Department of Education

8
National Capital Region
SCHOOL S DIVISION OFFICE
MARIKINA CITY

Science
Quarter 2 – Module 3
Earthquake Waves

Mary Ann N. Taway

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed to assist you master the nature of Earth and
Space. The scope of this module permits it to be utilized in many alternative
learning situations. The language used recognizes the various vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.

The module will help you understand the earthquake vibrations and
explain how earthquake waves provide information about the interior of the
earth. S8ES-IIc-17

After going through this module, the learners are specifically expected to:
1. describe the behavior of seismic waves;
2. compare and contrast P wave and S wave in terms of their speed and
behavior;
3. identify the layers of the Earth and their characteristics; and
4. explain how seismic waves are used to describe the interior of the Earth.

What I Know

Read each question carefully and encircle only the letter of the correct answer.
1. Which of the following does NOT describe the Rayleigh waves?
A. It has the longest duration C. It is most frequently felt
B. It produces elliptical motion D. It vibrates side to side

2. Which of the following explains the statements below?

I. Body waves are vibrations which may inflict great damage to properties.
II. Body waves are vibrations that travel through the interior of the Earth.
A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. The first statement is true and the second is false
D. The first statement is false and the second is true

3. Shadow zone is part of the Earth that is not penetrated by which type of seismic
waves?
A. Body Waves B. Sound Waves C. P Waves D. S Waves

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4. What material do Primary waves can pass through?
A. liquid only C. both solid and liquid
B. solid only D. neither solid nor liquid

5. As the waves travel deeper into the mantle of the Earth, which likely to happen?
A. P-waves are refracted C. P- waves create shadow zone
B. S-waves are refracted D. S- waves penetrate the molten mantle

6. Which best explains the difference between body waves and surface waves?
A. Body waves are destructive than surface waves
B. Body waves are considered primary while surface waves are secondary
waves
C. Body waves vibrates up and down while surface waves vibrate sideways
motion
D. Body waves travel throughout the interior of the Earth while surface waves
travel along the surface

7. Based on evidences on seismic waves movement, why is the outer core

considered as liquid states of matter?
A. Because it has very active fault line
B. Because primary waves that travel fast were detected on this layer
C. Because S waves are blocked in this layer that formed shadow zone
D. Because it has varied densities, pressure and change in temperatures

8. Which travels fastest, always being the first detected by seismic stations?
A. P-waves C. Both P and S waves
B. S- waves D. Neither of the two

9. What causes seismic waves to travel in curved paths?

A. Refraction B. Reflection C. Diffraction D. Attraction

10. The diagram below shows the path of which type of seismic wave through the
Earth?
A. Surface wave
B. Secondary wave Retrieved September 02, 2020,
C. Primary wave fromhttps://www.google.com/imgr
es?imgurl=https://astarmathsand
D. Love wave physics.com/o-level-physics/s-
and-p-waves-html-
m26b5ad27.gif,diagram of s waves
on earthquake

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 How Seismic Waves Provide
Lesson Information About the Interior of
the Earth?
Earthquake wave is one of the most important sources of information that
help scientists figure out what is in the interior of the Earth. These waves are
vibrations generated in the interior that carry energy waves away from the focus or
hypocenter and radiates with initial rapture on the fault line and carry that energy
towards the surface or the epicenter where we experience the ground shake.
These vibrations that travel through the Earth’s layers are results of the
sudden release of energy stored in rocks that have been deformed due to tectonic
plates, movement of magma, volcanic eruptions, large landslides, and large man-
made explosions. Thus, seismic waves provide a picture of the Earth’s interior.

What’s In
“A Wave I Am Afraid Of!”
Mary Ann N. Taway

Hey! Hey! Here comes the earthquake wave,

Everybody must be secured and keep in safe;
Moving the fault plane up and down or sideways;
Shaking the foot and hanging wall along the way.

It’s not only “Dock- Hold- Cover” that you should remember,
Keep in mind; the wave originates from focus or hypocenter;
Vibrates the fault line and reach directly above is epicenter;
Where earthquake is measured through the seismometer;
To Pacific Ring of Fire, the Philippines is considered a member;
A tsunami is the effect of an earthquake that occurs underwater;
So, always be aware; don’t panic! Everything will become better.

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 Find the hidden word(s) by writing the corresponding letter of each numbered
boxes on the blank boxes below to come up with the correct answer.

! A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

1. Based on the poem, where does the earthquake rupture originate?

6 15 3 21 19 15 18 8 25 16 15 3 5 14 20 5 18

2. As stated in the poem, what is the area directly above the focus?
5 16 9 3 5 14 20 5 18

3. What is the break or fracture in the ground where earthquakes are likely to
occur?
6 1 21 12 20 12 9 14 5

What’s New
Activity 2: Make a Wave!

Objective: To describe the behavior of seismic waves.

What you need: small basin, 1L of water, small marble or stone

Figure1.1. A basin of water Figure1.2. Ripples on water

Photo Credit: Mary Ann N. Taway Photo Credit: Mary Ann N. Taway

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What to do:
1. Pour water about half-filled of a basin.
2. Drop a small marble or stone in the middle of the basin with water.
3. Observe what happens and have your records.

Guide Questions:
1. What happen after you drop the marble or stone on water?
2. What causes the ripples to form?
3. What are being represented by the ripples on water?
4. How far do the ripples continue?

What Is It
What’s Inside the Earth?
Have you ever wondered what is in the inner part of the earth? Why do we
experience vibrations of the ground or earthquake? It is very significant to know
that as the Earth’s crust started to shake or shimmy and rock and roll, dynamic
types of earthquake waves are studied relative to the discovery of its materials from
the different layers.

Seismologists, the
scientists who study
earthquakes pinpoint the
origin of the vibrations as
they study the movement of
various types of waves
beneath the earth. These
vibrations in the ground are
called seismic waves. The
energy that ripples away
from its source caused the
vibrations on different states
Figure 2. Comparison between Primary and
of matter they pass through.
Secondary Waves
Retrieved August 30, 2020,
fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pswaves.jpg A seismograph is an
instrument with a
combination of a seismometer, and recording, and timing device. This instrument
can detect and respond to movement on the ground and determine the differences
on major types of seismic waves: (1) the body waves are vibrations where the
earthquake originates and (2) surface waves are earthquake waves that might
cause or inflict damage to properties and death of living things.

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 BODY WAVES
- refer to the vibrations that travel through the interior of the earth
from the hypocenter or focus
a. Primary Waves b. Secondary Waves

Table 1. Seismic Waves Differences as Bases for the Study of Earth’s Interior
Differences of Primary Waves (P Waves) Secondary Waves (S Waves)
Seismic Waves Compressional Transverse
1. travels at fastest or first arrive at second set to reach the
different rates of seismometer from some seismometer from some
speed distant quake distant quake
2. energy spreads cause first movement you feel
the second movement you feel
through the in an earthquake
in an earthquake
earth’s crust
move ground parallel to the move ground perpendicular to
3. direction of direction the wave is traveling the direction the wave is
movement (back and forth) traveling (up and down, side to
side)
can travel through solid
4. material that
rocks, liquid magma, and can pass through solid rocks
the waves can
gaseous state (but travel only
pass through
faster in solids)

Figure 3. Comparison between Rayleigh and Love Waves

(n.d.). Retrieved August 29, 2020, from https://encrypted-
tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR8nSdlxma13DbKULAlccRqaP-3ZsqoX52FoA&usqp=CAU

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 SURFACE WAVES
- refer to the vibrations that travel along the surface of the earth from
the epicenter

a. Rayleigh Waves b. Love Waves

S waves shadow zone

P waves penetrate the core
Retrieved August 31, 2020, from Retrieved August 30, 2020, fromhttps://encrypted-
https://i.pinimg.com/originals/f5/66/94/f5 tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQpBC96NUu
6694b4dd4b9125ee40950801c9ede9.jpg Wbf4Pu6YzCvGrMFPxD7GmYutkiA&usqp=CAU

Figure 4. Interior of the Earth with Behavior of Seismic Wave Propagation

The Earth’s interior has a composition of different states of matter, varied

densities, and temperature changes that cause the seismic waves to reflect and
refract at a certain depth, which means that the Earth has layers.
Body waves radiate into the layers of the Earth until it reaches the surface,
but it does not travel in a straight path as shown in Figure 4 above. Primary waves
that travel fast were detected on all parts of the crust and uppermost layer of the
mantle because they are composed of solid rocks. As the seismic waves get deeper,
the denser the mantle and the core get, and the hotter the temperature is, making
the molten material behave like a fluid. It was concluded that the outer core and
asthenosphere (the layer of mantle near the core) is liquid. Based on shreds
evidence, P waves can travel slowly on liquid magma along the mantle and the

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liquid matter from the outer core. A similar occurrence of fast-moving waves was
observed in the inner core since it is composed of high pressure that keeps it solid
despite the very high temperature. Thus, Primary waves can travel in all states of
matter but fastest among solids.
Secondary waves on the other hand do not travel on liquids. The waves
refract (bend) as they travel deeper into the inner fluid part. Thus, they cannot
penetrate the layers of the molten mantle and outer core. For this reason, the
shadow zone is formed. It is the part of the Earth where the S waves are blocked
by the fluid area. Again, refer to Figure 4; the red curve line in the lower part
represents the area of the shadow zone.

What’s More

Activity 3: Body Waves Simulation!

Objective: To demonstrate the distinctive behavior of seismic waves

What you need: 3- 5 members of the family or more, enough space or area to
move on

Note: You are not included in counting numbers of family members. You will act
as facilitator and observer on what will happen during the activity.

Reminders: Please be informed that the activity might cause harm. So, read
first the entire procedure and let the members know the possible
things to consider for everyone’s safety. This will be an optional
activity in case that there will be no available family members.
What to do:
Simulation A (P waves on solid and liquid matters)
1. Ask family members to help you execute the activity on seismic waves-
“human simulation”.
2. Let 3 or more members of the family line up in a position that arms are
raised forward holding the shoulders of the family member in front. See
Figure 4 below for the sample position that the members should do.

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 Figure 4.1. Position for Simulation (for solid) Figure 4.2. Position for Simulation (for liquid)

3. Apply a force or push the last member in the line. Observe what will happen
and record the details.
Optional: You can ask another member of the family to do the step 3 so that
you can focus on observing what will happen as you go through the
proceedings of the activity.
4. Repeat procedure #3, this time with different positions wherein members
have distances in between, as shown above in Figure 4.2.

Simulation B (S waves on solid and liquid matters)

5. Ask the members to line up and position as shown in Figure 5.1 below.

Figure 5.1. Position for Simulation Figure 5.2. Position for Simulation
Photo Credit: Mary Ann N. Taway

6. Hold tight the arm of the last member in the line. Remind them not to
break/detach from the line. Apply a pull force by swaying him/her to the right
and to left (like a snake motion). Observe what will happen and record the
details.
7. Repeat procedure #6, this time with different positions wherein members have
distances in between, as shown above in Figure 5.2.

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Guide Questions:
1. What do the family members represent based on the activity?
2. What does the force apply represent from the activity?
3. What happens when you push/sway the last member under P-Waves
simulations? S- Waves simulations?
4. How do you describe the movements of waves (P-waves simulations) on?
a. solid matters b. liquid matters
5. Is there any movement or radiated energy observed from S-waves simulation on
solid matters? on liquid matters? Why or why not?
6. What conclusion can you give about the activity done?

Activity 4: Riddle Time - “Guess What!”

Analyze and choose from the word box the concept being described in the following
riddles.

Body waves Interior of the Earth Love Waves

Mantle Primary Waves Rayleigh Waves
Secondary Waves Seismic Waves Surface Waves

1. I am composed of the deeper part of crust, mantle, and core;

It’s where the earthquakes originate and make a score,
Seismic waves provide information and record,
That’s why I was investigated and discovered.
What am I? _________________

2. I am a type of seismic waves,

That travel thousand meters beneath the waves,
When my vibrations reach the earth surface,
It will give rise to a type called surface waves.
What am I? _________________

3. I am commonly called as the S waves,

Rock and solid matter -I can displace,
Moving objects up and down and sideways,
Traveling perpendicular to the direction of my waves.
What am I? __________________

4. A type of S waves that you want to be denied,

Because I shake and move the ground side to side
What am I? _________________

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 5. I am the vibrations that cause ground shaking,
And the reason why earthquakes are appearing,
My after-effect is infrastructures breaking,
and sometimes the death of many living things.
What am I? _________________

6. I am a type of S waves that make you frown,

Because I do shake the ground up and down
What am I? _________________

7. I am considered as vibrations under primary,

A body waves that cause trouble and make you worry,
In matter with solid, liquid, and even fluid property,
Where I can travel and cause damage severely.
What am I? _________________

8. I am the vibrations on the earth surface,

I have two types the Rayleigh and the Love waves,
I can only move along the earth’s outer layer,
Movement on landforms and ripples on bodies of water.
What am I? _________________

What I Have Learned

Activity 5: Find My Connections!

A. Choose the correct term from the word box to complete the concept map.

Body waves Core 1. It is considered as vibrations or

Crust Love Waves earthquake waves that led to the
Mantle Primary Waves discovery of the interior of the Earth
Rayleigh Waves 2-3. Two main types of earthquake
waves
Secondary Waves
4-5. types of surface waves
Seismic Waves 6-7. types of body waves
Surface Waves 8-10. different layers of the Earth

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 How Seismic Waves Provide Information About the Interior of the Earth

(1)

(2) (3)

(4) (6)

(5) (7)

(8) (9) (10)

B. Accomplish the given “LANGUAGE FRAME” below using the details you have
included on the concept map above.
“LANGUAGE FRAME”

Seismic waves are defined as ________________________________________________.

Using an instrument ______________, different seismic waves __________________.
The two main types of seismic waves are: _____________________________________.
First, (with definition) ________________________________________________________.
The sub-types are: ___________________________________________________________
Next is, (with definition) _____________________________________________________.
It has two sub-types called ___________________________________________________.
In conclusion, Scientists use their investigations on __________________________.

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Table 2. Rubric for Scoring Language Frame
Criteria Excellent Adequate Limited
3 2 1
Has included the Has included the Has included
Details and complete answers and complete answers and incomplete answers
Information correct concepts some corrections on and more corrections
concepts on concepts
Well- prepared with a Variety of ways/ skill Limited ways/ skill
variety of ways/ skill used to create an used and create
Techniques/ used to create a adequate context inadequate context
Creativity powerful context (explanation) about (explanation) about the
(explanation) about the the lesson lesson
lesson
Accuracy/ The information contains The information The information
Following essentially no errors contains errors which contains many errors
given which interfere with the somewhat interferes which limit the clarity
Instructions clarity of communication with the clarity of of communication
communication

What I Can Do

Activity 6: Wave Make Sense!

Analyze and react to the given statements below.
1. Do you believe that animals can sense a natural disaster before it happens?
Explain why animals like dogs, rats, fish, reptiles, and others respond to the
vibrations produced by the P-waves. ________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Design your proposed model of earthquake-resistant houses or buildings.
Describe how your structured model can withstand the effects of an
earthquake.

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 Additional Activities
Activity 7: Show My Relationship!
Make a Graphic Organizer -Venn diagram showing the relationships (comparison
and contrast) between the given types of seismic waves.

1. Rayleigh Waves and Love waves

This is done for you as guide/ sample.
Rayleigh Waves Love Waves

- Slow but long

duration
- Longitudinal - Fast but short
vertical Types of duration
vibrations Surface
- produce waves
- Transverse-
(n.d.). Retrieved August 30, 2020, from elliptical horizontal
https://www.kids-fun-science.com/images/eq6- motion vibrations
earthquake-waves-usgs.jpg - up and down - Rolling and
movement swaying
2. Body Waves and Surface waves waves

Body Waves Surface Waves

(n.d.). Retrieved August 30, 2020, from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pswaves.jpg

3. Primary Waves and Secondary Waves Primary Waves Secondary Waves

(n.d.). Retrieved August 30, 2020, from

https://www.kids-fun-science.com/images/eq6-
earthquake-waves-usgs.jpg

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 Posttest
Read each question carefully and encircle only the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following DOES NOT describe the Rayleigh waves?

A. It has the longest duration C. It is most frequently felt
B. It produces elliptical motion D. It vibrates side to side

2. Which of the following explains the statements below?

I. Body waves are vibrations which may inflict great damage to properties.
II. Body waves are vibrations that travel through the interior of the Earth.
A. Both statements are true
B. Both statements are false
C. The first statement is true and the second is false
D. The first statement is false and the second is true

3. Shadow zone is part of the Earth that is not penetrated by which type of seismic waves?
A. Body Waves B. Sound Waves C. P Waves D. S Waves

4. What material do Primary waves can pass through?

A. liquid only C. both solid and liquid
B. solid only D. neither solid nor liquid

5. As the waves travel deeper into the mantle of the Earth, which likely to happen?
A. P-waves are refracted C. P- waves create shadow zone
B. S-waves are refracted D. S- waves penetrate the molten mantle

6. Which best explains the difference between body waves and surface waves?
A. Body waves are destructive than surface waves
B. Body waves are considered primary while surface waves are secondary waves
C. Body waves vibrates up and down while surface waves vibrate sideways motion
D. Body waves travel throughout the interior of the Earth while surface waves
travel along the surface

7. Based on evidences on seismic waves movement, why is the outer core

considered as liquid states of matter?
A. Because it has very active fault line
B. Because primary waves that travel fast were detected on this layer
C. Because S waves are blocked in this layer that formed shadow zone
D. Because it has varied densities, pressure and change in temperatures

8. Which travels fastest, always being the first detected by seismic stations?
A. P-waves C. Both P and S waves
B. S- waves D. Neither of the two

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9. What causes seismic waves to travel in curved paths?
A. Refraction B. Reflection C. Diffraction D. Attraction

10. The diagram below shows the path of which type of seismic wave through the
Earth?
A. Surface wave
B. Secondary wave Retrieved September 02, 2020,
C. Primary wave fromhttps://www.google.com/imgr
es?imgurl=https://astarmathsand
D. Love wave physics.com/o-level-physics/s-
and-p-waves-html-
m26b5ad27.gif,diagram of s waves
on earthquake

References

1. Retrieved August 29, 2020, from https://encrypted tbn0.gstatic.com/

images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR8nSdlxma13DbKULAlccRqaP3ZsqoX52FoA&usqp=CAU
2. Web.ics.purdue.edu. 2020. [online] Available at: <https://web.ics.purdue.edu/
~braile/edumod/waves/WaveDemo.htm> [Accessed 30 August 2020].
3. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020. Discern Between Body And Surface Waves,
Primary And Secondary Waves, And Love And Rayleigh Waves. [online] Available
at: <https://www.britannica.com/video/181934/rock-vibrations-Earth-
earthquake-waves-P-surface> [Accessed 30 August 2020].
4. Science News for Students. 2020. Science News For Students. [online] Available
at: <https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/> [Accessed 30 August 2020].
5. Retrieved August 31, 2020, from
https://image.slidesharecdn.com/seismicwaves-110326125506-
phpapp02/95/seismic-waves-17-728.jpg?cb=1301145138
6. Iris.edu. 2020. Human Wave Demo—Modeling P & S Waves In Solids & Liquids-
Incorporated Research Institutions For Seismology. [online] Available at:
<http://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/lesson/32> [Accessed 31 August 2020].
7. Seismic Waves: Mapping the Interior of the Earth. (2018, June 28). Retrieved
September 01, 2020, from https://flatearth.ws/seismic-wave
8. 2020. [online] Available at:
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gMhouzOiRjA> [Accessed 1 September
2020].
9. [online] Available at: <https://youtu.be/2K6k9l9LCrY> [Accessed 1 September
2020].

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 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
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What’s More
A. Guide Questions:
1. The family members represent the state of matter (solid or liquid) of the interior part/
layers of the Earth
2. The force applied represents the energy that radiates (allow movement) throughout the
system.
3. The last member who receives the energy transmits it to another member and radiates up
to the last member in the line. This energy caused the movement of members from the
first to the last person.
4. Based on the activity, P waves on solids and liquids move forward and possibly to move
backward (back and forth) if too much energy radiates back due to its impact on the
matter. Greater and faster impact (movement) was observed in solids than liquids.
5. Yes. S waves move and transmit in solids since the particles are attached to each other
and can easily transmit the energy. While in liquids, there are gaps in between causing to
stop radiating energy or stop the motion at a certain point.
6. I, therefore, conclude that the energy of seismic waves from the source radiates through-
out the layers of the earth, wherein P waves can travel to solid and liquid matters while S
waves can travel only on liquids
What’s More What’s New What is In
Activity 3: Riddle time 1. Ripples are formed on the
1. Interior of the Earth water 1. Focus or Hypocenter
2. Body Waves 2. The force or energy 2. Epicenter
3. Secondary Waves released by the marble or 3. Fault Line
4. Love Waves stone on the water 4. Fault Plane
5. Seismic Waves 3. Ripples on water 5. Up and Down,
6. Rayleigh Waves represent seismic waves Sideways
7. Primary Waves 4. Answers may vary 6. Be Aware! Do Not
8. Surface Waves - ripples extended Panic!
depending on the amount
of energy released by the
hand on the marble,
then, the energy of
marble transferred to the
water
Answer Key
 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
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Body Waves Surface Waves Primary Waves Secondary Waves
- compressional - transverse
- vibrations that - vibrations that
- fast and first to - second to arrive
travel through the - travel along the
arrive
interior of the earth surface of the Earth - second movement
Types of
- waves where the Seismic you feel in an
earthquake - first movement Types of earthquake
waves - waves the might you feel in an
originates Body
inflict great effect or earthquake - move up and down
damage to properties waves and side to side
- move back and
or lives
forth
- can travel to - can pass through
different states solid matter
What I Can Do
1. There is no rigorous scientific analysis that animals can predict earthquake, but it was
observed that they exhibit strange behavior as a response before the natural disaster
comes. Unusual reactions like uncontrollable running, moving out of their houses,
migration, and acting confused were pieces of evidences likely observed before an
earthquake. This does not necessarily mean that they have more senses than human
but rather has a remarkable sense of hearing and higher sensitivity.
2. Answers may vary (Drawing)
What I Have Learned What I Have Learned
B. Language Frame- (Answers may vary) A. 1. Seismic Waves
Seismic waves are vibrations from the origin or focus of 2. Surface Waves
the earthquake where energy ripples towards the surface of the 3. Body Waves
Earth. 4. Primary Waves
Using an instrument seismometer or seismograph, 5. Secondary Waves
seismologists were able to determine the different types of seismic 6. Rayleigh Waves
waves. 7. Love Waves
The two main types are surface waves and body waves. 8. Crust
First, surface waves are vibrations that travel on the surface 9. Mantle
of the Earth. The sub-types are primary (P-waves) and secondary 10. Core
waves (S-waves).
Next, is the body waves are vibrations along with the interior
of the Earth. It has two sub-types, the Rayleigh waves, and the
Love waves.
In conclusion, scientists or seismologists use their
investigation on seismic waves as a source of information on the
discovery of the interior of the Earth, from crust to mantle and the
inner part called core.
 Development Team of the Module

Writer: Mary Ann N. Taway

Content Editors: Imelda N. Del Rosario
Jacqueline L. Tabujara
Jessica S. Mateo
Language Editors: Zeny P. Toco
Antonette O. Tangan
Catherine C. Paningbatan
PNU External Validators: Brenda Villamor

Cover Illustrator: Arriane Joy F. Isorena

Layout Artists: Nicoflor S. Rodriguez
Jemwel Dela Paz
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jessica S. Mateo
Education Program Supervisor – Science

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

Education Program Supervisor– LRMS

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 8-682-2472 / 8-682-3989

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