public. Power-operated doors produced to ANSI/
Latches, Series 1000. These bored and mortise locks BHMA A156.10, Power-operated Pedestrian Doors,
provide a special classroom function; they enable a and ANSI/BHMA A156.19, provide access by
door to be secured from the outside solely with a key— automatically opening. In some doorways, levers
this way a teacher cannot be locked out of the room. have replaced knobs.
For schools, nothing less than Grade 1 products Government buildings must often follow
generally suffices, meaning products tested and International Code Council (ICC) A117.1,
certified perform at the highest level under the Accessible and Usable Buildings and Facilities, for
toughest conditions. All builders hardware in accessible routes. The operable part of a door in
schools need exceptional durability and strength for this case must be functional with one hand, and
the long-term wear and tear that will be put on the should not require tight grabbing or twisting of the
products. Tests such as the vertical load test are not wrist. Buildings following this code need to consult
much different than the stresses these products BHMA standards for lever locks, exit devices, or
actually face once in use. power-operated doors to ensure compliance.

Certified products Notes
BHMA primarily concerns itself with safety and 1
The complete directory can be viewed online at
performance, but builders hardware is also expected www.buildershardware.com/cpd_entry.html.
to be functional and attractive. It is imperative to
ensure the finish holds up on any visible components,
and are subjected to constant wear and tear.
BHMA ensures this under A156.18, Materials and
Finishes. Products with certifications for finishes
undergo testing—such as salt spray, ultraviolet
(UV), hardness, humidity, and solvent resistance—
to ensure a product will not scratch, corrode, or
discolor. A product frequently touched generally has
higher requirements than a product not in constant
contact with users, such as a door closer.
A BHMA-certified product can be distinguished
from other products by the “BHMA Certified” logo
on the product or its packaging. A list of certified
products can be found in the BHMA Certified
Product Directory.1
Conclusion
When tested for
Designing a building or facility for both ease of access
compliance with
and security is a complex task. It can often come down ANSI/BHMA
to the details of whether or not a plan is successful. standards, products
Relying on the BHMA standards allows specifiers and undergo repetitive
tests to ensure the
architects to ensure the builders hardware they use will product holds up
help them bring plans to life. cs under repeated use.
Author managers of these kinds of facilities can ensure they are prioritizing
Michael Tierney has been the standards coordinator for the safety and security in areas of their buildings where that is the priority,
Kellen Company since 1999. He coordinates the development or open and long lasting use where that is the priority. This article will
and revision of 35 Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association explain how to make full use of the BHMA standards for the needs
(BHMA) performance standards covering a broad range of of these facilities.
products form gaskets to hinges to power operated doors.
Tierney is a principal member on technical committees for MasterFormat No.
the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), the 08 06 71–Door Hardware Schedule
International Code Council’s (ICC’s) A117 Committee for 08 11 00–Metal Doors and Frames
Accessible Buildings, ASTM, and American National 08 34 53–Security Doors and Frames
Standards Institute (ANSI). He can be contact via e-mail
at mtierney@kellencompany.com.
UniFormat No.
Abstract B2050.90–Exterior Door Supplementary Components
Certain facilities such as hospitals, schools, and government
buildings would all benefit from making full use of Builders Key Words
Hardware Manufacturers Association (BHMA) standards for Division 08
builders hardware and BHMA-certified materials. Hospitals, American National Standards Institute
schools, and government buildings all contain sensitive Builders Hardware Manufacturers Association
information, will be occupied for a long period, and have certain Builders hardware
public responsibilities. By relying on the BHMA standards, High-security locks

Door Hardware
Part Four
Layering Security Controls
for Healthcare Projects
BY MARILYN A. COLLINS, EDAC

Layering
Security Controls
for Healthcare Projects
Photo © Bigstock.com
IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE THE Of course, there are numerous other considerations.
NEED FOR SECURITY IN HEALTHCARE For example, an employee might notice certain
ENVIRONMENTS. WHERE ARE THE EYES supplies diminishing on a regular basis—how
AND EARS ENSURING THE SAFETY OF does the hospital protect clinical, professional,
A NEWBORN TRANSPORTED FROM administrative, and environmental staff from
LABOR AND DELIVERY? CAN FAMILY suspicion of diverting equipment or even
MEMBERS VISITING A SICK RELATIVE medication? When there is an influx of visitors
BE CONFIDENT THEIR VALUABLES ARE during the shift change on the behavioral health
SAFE AT BEDSIDE IF THEY LEAVE TO GRAB unit, and an anticipated increase in patients
A SNACK? WHAT SECURITY PRECAUTIONS through the Emergency Department due to a
ARE TAKEN WHEN A REAR EXTERIOR rapidly spreading virus, what are the visitor
DOOR TO THE HOSPITAL IS PROPPED tracking and patient protection procedures to
OPEN SO STAFF CAN TAKE A BREAK? ensure safety for everyone—even in the case of

The security department is the heartbeat of the hospital with regard to
protecting the systems providing for the facility.
a possible epidemic or weather-related crisis? every other one. This domino effect can affect a
There is also the matter of satellite functions and hospital’s reputation.
procedures performed by a hospital system at For instance, if a hospital selects a unique or
remote ambulatory care facilities and medical proprietary access control system, and then is
office buildings tied to the main building via an acquired by a parent healthcare system, the
access control system. parent may be constrained in its ability to
Consideration of these and many more facets of cascade an efficient open architecture solutions
hospital life provoke a host of thoughts about across the entire healthcare system. Myriad
security, convenience, and safety (for patients, results may include having to carry several
visitors, and staff alike), along with energy efficiency ‘badges’ or credentials, increasing the complexity
and resilience in the face of disasters. These are in accessing the hospitals in the system.
weighty topics requiring input from virtually Every hospital wants its reputation to get the
every department in the hospital. Together, they highest marks for welcoming families, caring for
form the ‘Environment of Care’ (EOC). patients, retaining staff, and securing supplies,
The EOC comprises three basic elements: medical equipment, and controlled substances.
building and space, equipment, and people. The As hospitals adjust to the various changes that
first step in planning for this complex environment are associated with the Affordable Care Act and
is to identify the stakeholders and decision-makers cope with other changes in the delivery of care,
invested in the outcomes—whether related to consensus building and collaboration become
compliance, the delivery of care, or the successful the basis for making decisions.
protection of people and assets. The security department is the heartbeat of
While design/construction professionals are the hospital with regard to protecting the systems
obviously not part of all the related choices and providing for the facility. However, the built
factors in a healthcare project’s creation and environment itself is a critical element in both
operations, their decisions and collaboration with security and in healthcare delivery—design/
the building owners can have important impacts. construction professionals can also have a major
role, both directly and indirectly.
Understanding stakeholders in the Additionally, there is often a ‘compliance
healthcare environment department’ spanning the many agencies,
Major departments in the hospital are now ensuring compliance with life safety regulations
collectively involved in decisions affecting such as National Fire Protection Agency
patient safety, Hospital Consumer Assessment of (NFPA) and other authorities having
Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) jurisdiction (AHJs). Other critical guidelines
scores,1 building design, access control, and and compliance elements include the Americans
employee training. No longer are decisions with Disabilities Act (ADA), Health Insurance
made in the vacuum of one’s own department Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA),
or even within the confines of a single hospital. and Facility Guidelines Institute (FGI).
Consolidation and acquisition in healthcare, The U.S. federal government supports the
as well as the requirements for reimbursement delivery of healthcare for a large percentage of
from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid the population through Medicare and Medicaid.
(CMS) have changed the game. Healthcare CMS authorizes reimbursement for medical
administrators, operations personnel, and virtually services provided to qualified recipients. The
every department have recognized decisions administration of such reimbursements includes
made in one area of the hospital system may affect a process ‘deeming’ each hospital worthy of the

payment according to certain standards, which
are surveyed or monitored by organizations such
as Press Ganey, the Joint Commission, Healthcare
Facilities Accreditation Program (HFAP), and
DNV (i.e. National Integrated Accreditation for
Healthcare Organizations [NIAHO]). Since a
large percentage of hospital revenue comes from
CMS, compliance with these ‘deeming’ bodies is
a high priority.
Multidisciplinary committee decision-making,
involving representatives from the above
departments, regarding ‘layering’ security is the
new normal in healthcare. Such decisions are put
through a five-lens filter measuring the impact
on patients, families, staff, physicians, and cost.
The Joint Commission requires all hospitals they
survey to develop and implement a performance
improvement framework for their processes
affecting the safety of patients and everyone else
entering the hospital, the security of everyone
having access to the hospital, including fire safety
and emergency operations.
Online access control—
Each hospital should perform an annual risk either hardwired or
assessment to point out the need for a security wireless—provides
plan for the entire hospital facility or system. This centralized control over
facility doorways.
security plan is a major factor in compliance, as Images courtesy Assa Abloy
well as improving the ‘patient experience.’ Door Security Solutions
Layering security medication stations, pharmacy, supply cabinets,

All this information forms the basis of the ‘who/ exterior visitor entrances, employee entrances,
what/when/where’ of a security system, which linen storage, nurse servers, patient rooms, staff
is an exercise in layering security vertically and lockers, and stairwells).
scaling that security plan horizontally. Once the 4. Assign the frequency of use (e.g. high-traffic or
stakeholders and decision-makers have been low-use areas).
identified, the hospital can creatively scale 5. Document locations in the building subject to
security solutions to match the risk associated fire/egress codes such as NFPA 101, Life Safety
with each opening. This allows the hospital to Code, and NFPA 99, Healthcare Facilities Code,
maximize the security plan while staying within or the International Building Code (IBC). In many
a budget. High-security areas may require more instances, the hospital has employed PIN-
sophisticated online solutions, while lower-risk based devices that do not offer an audit trail
ones could need simpler, offline products. The or specific, individual accountability. Simply
hospital has far more flexibility in designing a providing one code per unit or department for
security system in this manner. a push-button lock does not identify individuals
The typical steps for security system design are: who may have access to medicines or supplies.
1. Define users (e.g. clinical staff, general public/ In some cases, the ‘confidential’ codes to access
visitors, patients, those with disabilities, other these doors are written either on the doorframe
populations within the hospital). or on a sticky note nearby. Such locations would
2. Identify estimated budget. be suitable for re-evaluation.
3. Determine the specific areas of greatest concern 6. Assign a level of security (e.g. general access,
(e.g. nursery, intensive care units [ICUs], high security, lockdown areas).

However, the expense of hardwiring, particularly
Most healthcare in the case of a retrofit application, can be cost-
facilities have prohibitive. Adding in the expense of qualified,
sustainability goals.
licensed electricians and other professionals can
Modern electronic
door locks, which can raise the actual installed costs much higher than
be 99 percent more expected. There are other ways to accomplish
energy-efficient than online access control employing two similar
previous-generation
locks, help meet platforms as discussed in the following sections.
sustainability targets.
Wi-Fi
Most hospitals are equipped with a Wi-Fi
network that can be employed as the platform
for access control. The main advantage of
using Wi-Fi is it is an ideal solution for non-
critical openings that still require monitoring,
audit trail, and secured access. Wireless devices
Every door
opening, including provide a secure encryption for access codes
pharmaceutical storage and, in many cases, can use the existing badge
cabinets, can benefit or credential currently employed by the hospital.
from online access
control to ensure Another advantage of a Wi-Fi device is access
safety and security. decisions are authorized ‘locally,’ meaning the
locking device does not have to ‘check in’ with
7. Add sustainability requirements such as energy the access control panel. Additionally, a record
efficiency and/or Leadership in Energy and of transactions is maintained in the device at
Environmental Design (LEED) goals. Doors the door.
contribute to significant energy loss from
the building envelope. Furthermore, many Wireless
of these facilities now require environmental Typically, a wireless device requires a hub or
product declarations (EPDs) and/or health interface that is actually hard-wired back to an
product declarations (HPDs). access control panel. One advantage with the
8. Build in infection control by specifying wireless devices is the card reader (or integrated
antimicrobial coatings. reader/lock) can be applied directly to the door,
making for an aesthetic and cost-effective
Reviewing the door hardware application. Further, these devices are often
and security device options ideal for otherwise-difficult applications, such as
Once the committee has identified and agreed historical buildings, stone assemblies, or extra
on these factors, selection of devices (and the thick walls. Since the hub or interface is above
platforms they require) can begin. Frequently, the ceiling, the installation of the device on the
security consultants, door and hardware door is faster and causes far less disruption for the
manufacturers’ representatives, and end-user hospital. Additionally, the programming of
specialists provide valuable details for product wireless devices is typically done right at the
selection. This may include performance access control system and access can be provided
specification, integration to third-party access to anyone at the time of on-boarding.
control systems, or maintenance plans.
Power-Over-Ethernet (PoE)
Online access control This platform uses the network power provided
Until recently, the only option for online access by the Cat 5 or Cat 6 cable installed throughout
control was to hardwire every opening. This the hospital. The main advantage of PoE is the
technique can be desirable (and even necessary) significantly reduced energy cost. Devices on PoE
where immediate lockdown or egress might be act just like hard-wired devices and provide
required—for example, in the case of stairwells. immediate tracking on the access control system.

Balancing security
and design, today’s
healthcare facilities
place greater attention
on their aesthetics,
including the design of
doors and hardware.
Offline devices Facility operations

Some non-critical areas of the hospital are not Other aspects of facility operations can also be
necessarily the object of inventory shrink or losses addressed simultaneously with security.
due to ‘diverting’ of supplies. This may include
soiled linen rooms or even staff restrooms. Such Aesthetics
areas can be secured with PIN-pad-only devices As part of the drive to improve patient outcomes,
that do not provide audit trail or monitoring. many healthcare facilities feature pleasing
designs that create a relaxing atmosphere.
Electronic cylinders Decorative doors and hardware deliver security
Often referred to as ‘portable security,’ some without sacrificing design.
electronic cylinders can replace existing mortise
cylinders and provide simple access control. Resiliency
These devices use a battery-powered key to Geography determines whether or not specialized
program the cylinder locally or it can be web- door openings are needed to protect against
based. Another advantage is electronic cylinders hurricanes or tornados. Door opening assemblies
are available in a number of form factors that tested to withstand destructive storms will help a
allow application to remote or fenced areas of the healthcare organization continue normal operations
hospital campus, such as large equipment storage once the danger has passed.
where padlocks might be used. Other areas might
include a cash office or the cabinets on trucks or Sustainability
other areas. This type of platform is particularly Hardwired locks that draw low power consumption
effective where there are fewer than 50 users. and insulated doorways that block heat transfer
The objective of this exercise is to ‘scale’ the and air leakage improve the energy efficiency of
security solution to fit the unique needs of the a facility and help meet sustainability goals. Any
hospital or system. Most of the platform solutions transparency statements tied to these products will
can be cascaded across an entire healthcare system— verify their contents and ensure they are free of
even one with locations in different states. harmful chemicals.

Each hospital should perform an annual risk assessment to point out the need
for a security plan for the entire hospital facility or system. This security plan
is a major factor in compliance, as well as improving the ‘patient experience.’
Sound attenuation access control capabilities of each opening to

Peace and quiet are hallmarks of a restorative match its exact security needs. Hospitals can
environment. Having Sound Transmission Class implement varying degrees of access control
(STC)-rated doorways on patient rooms blocks out at each opening whether it is a loading dock
the noises accompanying the hustle and bustle of on the building perimeter or a cabinet door
a hospital hallway. in a patient room and everything in between.
The locking technologies employed at each
Loss prevention opening mesh together and operate seamlessly
Pharmaceutical distribution, storage cabinets, with the building control system to create a
employee lockers, and server cabinets containing fully secure facility.
sensitive data are prone to theft. These small Successfully layering security in this manner
‘doorways,’ typically on cabinets, can be protected requires input from all stake-holders to identify
with a new generation of cabinet locks that risks, applicable codes, and regulations that need
connect wirelessly with the building security to be met, alongside sustainability goals, aesthetic
control system. The locks communicate with a preferences, and budgetary concerns. When the
nearby hub that relays signals back and forth needs of each stakeholder are mapped out
with the central system. Therefore, these often- vertically, security solutions can then be layered
overlooked doorways, even when found on a horizontally to achieve the desired goals and
portable cart, are now incorporated as another deliver the best possible outcome. cs
layer of security that can be monitored and tracked.
Notes
Conclusion 1
For more info, visit www.cms.gov/Medicare/
With the wide range of locking technologies Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-instruments/
now available, it is easier than ever to tailor the HospitalQualityInits/HospitalHCAHPS.html.
Author the Environment of Care (EOC), which comprises three basic
Marilyn A. Collins, EDAC, is director of business development elements: building and space, equipment, and people. But where
for healthcare with Assa Abloy Door Security Solutions. She is do doors, hardware, and access control fit into the bigger picture?
certified in evidence-based design in life safety, security, and
access control for door openings. Collins is versed in the tenets MasterFormat
of The Joint Commission and GreenGuard, and is active in a 08 74 00−Access Control Hardware
number of industry groups including Healthcare Executives, 28 13 00−Access Control
Buildings VIP, The Center for Health Design, FierceHealthcare,
Society for the Advancement of Gerontological Environments UniFormat
(SAGE), and the Door and Hardware Institute (DHI). She can B2050−Exterior Doors and Grilles
be contacted via e-mail at marylina.collins@assaabloy.com. C1030−Interior Doors
D70−Electronic Safety and Security
Abstract
The wide variety of facets of hospital life provoke a host of Key Words
thoughts about security, convenience, patient/visitor/staff Divisions 08, 28
safety, energy efficiency, and even resilience in the face of Access control
disasters. These are weighty topics that require input from Healthcare
virtually every department in the hospital because they form Security

ENJOY THE
SALT AIR.
OR SEAL
IT OUT.
The Al Fresco Summit with full corrosion resistance
is the ideal solution for coastal applications. For up
to 16 doors (8 left and 8 right) and weights from
75-100 kg (165-220 lbs.), this strong, smooth
rolling system is constructed of 316 Marine Grade
Stainless Steel and features concealed channels
with a choice of mortise and non-mortise hinges
and hangers.

Phone: 800.325.6202
Door Hardware
Part Five
Antimicrobial Copper and Healthcare Projects
BY ADAM ESTELLE

Antimicrobial Copper
and Healthcare Projects
One of the oldest metals fights against the newest superbugs
All photos courtesy Copper Development Association
EVEN IN THE MOST PROACTIVE HOSPITALS, an Iowa healthcare facility consisting of 49 beds and
ACTIONS SUCH AS OPENING DOORS, serving 40,000 residents—is one of those early adopters
FLUSHING TOILETS, AND TURNING of antimicrobial copper to further protect its patients,
ON FAUCETS CAN EXPOSE PATIENTS, staff, and visitors alike from harmful bacteria.1
HEALTHCARE WORKERS, AND VISITORS In a perfect world, healthcare providers would wash
TO ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT SUPERBUGS or sanitize their hands before and after each patient
INCLUDING METHICILLIN-RESISTANT contact, but many studies have found staff adhere to
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS (MRSA) AND national guidelines for hand hygiene less than 50 percent
VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS of the time. While antimicrobial copper products are
FAECALIS (VRE), WHICH CAN SURVIVE ON a supplement to, and not a substitute for, standard
TRADITIONAL SURFACE MATERIALS LIKE infection control practices like washing hands and
STAINLESS STEEL AND PLASTIC FOR DAYS disinfecting surfaces, the advantage of copper is it is
OR EVEN MONTHS. always working. Its effectiveness is not dependent on
behavioral compliance of hospital personnel beyond
Through installing hardware and components made routine cleaning and disinfection of the copper surfaces.
of antimicrobial copper, hospitals across the country
are supplementing their infection control programs. Hospital installations
This material continuously kills more than 99.9 percent In most cases, copper components can easily be
of bacteria transferred by touch within two hours installed or retrofitted in a matter of minutes—
between regular cleanings, even after repeated sometimes, all it takes is a screwdriver. Freestanding
contaminations. Grinnell Regional Medical Center— medical equipment and instruments made of copper

Pullman Regional Hospital, a Level IV trauma
center in Washington, has also installed copper
components throughout its facility. The hospital
has copper faucet levers on 40 sinks in the public
restrooms and hallway basins, more than 400
cabinet pulls, handles for IV poles used in its in
obstetrics facility, ICU, and medical surgery unit,
and accessibility buttons for double-doors
throughout its 8825-m2 (95,000-sf) facility.
Eventually, the administration would like to add
countertops, chair armrests, bed rails, and bed
handles made of copper.
Copper hardware, fixtures, and components can
be cared for and maintained in likely the same way
as the components currently found in hospitals.
Routine cleaning to remove dirt and grime is still
Maintenance
crewmembers necessary, but this is essentially the only thing
wipe down a required for the surfaces to kill bacteria continuously.
copper IV pole Normal wear, and even the natural oxidation of
and an over-bed
tray table made some copper alloys, do not impair the material’s
of copper. efficacy. It remains effective even after repeated wet
and dry abrasion and re-contamination. The
antimicrobial property of copper-based alloys like
brass and bronze is inherent to the metals and will
last the entire lifespan of the product.
Parkview Hospital Randallia in Fort Wayne,
Indiana, is currently planning to install doorplates
and handles, cabinet handles, and other frequently
touched surfaces made of copper. The hospital will
install the copper components strategically within
specific areas of the hospital like the ICU. Retrofitting
a hospital with antimicrobial copper is a one-
time investment that has long-term benefits far
outweighing the upfront costs.
At Grinnell, antimicrobial copper hardware and
components have been installed throughout the
facility, including patient rooms and bathrooms. In
addition to grab bars, light switches, door handles,
require even less work. With more than 500 copper faucet levers, and toilet flushes made of copper, the
alloys registered by the U.S. Environmental Protection hospital has purchased over-bed trays and IV poles
Agency (EPA) and more than two dozen U.S. made from these bacteria-killing metals.
manufacturers offering products, options are available Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) contribute
to satisfy diverse needs and to facilitate sustainable to significant loss of life and increased treatment
design from the hospital intensive care unit (ICU) costs. When patients develop an HAI, their length
to visitor waiting rooms. Copper can be used for of stay is estimated to increase by about 19 days,
everything from door handles, stair handrails, grab adding up to $45 billion in healthcare costs.
bars, sinks, faucet levers, carts, and other healthcare “It is a very serious problem,” said Ed Harrich,
equipment. These durable and long-lasting products director of surgical services for Pullman Regional
can exhibit warm tones of brushed nickel, colder Hospital. “I think every hospital across the nation is
gray of stainless steel, deep yellows of brass and doing everything they can to try to deal with it the
bronze, or traditional red of copper. best that they can. But there’s bioburden on

A copper
lightswitch
is installed
in a patient
bathroom
at Grinnell
Regional
Medical Center
in Iowa.
everything and people aren’t good at handwashing impair the antimicrobial efficacy of the surface.
and there’s cross-contamination everywhere you go.” The change in appearance depends on the alloy
Hospitals are not the only buildings where there composition, and tarnish-resistant alloys are also
is antimicrobial copper to be found. Transportation available. Additionally, each alloy ages differently
hubs, restaurants, athletic training facilities, and depending on the application, giving architects,
healthcare centers have begun to recognize this designers, and specifiers a wide range of choices.
metal’s benefits. In 2012, the Ronald McDonald This antimicrobial effect does not diminish over
House (RMH) in Charleston, South Carolina became time. Regardless of how many people touch the side
the first nonprofit temporary residence facility in the rails on a hospital bed or push on the exit plate of a
country to undergo a copper retrofit. door over the years, copper exhibits the same
Throughout the facility, wood, plastic, and steel antimicrobial properties from installation, as long
touch surfaces were replaced with antimicrobial as it is cleaned regularly to remove dirt and grime.
copper to further protect guests with compromised Considering copper’s exceptionally long service life,
immune systems from harmful bacteria. Antimicrobial an application should last, once installed, as long as
copper was used for the RMH facility’s stair railings, the structure it is housed in—taking into account
sinks, faucets, tables, locksets, cabinet pulls, and chair normal wear and tear. This metal and its alloys are
arms—virtually all high-traffic areas in the building. made mostly from recycled material and, at the end
of service life, are also 100 percent recyclable.
Additional advantages of copper touch surfaces Copper and copper alloys can be easily fabricated
There is no need for any aftermarket coating, special into a wide variety of shapes and forms, from large
cleaning protocol, or treatment for copper alloys. wall sections to small cellphone covers, making it
For copper to remain effective, it should be left bare beneficial for many different applications.
and cleaned regularly, just like any other traditional
touch surface material. As some uncoated copper The science
alloy surfaces naturally age, they may change color People have been aware of the inherent antimicrobial
slightly due to natural oxidation, which does not properties of copper since the dawn of civilization.

A nurse cleans
a copper sink in
a patient room.
Copper fixtures
were installed as
a way to reduce
hospital-acquired
infections (HAIs).
to receive a public health registration. In the

United States, this registration permits products
manufactured from uncoated copper-based metals
with at least 60 percent copper content to be
advertised with antimicrobial claims against six
disease-causing bacteria:
• E. coli 0157:H7;
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa;
• Staphylococcus aureus;
• Enterobacter aerogenes;
• VRE; and
• MRSA.
The mechanisms by which solid copper damages
and destroys bacteria are still being studied, but
sufficient work has been done to confirm the broad
spectrum efficacy of the metal and its alloys. By
Door handles have been retrofitted with copper hardware. interacting with the cell structure, copper initiates
a series of cascading events, including rapidly
The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Aztecs interrupting normal functions and compromising
used copper compounds to treat diseases, burns, sore cell membrane integrity. This allows copper ions to
throats, and skin rashes, as well as for good hygiene. enter the microbe structure and totally overwhelm
During the 19th century, scientists discovered the the metabolism. The final stage is the breaking
existence of microbes and the role these tiny down of genomic material.
organisms had in causing infections and diseases. Thankfully, there is little danger of running out
More recently, copper alloys were registered by of copper. Worldwide resources of this important
EPA in 2008 after rigorous laboratory testing. It is and valuable metal are estimated at more than
the first solid antimicrobial touch surface material 3.6 trillion kg (8.1 trillion lb) of which only about

490 billion kg (1.1 trillion lb) have been mined
throughout history. Copper’s ability to be repeatedly
recycled, without any loss in performance, is an
important sustainable benefit.
Conclusion
The direct cost of treating a single hospital-acquired
infection (HAI) is approximately $43,000, and this
does not take into account the patient’s pain and
suffering. In comparison, the incremental cost to
outfit a patient room with copper products is typically
less than $5000 based on current estimates from EPA-
registered product suppliers. A typical suite of
products includes door and cabinet hardware, light
switch plates, outlet covers, IV pole, patient tray table,
sink, faucet levers, flush lever, grab bars, and soap
dispenser touch points. This represents an attractive The toilet flushes inside the patient rooms at Grinnell Regional Medical
value proposition, particularly when considering the Center are made with copper.
useful life of antimicrobial copper products.
Now armed with scientific proof, hospitals can take Notes
steps to supplement their infection control practices 1
See the EPA public health registration for copper alloys
with antimicrobial copper. Whether for a new medical at www.antimicrobialcopper.org/us/epa-registration.
facility going up or an existing hospital wing receiving 2
To help educate hospital executives and their staff on
an upgrade, copper can be incorporated into the the benefits and ease of installing copper components,
building design or retrofitted to meet changing needs the Copper Development Association (CDA) recently
and scope. By installing these hardware, fixtures, and launched two videos: “Installing Antimicrobial Copper
components throughout their facility, healthcare Components and Cleaning” and “Maintaining
providers are helping prevent the spread of potentially Antimicrobial Copper Surfaces.” For more information,
harmful bacteria.2 cs visit www.antimicrobialcopper.com/us.
Author at a few projects, including two hospitals in Washington and Iowa,
Adam Estelle is a manager for the Copper Development that have installed this ‘new’ technology in the form of cabinet
Association’s (CDA’s) Antimicrobial Copper Program and hardware, accessibility buttons, faucet levers, and even medical
Rod and Bar Council. He joined the CDA in 2008 as a equipment to further protect patients, staff, and visitors while
project engineer to help develop a new market for copper easing maintenance.
alloys based on their inherent antimicrobial properties.
Estelle has helped many material suppliers, manufacturers, MasterFormat No.
and healthcare professionals overcome technical, promotional, 05 70 00–Decorative Metal
and regulatory obstacles associated with the antimicrobial 10 28 00–Toilet, Bath, and Laundry Accessories
copper market, while co-authoring several papers on the 10 28 26–Hygiene and Custodial Accessories
public health benefits of copper alloys. Estelle is also the
recipient of an award of appreciation from ASTM for his UniFormat No.
contribution to their work with copper products. He can be E2010–Fixed Furnishings
reached at adam.estelle@copperalliance.us.
Key Words
Abstract Divisions 05, 10 Copper
Copper components are increasingly being installed in healthcare Antimicrobial Hardware
facilities because they have been shown to kill bacteria and Brass Hospital
reduce hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). This article looks Bronze

FLOATING
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INVISIBLE
ENGINEERED
The Slido family of architectural hardware by
BY Häfele offers a diverse array of options for
commercial and residential applications.
The Slido Design 80-M for glass and wood
offers a fully concealed track and running gear.
LET US HELP YOU ON YOUR

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DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 3

BY LORI GREENE, AHC/CDC, CCPR, FDAI

4 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 5

6 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 7

8 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

Flush bottom rails

DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 9

10 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

LET OUR EXPERTS HELP GET YOUR

BY SCOTT J. TOBIAS, CSI, CDT, AHC

12 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

FAR TOO MANY DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION accessibility, security, and convenience of use—some of

DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 13

When entering a building or space, the door hardware is often the

14 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

4. Accessories for pairs of doors only

DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 15

16 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

5. Hardware schedules, also known as submittals, are

6. If product substitutions requests are allowed from

DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 17

Abstract Key Words

18 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

LET OUR EXPERTS HELP GET YOUR

20 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 21

22 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

BUILDERS HARDWARE TERMS

Mortise lock Exit device

DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 23

24 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 25

BY MARILYN A. COLLINS, EDAC

26 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 27

28 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

Layering security medication stations, pharmacy, supply cabinets,

DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 29

30 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

Offline devices Facility operations

DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 31

Sound attenuation access control capabilities of each opening to

32 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

LET OUR EXPERTS HELP GET YOUR

34 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 35

36 the construction specifier E-BOOK | DOOR HARDWARE

DOOR HARDWARE | the construction specifier E-BOOK 37

to receive a public health registration. In the