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Space Groups Solid State Scientists: Second Edition

This book provides an overview of space groups and crystallographic symmetry for solid state scientists. It covers topics such as point symmetry operations, the seven crystal systems, the 14 Bravais lattices, the 32 crystallographic point groups, the development of space groups, and applications of space group symmetry. The book contains 10 chapters and 10 appendices on various aspects of crystallographic and space group theory. It aims to equip readers with the fundamental concepts and tools used for structural analysis and the description of crystal structures.

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265 views4 pages

Space Groups Solid State Scientists: Second Edition

This book provides an overview of space groups and crystallographic symmetry for solid state scientists. It covers topics such as point symmetry operations, the seven crystal systems, the 14 Bravais lattices, the 32 crystallographic point groups, the development of space groups, and applications of space group symmetry. The book contains 10 chapters and 10 appendices on various aspects of crystallographic and space group theory. It aims to equip readers with the fundamental concepts and tools used for structural analysis and the description of crystal structures.

Uploaded by

Kevin Brito
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Space Groups

for
Solid State Scientists
Second Edition

GERALD BURNS
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center
Yorktown Heights, New York

A.M. GLAZER
Fellow ofJesus College, Oxford
and
Lecturer in Physics at the
Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford

ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.


Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Publishers
Boston San Diego New York
London Sydney Tokyo Toronto
CONTENTS

Preface ix
Acknowledgements xii
CHAPTER 1 Point Symmetry Operations 1
1-1 Introduction 1
1-2 Point Symmetry Operations 2
1-3 Hexagonal Coordinates 13
Problems 15
CHAPTER 2 Crystal Systems 16
2-1 Lattice 16
2-2 Primitive Unit Cell 18
2-3 Crystal Systems 19
2-4 Summary 32
Problems 32
CHAPTER 3 The 14 Bravais Lattices 34
3-1 Introduction 34
3-2 Centering of Lattices 35
3-3 The 14 Bravais Lattices 38
3-4 Primitive Cells of the 14 Bravais Lattices 48
3-5 The Wigner-Seitz Unit Cell (And Other Cells) 50
3-6 Two-Dimensional Lattices 52
Problems 53
CHAPTER 4 The 32 Crystallographic Point Groups 55
4-1 Introduction 55
4-2 Procedure 57
4-3 The Crystallographic Point Groups for each
Crystal System 59
4-4 Derivation of the 32 Point Groups from Holohedries 69
4-5 Laue Classes 70
4-6 Point Group Notation 72
Problems 74

v
VI CONTENTS

CHAPTER 5 Development of Space Groups 76


5-1 Introduction 76
5-2 The Symmorphic Space Groups 79
5-3 Nonsymmorphic Operations 84
5-4 Point Group of a Space Group and General
Equivalent Positions 90
5-5 Space Groups 92
5-6 Derivation of Space Groups 122
5-7 Two-Dimensional Space Groups 126
Problems 127
CHAPTER 6 Some Uses of Space Groups 129
6-1 Introduction 129
6-2 Crystal Structure and Space Group 130
6-3 "Typical" Page of the International Tables 133
6-4 Some Simple Crystal Structures 149
6-5 Symmetry Operations of the Space Groups 160
6-6 Point Group of a Space Group 166
Problems 172
CHAPTER 7 The New International Tables 174
7-1 Introduction 174
7-2 Patterson Symmetry 175
7-3 Asymmetric Unit 177
7-4 Symmetry Operations 178
7-5 Generators 179
7-6 Positions 180
7-7 Symmetry of Special Projections 180
7-8 Subgroups and Supergroups 181
7-9 Other New Features 188
Problems 190
CHAPTER 8 Variations on a Structural Theme 191
8-1 Introduction 191
8-2 Diffusion, Disordered Structures, and Point Defects 192
8-3 Chalcopyrite 197
8-4 Semiconductor Superlattices 199
8-5 Surface Structure—Plane Groups 202
8-6 Structural Phase Transitions 209
8-7 Displacive Structural Phase Transitions 212
8-8 Ferroic Phase Transitions 223
8-9 Ferroic Domains 226
8-10 Non-crystallographic Symmetry 228
8-11 Incommensurate Modulations 233
8-12 Quasicrystals 239
Problems 244
CONTENTS Vll

CHAPTER 9 High-Temperature Superconductors 248


9-1 High-Temperature Superconductor Structures with
a Body-Centered Lattice 249
9-2 High-Temperature Superconductor Structures with
a Primitive Lattice 258
9-3 Other High-Temperature Superconductor Structures 267
9-4 Other Matters 271
9-5 Structural Phase Transitions in La(n=l) 275
Notes 279
APPENDIX 1 Matrices Representing the Symmetry Operations 281
Jones' Faithful Representation Symbols 288
APPENDIX 2 The Seven Crystal Systems 289
APPENDIX 3 The 14 Bravais Lattices 290
24 Wigner-Seitz Cells 290
APPENDIX 4 The 32 Crystallographic Point Groups 294
APPENDIX 5 Stereograms of the 32 Point Groups 295
Some Shapes Illustrating the 32 Point Groups 295
APPENDIX 6 Symbols of Symmetry Planes 300
Symbols of Symmetry Axes 301
Order of Symbols 302
APPENDIX 7 The 11 Enantiomorphic Space Group Pairs 303
The 230 Space Groups 303
APPENDIX 8 The Reciprocal Lattice and Diffraction 311
APPENDIX 9 Some Interesting Structures 322
APPENDIX 10 Pitfalls 332
Bibliography 334
Formula Index 337
Subject Index 339

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