Course Code: ESST3003

Lab #3 – Impacts of the Shrimp Industry

 Abstract

Diversity indices were determined for bycatch from commercial shrimp vessels in Oropouche
and La Brea. The number of each fish species together with weights and lengths were recorded.
From the total bycatch in Oropouche, shrimp composed 11.94% of the total abundance and
22.56% for La Brea. The Shannon index of 1.94 and Simpson’s diversity of 0.80 in Oropouche
was higher than that of La Brea with a Shannon index of 1.86 and Simpson’s diversity of 0.78.
This indicates that diversity is higher in Oropouche due to greater species richness and
abundance. The Margalef and Menhinicks diversity index measured species richness which was
found to be higher for Oropouche as well with a value of 3.52 and 0.67 respectively. La Brea had
lower species richness with values of 3.17 for Margalef’s index and 0.64 for Menhinick’s index.
The Peilou measure determined species evenness for bycatch, which was 0.59 for both areas,
indicating that bycatch is not completely even. The Soreson’s coefficient measured community
similarity between both sites, which were determined to be 0.43, indicating that there is some
similarity between both sites.
 Introduction:

The shrimp industry in Trinidad and Tobago is at high demand by many consumers as
population increases and is important as it provides employment and income to many living near
coastal areas. However, this can have significant impacts to the marine environment as the
trawlers used to capture shrimp also targets other fish species in large amounts, known as
bycatch. At most times these fishes are not sold due to their small size and weight and is usually
discarded. Bycatch usually accounts for most of the total catch which can result in severe
impacts to the marine ecosystems. (Hutchinson 2008). The method used here in Trinidad is
known as industrial trawling which involves throwing a fishing net behind the boat which drags
across the ocean floor to capture shrimp. This can cause habitat degradation as these nets drag
across the seafloor destroying corals and important aquatic plants and animals that live there,
changing its composition and ecological communities that reside there. Organic matter would
take longer to decompose, and sediment recycling is disrupted. Capturing fish species contributes
to overfishing which disrupts the food chains and webs in that coastal area. (Mehanna et al
2011).
To determine the composition of bycatch, several diversity indices can be used. This
includes Simpson’s, Shannon, Margalef’s and Menhinick’s Diversity indices, together with
community similarity and Peilou’s measure of species evenness which is dependent on species
richness and evenness. The Simpsons diversity index represented by the symbol D, accounts for
the abundance and number of species. These values range between zero and one, where a value
close to one indicates high species richness and evenness. Shannon Index measures the
uncertainty in a community and tell us how diverse it is. These values usually range between 1.5
and 3.5. As the value of Shannon index increases, so will diversity of that community, however
as the index increases so does uncertainty in correctly predicting what species an organism
chosen at random would be. Margalef's index is measure of species richness and how they are
distributed. There is no range of values and is sensitive to sample sizes as it can easily be
affected. It assumes the relationship between species number and the total number of organisms
in a community. (Death 2008). Menhinick's diversity index is also similar to Margalef's diversity
as it is dependent on sampling proportions as well as sampling sites, frequency of sampling and
the duration. It measures species richness and attempts to correct sampling sizes. Peilou's Index
represented by the symbol J' is a measure of species evenness in a community. It based on the
criteria that a sample value of one represents complete evenness, that is all species equally
dominates a community. A value of zero indicates that there is no evenness as one species
completely dominates. (Sohier 2020). Soreson's coefficient is used to determine how similar two
communities are to one another in terms of species and is influenced by sample size and species
richness. Values range between zero and one, where zero indicates no similarity between two
communities and one being 100% similarity.

Objectives:

1. To determine abundance, weight, and length of bycatch species in two trawling sites:
Oropouche and La Brea
2. To compare and account for the differences in diversity, richness, and evenness of
bycatch between the two sites.

Method

1. For each species, the number of individuals was counted.

2. The lengths of individuals for each species were measured and classified into class sizes.
3. The total weight for each species were determined.
 Results

Table 1: Number, total weight and length of each bycatch found in Oropouche.

Species Number Total Weight (g) Total Length(cm) Class Range

Black cheek tongue 17 260.07 204 9.5 - 13.5
Atlantic Leather Jack 5 15.01 38.4 6.5 - 9.2
Hermit crab 3 13.84 9.3 1.9 - 4.2
Snail spp10 3 2.66 5.1 1.9 - 4.2
Snail spp 11 3 Not determined 6 1.6 - 1.8
Crab spp12 1 Not determined 5.5 -
Clams 2 Not determined 2.7 0.9 - 1.8
Cirric crabs 34 1336.59 255.5 3.4 - 12.7
Lambee 56 860.32 200 0.7 - 6.6
Blinch sp 3 33.18 25.7 7.1 - 10.1
Blinch sp 1 3 74.41 26.4 5.9 - 14.4
Blinch sp 2 10 70 89.9 7.4 - 14
Blinch sp 3 4 91.49 48.8 10.4 - 15
Blinch sp 4 1 40.08 17.12 -
Blinch sp 5 1 39.3 21.5 -
Blinch sp 6 7 26.01 52.9 4.9 -13.5
Blinch sp 7 2 14.16 25.1 12.1 - 13
Blinch sp 8 1 6.8 9.3 -
Blinch sp 9 4 114.54 59.1 12.9 - 16.0
Toad Fish 1 369.92 29 -
Branch 18 568.95 204 5.8 - 17.5
Manadango Catfish 4 1469.93 139.3 23.9 - 46.5
Silver Side Anchovy 583 5217.83 6132 8.3 - 11.5
Croaker (white mouth) 198 1058.21 1572.8 0.5 - 13.5
Shrimp 193 1707.5 1940 6.0 - 20.0
Trinidad Anchovy 172 588.1 1314.6 4 - 14.2
Catfish spp 288 5165.79 3101 6 - 25.9

Table 2: Number, total weight and length of each bycatch found in La Brea.

Species Number Total Weight (g) Total Length(cm) Class Range(cm)

Black Cheek Tongue 20 267.21 236.7 8.8 - 17.8
Atlantic Leather Jack 4 24.02 38.8 8.3 - 10.7
 Manadango catfish sp 1 1 56.08 5.6 -
Sp 2 1 38.56 4.5 -
sp3 7 6.24 14.2 1.5 - 3
Sp4 2 5.85 17.4 7.6 - 9.8
Sp5 1 4.3 2.8 -
Sp6 1 2.5 2.5 -
Sp7 12 42.68 95.1 5.9 - 11.7
Sp8 3 28.2 18.3 9 - 9.3
Sp9 3 7.94 24.3 6.0 - 6.2
Sp 10 1 43.57 16.4 -
Sp 11 1 10.97 13.5 -
Blinch 34 165.54 34 4.2 - 9.1
Eel (Pike Cougers) 2 235.82 44 -
Rayes 4 415.32 65.4 13.4 - 18.0
Salmon 10 Not determined 172.4 7 - 31.9
Lambee 11 766.34 71 4.0 - 11.0
Cirric crab 15 446.78 116 4.9 - 11.4
Catfish sp 506 1797.98 5187.3 1.5 - 25
Croaker (white mouth) 179 1631.43 1563.4 5.5 - 16
Silverside Anchovy 103 1340.24 1045.85 5.0 - 14.0
Shrimp 316 1886 2714.1 4.0 - 20.0
Trinidad Anchovy 164 524.6 1339.7 5.0 - 14.0

Data Analysis

Abundance
Table 3: Abundance (TN) of each species in the Oropouche and La Brea sites.

Oropouche La Brea
Species n TN = ni/N * 100 Species n TN = ni/N * 100
Black cheek tongue 17 1.05 Black Cheek Tongue 20 1.43
Atlantic Leather Jack 5 0.31 Atlantic Leather Jack 4 0.29
Hermit crab 3 0.19 Manadango catfish sp 1 1 0.07
Snail spp10 3 0.19 Sp 2 1 0.07
Snail spp 11 3 0.19 sp3 7 0.50
Crab spp 12 1 0.06 Sp4 2 0.14
Clams 2 0.12 Sp5 1 0.07
Cirric crabs 34 2.10 Sp6 1 0.07
Lambee 56 3.46 Sp7 12 0.86
 Blinch sp 3 0.19 Sp8 3 0.21
Blinch sp 1 3 0.19 Sp9 3 0.21
Blinch sp 2 10 0.62 Sp 10 1 0.07
Blinch sp 3 4 0.25 Sp 11 1 0.07
Blinch sp 4 1 0.06 Blinch 34 2.43
Blinch sp 5 1 0.06 Eel (Pike Cougers) 2 0.14
Blinch sp 6 7 0.43 Rayes 4 0.29
Blinch sp 7 2 0.12 Salmon 10 0.71
Blinch sp 8 1 0.06 Lambee 11 0.79
Blinch sp 9 4 0.25 Cirric crab 15 1.07
Toad Fish 1 0.06 Catfish sp 506 36.12
Branch 18 1.11 Croaker (white mouth) 179 12.78
Manadango Catfish 4 0.25 Silverside Anchovy 103 7.35
Silver Side Anchovy 583 36.05 Shrimp 316 22.56
Croaker (white mouth) 198 12.24 Trinidad Anchovy 164 11.71
Shrimp 193 11.94 Total (N) 1401 100.00
Trinidad Anchovy 172 10.64
Catfish spp 288 17.81
Total (N) 1617 100.00

Since the abundance accounts for shrimp, calculating the amount of bycatch excluding the
shrimp can be done:

For Oropouche:
Shrimp abundance = 11.94%
Therefore the abundance of bycatch = 100 – 11.94 = 88.06%

For La Brea
Shrimp abundance = 22.56%
Therefore the abundance of bycatch = 100 – 22.56 = 77.44%

Sample Calculation

For Black Cheek Tongue species in the Oropouche site

%N=(N/TN) * 100
where %N is percentage abundance, N is the number of organisms from one species and TN is
the total from all species
%N = (17/1617) * 100
 %N = 0.01055 * 100
%N = 1.05

Relative Weight

Table 4: Total Weights (TW) for each species in the La Brea and Oropouche sites.

Oropouche La Brea
Species Total Weight (g) TW=wi/W*10
Total
0 Species Weight (g) TW=wi/W*100
Black cheek tongue 260.07 1.36 Black Cheek
Tongue 267.21 2.74
Atlantic Leather Jack 15.01 0.08 Atlantic Leather
Jack 24.02 0.25
Hermit crab 13.84 0.07 Manadango catfish
sp 1 56.08 0.58
Cirric crabs 1336.59 6.98 Sp 2 38.56 0.40
Lambee 860.32 4.49 sp3 6.24 0.06
Blinch sp 33.18 0.17 Sp4 5.85 0.06
Blinch sp 1 74.41 0.39 Sp5 4.3 0.04
Blinch sp 2 70 0.37 Sp6 2.5 0.03
Blinch sp 3 91.49 0.48 Sp7 42.68 0.44
Blinch sp 4 40.08 0.21 Sp8 28.2 0.29
Blinch sp 5 39.3 0.21 Sp9 7.94 0.08
Blinch sp 6 26.01 0.14 Sp 10 43.57 0.45
Blinch sp 7 14.16 0.07 Sp 11 10.97 0.11
Blinch sp 8 6.8 0.04 Blinch 165.54 1.70
Blinch sp 9 114.54 0.60 Eel (Pike Cougers) 235.82 2.42
Toad Fish 369.92 1.93 Rayes 415.32 4.26
Branch 568.95 2.97 Lambee 766.34 7.86
Manadango Catfish 1469.93 7.68 Cirric crab 446.78 4.58
Silver Side Anchovy 5217.83 27.25 Catfish sp 1797.98 18.44
Croaker (white mouth) 1058.21 5.53 Croaker (white
mouth) 1631.43 16.74
Shrimp 1707.5 8.92 Silverside
Anchovy 1340.24 13.75
Trinidad Anchovy 588.1 3.07 Shrimp 1886 19.35
Catfish spp 5165.79 26.98 Trinidad Anchovy 524.6 5.38
Total Weight (W) 19144.69 100 Total Weight (W) 9748.17 100.00

Snail spp 11, Crab spp 12 and Clams in the Oropouche site, together with Salmon from the La
Brea site were omitted from the data set in calculating relative weight as no weight information
were found for these species.

Sample Calculation

For Atlantic Leather Jack in the La Brea site

%W=(W/TW) * 100
Where %W is the percent relative weight; W is the weight of organisms from one species and
TW is the total weight of all species.
%W= (24.02g / 9748.17g) * 100
%W = 0.00246 * 100
%W = 0.25
 Simpsons Diversity Index

Table 4: Simpson’s diversity index for Oropouche and La Brea sites.

Oropouche La Brea

Species Number D= ni(ni-1)/N(N-1) Species Number D=ni(ni-1)/N(N-1)

Black cheek tongue 17 0.00010409 Black Cheek Tongue 20 0.000193739
Atlantic Leather Jack 5 0.00000765 Atlantic Leather Jack 4 6.11808E-06
Hermit crab 3 0.00000230 Manadango catfish
sp1 1 0
Snail spp10 3 0.00000230 Sp 2 1 0
Snail spp 11 3 0.00000230 sp3 7 2.14133E-05
Crab spp12 1 0.00000000 Sp4 2 1.01968E-06
Clams 2 0.00000077 Sp5 1 0
Cirric crabs 34 0.00042938
Sp6 1 0
Lambee 56 0.00117869 Sp7 12 6.72989E-05
Blinch sp 3 0.00000230 Sp8 3 3.05904E-06
Blinch sp 1 3 0.00000230 Sp9 3 3.05904E-06
Blinch sp 2 10 0.00003444 Sp 10 1 0
Blinch sp 3 4 0.00000459 Sp 11 1 0
Blinch sp 4 1 0.00000000 Blinch 34 0.00057204
Blinch sp 5 1 0.00000000 Eel (Pike Cougers) 2 1.01968E-06
Blinch sp 6 7 0.00001607 Rayes 4 6.11808E-06
Blinch sp 7 2 0.00000077 Salmon 10 4.58856E-05
Blinch sp 8 1 0.00000000 Lambee 11 5.60824E-05
Blinch sp 9 4 0.00000459 Cirric crab 15 0.000107066
Toad Fish 1 0.00000000 Catfish sp 506 0.130279392
Branch 18 0.00011710 Croaker (white
mouth) 179 0.016244519
Manadango Catfish 4 0.00000459 Silverside Anchovy 103 0.005356378
Silver Side Anchovy 583 0.12984946 Shrimp 316 0.050749465
Croaker (white mouth) 198 0.01492726 Trinidad Anchovy 164 0.01362904
Shrimp 193 0.01418101 Total (N) 1401 D=0.22
Trinidad Anchovy 172 0.01125572 1-D 0.78
Catfish spp 288 0.03163173
Total (N) 1617 D= 0.20
1-D 0.80

Sample Calculation

For Silver Side Anchovy in the Oropouche site

D =  ni / (ni -1) / N (N-1)

where  is the sum, ni is the number of organisms in one species and N is the total.
D = 583(583-1)/ 1617(1617-1)
D = 339306 / 2613072
D = 0.13

To calculate the diversity, the sum of the individual species is determined:

D = 0.00010409 + 0.00000765 + 0.00000230 + 0.00000230 + 0.00000230 + 0.00000000 +
0.00000077 + 0.00042938 + 0.00117869 + 0.00000230 + 0.00003444 + 0.00000459 +
0.00000000 + 0.00000000 + 0.00001607 + 0.00000077 + 0.00000000 + 0.00000459 +
0.00000000 + 0.00011710 + 0.00000459 + 0.12984946 + 0.01492726 + 0.01418101 +
0.01125572 + 0.03163173

D = 0.20

1 – D = 1 – 0.20 = 0.80

Shannon Diversity Index

Table 5: Shannon Diversity index for the Oropouche and La Brea sites.

Oropouche La Brea
Species -pi ln pi = H' Species pi ln pi = H'
 Black cheek tongue 0.047889268 Black Cheek Tongue 0.060659661
Atlantic Leather Jack 0.017869171 Atlantic Leather Jack 0.016727044
Hermit crab 0.011669231 Manadango catfish sp
1 0.005171264
Snail spp10 0.011669231 Sp 2 0.005171264
Snail spp 11 0.011669231 sp3 0.026476245
Crab spp12 0.004569158 Sp4 0.009353026
Clams 0.00828099 Sp5 0.005171264
Cirric crabs 0.081204013 Sp6 0.005171264
Lambee 0.116466707 Sp7 0.040771177
Blinch sp 0.011669231 Sp8 0.013161305
Blinch sp 1 0.011669231 Sp9 0.013161305
Blinch sp 2 0.031451718 Sp 10 0.005171264
Blinch sp 3 0.014847331 Sp 11 0.005171264
Blinch sp 4 0.004569158 Blinch 0.090243936
Blinch sp 5 0.004569158 Eel (Pike Cougers) 0.009353026
Blinch sp 6 0.02356025 Rayes 0.016727044
Blinch sp 7 0.00828099
Salmon 0.035277348
Blinch sp 8 0.004569158 Lambee 0.038056752
Blinch sp 9 0.014847331 Cirric crab 0.048574854
Toad Fish 0.004569158 Catfish sp 0.367817893
Branch 0.050070012 Croaker (white mouth) 0.262885423
Manadango Catfish 0.014847331 Silverside Anchovy 0.191899995
Silver Side Anchovy 0.367805821 Shrimp 0.33589364
Croaker (white 0.257150306
mouth) Trinidad Anchovy 0.25110087
Shrimp 0.253709382 H’ 1.86
Trinidad Anchovy 0.238357045
Catfish spp 0.307301055
H’ 1.94

Sample Calculation

H = ∑ - (Pi * ln Pi)

Where ∑ is the sum for all the species in the sample site, pi is the fragment of species i that
makes up the entire population,

To calculate pi using the example of Catfish spp in the Oropouche site:

pi = ni/ N
where ni is the number of individuals in species i and N is the total number of individuals in each
species
pi = 288 /1617
pi = 0.17811
ln pi = ln (0.17811)
ln pi = -1.7254
Therefore -pi ln pi = (-0.17811 x -1.7254)
= 0.307 (0.31 to 2 d.p)
This was calculated for each individual species and so the Shannon diversity index can be
determined by the sum of these values:
H’ = 0.047889268 + 0.017869171 + 0.011669231 + 0.011669231 + 0.011669231 + 0.004569158
+ 0.00828099 + 0.081204013 + 0.116466707 + 0.011669231 + 0.011669231 + 0.031451718 +
0.014847331 + 0.004569158 + 0.004569158 + 0.02356025 + 0.00828099 + 0.004569158 +
0.014847331 + 0.004569158 + 0.050070012 + 0.014847331 + 0.367805821 + 0.257150306 +
0.253709382 + 0.238357045 + 0.307301055

H’ = 1.94

Peilou’s Measure

For La Brea

J = H’ / ln(S)
where H’ is the Shannon diversity index (1.86) and S is the number of species (24)
J = 1.86 / ln (24)
J = 1.86 / 3.178
J = 0.59

For Oropouche

J = H’ / ln(S)
where H’ is (1.92) and S is species number (27)
J = 1.94 / ln (27)
J = 1.94 / 3.296
J = 0.59

Margalef’s diversity index

For Oropouche

DMg = (S -1) / ln (N)

where S species number (27) and N is the population of all the species (1617)
DMg = (27 -1) / ln (1617)
DMg = 26 / 7.388
DMg = 3.52

For La Brea
DMg = (S -1) / ln (N)
where S species number (24) and N is the population of all the species (1401)
DMg = (24 -1) / ln (1401)
DMg = 23 / 7.245
DMg = 3.17

Mehinick’s index

For Oropouche
D=s/√N
Where s is species number (27) and N is the total number of organisms (1617)
D = 27 / √ 1617
D = 27 / 40.21
D = 0.67

For La Brea

D=s/√N
Where s is species number (24) and N is the total number of organisms (1401)
D = 24 / √ 1401
D = 24 / 37.43
D = 0.64

Community Similarity

Sorenson’s coefficient (CC) = 2C / S1+ S2

Where C is the shared species number, and S1 and S2 is the number of species in each
community.

Let S1 represent Oropouche and S2 represent La Brea

CC = 2(11) / 27 + 24
CC = 22 / 51
CC = 0.43

Discussion

Two commercial shrimp vessels were analyzed to determine bycatch composition. From
the numbers, lengths and weights collected, it was observed that shrimp only composed of
11.94% of total catch in the Oropouche area, and 22.56% in La Brea.

In analyzing the diversity indices between two communities of Oropouche and La Brea,
there are differences that can be seen. The Simpsons’ diversity index for Oropouche was found
to be 0.80 and 0.78 for La Brea. Since this index representative of the abundance and evenness of
species, it can be said that Oropouche has a higher diversity than La Brea. This can be accounted
for due to the higher species number as the bycatch contains 1,617 individuals and La Brea has
1,401 individuals which contributes to a higher diversity. Values of Simpsons’ diversity range
between zero and one, with one representing high diversity. From the index, it is observed that
both sites have a relatively high diversity of bycatch. Similarly, the same trend is seen for the
Shannon Weiner Diversity where Oropouche has an index of 1.94 and La Brea has an index of
1.86. There is not a major difference between the two communities, however Oropouche is more
diverse than La Brea with a larger number of species. The Shannon Diversity index is used to
measure the uncertainty that a species chosen from the sample is unpredictable. This means that,
since diversity is larger at Oropouche, the probability that correctly predicting a species chosen
at random will be less likely than that chosen at La Brea.
There are two indices used to measure species richness in bycatch of the two
communities. The Margalef index varies for Oropouche and La Brea with values of 3.52 and
3.17 respectively. The index for Oropouche is slightly higher than that of La Brea, meaning that
species richness is higher in that area. This is due to more species being captured as 27 species
were recorded in Oropouche and 24 in La Brea which accounts for higher index. The
Menhinick’s index is also used to determine species richness in a community with higher values
meaning more richness. Since Oropouche had a higher Margalef index compared to La Brea, its
Menhichiks index will also be higher with a value of 0.67 and 0.64 for La Brea. This means that
species richness for bycatch in Oropouche is greater. These indices measured gives us general
information about the ecosystems in these two areas. Higher diversity in Oropouche as compared
to La Brea would mean that there is more abundance and species variety in that ecosystem.
There are more habitat types in that community which allows for more species to reside. Higher
abundance tells us that ecosystem has minimal disturbance such as lower pollution, higher
productivity or fishing is done less frequently compared to La Brea with lower species richness
and abundance. (Pyron 2010).
In measuring species evenness, the Pielou’s measure is used in which both sites gave a
value of 0.59. Since values range between zero for no evenness and one for complete evenness, it
can be concluded that the two sites are not completely even. The Sorenson’s coefficient is
determined to identify the similarity between the two trawling sites. This was found to be 0.43
which indicates that the two sites have a large proportion of dissimilarity of the species found.
This was based on the criteria that a value of zero indicates no similarity and one indicating
complete similarity.
The ecological cost of the shrimp industry far outweighs that from its profits. Many
farmers who use industrial trawlers do not take into consideration the impacts on the marine
ecosystems. Most of the bycatch captured by these trawlers causes fish kills for non-commercial
species and are usually discarded back into the ocean. This can cause oxygen depletion due to
decomposition of dead fish by microorganisms affecting other fish species by causing stress and
even death. Trawling at the bottom of the ocean destroys existing habitats on sediments such as
seagrass beds, which is a nursery ground for many aquatic species. When large amount of
bycatch fish species is captured, it causes population decline which disturbs the food chains in
the ecosystems. This means that organisms in higher levels of the food chain would have less to
feed on as resources would be limited. (Zaima 2014).

Conclusion

The impacts of the shrimp industry are caused by trawling and capturing bycatch of non-
commercial fish species which is usually discarded. The composition of bycatch was determined
from two commercial shrimp vessels in Oropouche and La Brea. The abundance, lengths, and
relative weights of each species of fish was determined as well as diversity and species richness
indices. Analysis of the diversity indices showed that bycatch found in Oropouche had more
diversity than La Brea with a Shannon index of 1.94 and Simpson’s index of 1.86 for Orpouche.
On the other hand, La Brea had a Shannon index of 1.86 and Simpson’s index of 0.78. This
indicates that species abundance and richness is higher in Oropouche as its diversity indices is
larger. This is due to more species being captured in higher numbers.
 References

1. Death, R. 2008. “Margalef’s Index.” Encyclopedia of Ecology, 2209–10.

https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-008045405-4.00117-8.
2. Hutchinson, Sharon D. 2008. “Input Use and Incentives in the Caribbean Shrimp Fishery:
The Case of the Trinidad and Tobago Fleet.” Marine Resource Economics 23 (3): 345–
60. https://doi.org/10.1086/mre.23.3.42629622.
3. Kiernan, Diane. 2021. “10.1: Introduction, Simpson's Index and Shannon-Weiner Index.”
Statistics LibreTexts. Libretexts. May 1, 2021.
https://stats.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Applied_Statistics/Book:_Natural_Resources_Bio
metrics_(Kiernan)/10:_Quantitative_Measures_of_Diversity_Site_Similarity_and_Habita
t_Suitability/10.01:_Introduction__Simpsons_Index_and_Shannon-Weiner_Index.
4. Mehanna, Sahar, Attia El-Aiatt, and Mohamed Salem. 2011. “An investigation of the
impacts of shrimp bottom trawling on the Bardawil lagoon fisheries, Egypt.” Research
 Gate. January 2011.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232219256_An_investigation_of_the_impacts_
of_shrimp_bottom_trawling_on_the_Bardawil_lagoon_fisheries_Egypt_and_Fisheries_N
IOF_2_General_Authorities_for_Fish_Resources_Development_3_Suez_Canal_Universi
ties.
5. Pryon, Mark. 2010. “Characterizing Communities.” Nature News. Nature Publishing
Group. 2010.
https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/characterizing-communities-
13241173/.
6. Sohier, Charlotte. 2020. “Measurements of Biodiversity.” Measurements of Biodiversity
- Coastal Wiki. 2020. http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/Measurements_of_biodiversity.
7. University of Northern British Columbia. "Spatial and temporal distributions of
organisms". UNBC. Date accessed: October 30th, 2021.
https://www2.unbc.ca/sites/default/files/sections/che-elkin/biol410lecture2publish.pdf
8. Zaima, Laurel. 2014. “Commercial Shrimp Trawling: The Profit Does Not out Weigh the
Damaging Effects on Rest of the Ecosystem.” Shark Research & Conservation Program
(SRC) | University of Miami. December 19, 2014.
https://sharkresearch.rsmas.miami.edu/commercial-shrimp-trawling-the-profit-does-not-
out-weigh-the-damaging-effects-on-rest-of-the-ecosystem/.