GST 122 Papaers

UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI
Maiduguri, Nigeria
CENTRE FOR DISTANCE LEARNING
ARTS
GST 122: USE OF LIBRARY & STUDY SKILLS (2 UNITS)
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STUDY GUIDE
GENERAL INFORMATION
Course Code and Title: GST 122: USE OF LIBRARY AND STUDY SKILLS
Credit Unit: 2
Year: 2015
Total Hours - 28 hours @ two per Week of Study.
For any queries or Questions contact the Course Lecturer Using your email through the Centre
for Distance Learning Portal.
You are welcome to this study Unit. Each Unit is arranged to simplify your study. In each topic
of the Unit we have introduction, learning outcome, in-text information, in-text questions and
answers, summary and self assessment exercises. In-text questions and answers serve as
motivation for your reading and to encourage to pay attention to major points in the text. Tutors
will be available at designated contact Centre for Tutorial. Meet them to resolve your questions
and other guide. The Centre expects you to plan your work well. Should you wish to read
further you could supplement the study with more information from the list of references and
suggested reading available in each study Unit.
PRACTICE EXERCISES
SELF ASSESSMENT EXERCISES (SAES)
This is provided at the end of each topic or Study Session. The exercises can help you to assess
whether or not you have actually studied and understood the topic/study session. Solutions to the
exercises are provided at the end of the Study Unit for you to assess yourself.
HOW TO PREPARE FOR EXAMINATION
To prepare for the examination you should read and understand the Study Materials provided for
you on C.D.ROM, prints or downloads from the Portal.
Other things you need to prepare for examination include understanding all sample questions at
the end of every Study Session/topic Reading the suggested/recommended reading texts.
ASSESSMENTS
-The continuous assessment for all courses consist of 30%.
-The Examination shall make up 70% of the total Marks.
-Feedback and advice is a component of the continuous assessment
The Examination shall be conducted at the Centre for Distance learning (Centre). Students are to
come to the Centre on the Examination date with all the necessary requirements. The
Examination is Computer based or e-testing one.
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GST 122: USE OF LIBRARY AND STUDY SKILLS
Dr. ABBA BUBA
INTRODUCTION
GST 122: Use of library and study skills is a one-semester course of two units. The
course is part of degree programmed suitable for any one who is interested in the
study of use of library and study skills in the University level. The aim of the
course is to give student a comprehensive understanding about libraries and how
to retrieve information during his course of studies in any types of libraries for his
reading, research and learning.
LEARNING OUTCOME ON STUDY SESSION ONE
When you have studied this session, you should be able to know:
1.0 BRIEF HISTORY OF LIBRARIES
2.0 EARLY LIBRARIES IN THE WORLD
3.0 MODERN LIBRARIES
4.0 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC LIBRARIES
5.0 LIBRARY EDUCATION
6.0 CATALOGUING AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIBRARY MATERIALS
7.0 LIBRARY SERVICES
8.0 DOCUMENTATIONS
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9.0 COPY RIGHT LAW
1.0 BRIEF HISTORY OF LIBRARIES

STUDY SESSION ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Ancient libraries
1.1.1 Temple library

1.1.2 Royal library
1.1.3 Mosque library
1.1.4 Church library
The word library is derives from the Latin (Libber) meaning “book” certainly,
before the invention of book, the history was to a collection of clay tablets,
papyruses, and scrolls were housed in the early libraries long before the concept
of the book emerged. In fact, the history of libraries began as early as
4000.BC.The first Libraries consisted of archives of the earliest form of writings.
The clay Tablets in cuneiform scripts were discovered in temple rooms in summer
,dating back to2600BC.These archives, Which mainly consist of records of, efforts
to organize commercial transaction or an inventories. In fact, over 30 ,000-clay
tablets were discovered from Ashurbanipal library at Nineveh.
In the contemporary world today, library can notes a body of recorded

information brought together for a specific purposes, organized for use, and
made available to user. Indeed, library is a collection of information in different
forms, printed, non –printed, published or un published materials, including audio
visuals.
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However, those responsible for acquiring, storing, organizing and making
available of records are generally known as librarians. In some organization and
institution the librarians are being addressed with, different names some
addressed records managers, some as archivist, some as media specialist and as
information scientists. The differences in the use of names it depend open where
a librarian. Found himself.
Over the year, the format of the printed word has changed considerably over the
centuries, but the basic functions of the library have remained remarkably
constant. These functions are four. These are the collection of information,
preservation of information.
In the early period of western civilization clay, tablets were the first medium of
writing. They were used as early as fourth Millennium BC record, commercial,
historical, literary and scientific in formation. Clay tablets gave way to papyrus
and papyrus gave way to parchment and parchment gave way to paper.
In Asia, before, tortoise shell store, and bronze and the first medium to record
information, and later to paper in 2nd century AD.
The early books produced on paper were hand written and are referred to as
manuscript the introduction of printing form movable type in the mid 15 thcentury
in Germany led to the gradual replacement of the manuscript by the printed
books. The existence of printing press made it easy to produce multiple copies of
the same text for use in universities and other centers of learning.
In –text question (ITQs) what is the meaning of a library.
In- text answer (ITAs) a library is a Latin word means (libber) meaning “books”
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1.1 Ancient library
The origin of the library as we know it today can be traced to ancient

human settlements. It emerged when the need arose to preserve and utilize
records of civilization. In effect, without some device for recording human
activities and ideas, nothing in form of libraries existed. This helps to explain why
not much is known about the “early man” who moved about in search of food
and shelter. The early settlements were based on Agriculture, which in turn
enabled him to devote time and thought to things other than food and shelter.
Indeed accounts of the origins and developments of writing suggest that it was
often part of development created through human creativity in writings. through
pictorial, or visual writing.
In- text question (ITQS): where do you think library started?
In- text Answer (ITAS): Library Originated through human settlement area.
1.1.1 Temple library
Temple Libraries are libraries that were housed some religious records. Such as
spiritual books, prayers book, treatise, marriage record, divorce records, birth and
death records. The temple library maintains Jews religious documents, canon
laws, and Historical events.
1.1.2 Royal library
The royal library is a library that were established by community leaders

e.g. churches, kings, queen and emperors. The administrative documents were
placed in the palaces, where future references of research and documentation
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are made. Because materials are acquired from different parts of empire of the
land.
1.1.4 Mosque library
The mosque library are libraries that are developed by Muslims leaders,
whose collections are on Islamic moral value, and contained mainly rare
documents especially on Islamic religion. The Muslims of the prophet Muhammad
compiled written records of his teaching and revelations, and transcribed them
onto papyrus codices a few years after his death in 632 AD. These manuscripts
become known as the Quran and the hadith, and they quickly become the
centerpieces of the Islamic religion. Muslim (followers of islam) were encouraged
to read the quran regularly and to memorize substantial portions of the text. As
islam spread throughout the middle east in subsequent centuries, muslim
established libraries( also known as maktabat, madrassas, or school) of sacred
writings in their mosques.
In the late 7th century mu’awiyah I, the government of Syria and first caliph
(religious and secular leader ) of the Islamic Umayyad dynasty, reorganized his
extensive personal library by modeling it on the library of Alexandria in Egypt. In
the 8th century one of mu’awiyah’s successors improved and enlarged the library.
He also appointed a curator of books to maintain a collection of hundreds of
manuscripts, including works on chemistry, medicine, astrology, and military
science.
Libraries grew quickly throughout the middle east in the 8 th century after
Muslims adopted methods of making paper that they learned from the Chinese.
After the Abbasids took control of large segments of the eastern Umayyad Empire
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in 750, Abbasid caliph abu ja’far al- Mansur ordered classical Greek, Latin, Persian,
and Indian works translated into Arabic. The Umayyad, who had retained control
of western portions of their empire and the Iberian peninsula, developed large
libraries and book markets in 10th century Baghdad (in what s now Iraq) and in
Cordoba, Spain. European Christian monks frequented the collections of 400, 000
books in the Cordoba library in search of new text. Among the Arab collections,
the Europeans discovered translations works by Greek mathematician Euclid,
Greek philosopher Aristotle, Egyptian mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy,
and roman physician Galen.
Some of the most famous Islamic madrssas included baitul iilam (house of
learning), established in about 988 in cairo, Egypt; baitul hikma in Baghdad, Iraq,
in the 9th Century; and al-Zaituna Mosque University, founded in Cairo in 970 and
today is the oldest existing university in the world (al-Azhar, university of
Cairo].and Saudi Arabia. Most of the libraries were founded in Mecca (Makkah)
and Madina (Madinat-en-Nabi). These libraries become noted for their collections
of manuscripts and rare books.
Body of writing materials was essembled in Mesopotamia (in present day

Iraq and Syria ) more than 5000 years ago. Ever since then, cultures have
established libraries whenever social, political and economic developments have
enabled them to record and collect knowledge. The formation of libraries
required the support of political or religious leader who recognized that historical
records were necessary to document, protect, and promote their society’s
achievements. Libraries also could not have developed without readers a core
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group of resources literate, educated people who had enough leisure time and
motivation to use the new Library.
Certainly, documents include Qur’an, Hadith, Arabic language Grammar

and literature, jurisprudence and Islamic search (History), works on Islamic
science, philosophy, and theology were also found in the mosque for research
and documentation.
In-Text questions [ITQs] ; In the past most religious centers are regarded as
what?
In-Text answers[ITAs]I n the past most religious centers are regarded as

Library.
1.1.5 Church library
A church library played a prominent role in the transmitting culture during

Roman period. By the 4th century AD Rome was in decline as the World’s political
and cultural center, as by invaders intensified, Rome’s strong library tradition
began to disintegrate. The center of the fading Roman Empire during this period
of decline, moved eastward to [the present day
Istanbul]Constantinople.consequently,the Byzantine empere became a
haven for many great book collections.Emperor Constantine the great copied the
Roman pattern of dividing collections by Language when he established his own
palace library in 300AD.In subsequent centuries Constantinople’s churches
accumulated small libraries of liturgical manuscripts,While some of its
monasteries built impressive collections numbering nearly 10,000 Items.
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Christians dispersed and destroyed Roman library collections when
defeated Rome paganism during 4th century AD.However,early Christians believed
in using books and library to disseminate and preserve their religious
writings.christian carried on the Roman concept of the library in collections
established by several Christian leaders,such as Saint Damascus1 in the fourth
century and Saint Gregory1 in the 6th century.in usin.Saint Benedict established
MONT CASSINO Library Monastery in 589 AD. both religious and non religious
writings are featured in the church library; the library holds materials like canon
laws and some religious literatures. Bibles and some important documents are
also kept in the church.
Conclusion
The above session introduced the basic study of the brief history of the
libraries. And more especially the ancient libraries which includes temple library,
Royal library, Mosque library, and church library.
Summary of Study Session One
In study session one, you have learnt that: Ancient libraries consist of
Temple library, Royal library, Mosque library and church library, and are the early
place where library documentation are started for research and documentations.
SELF- ASSESSMENT QUESTION [SAQ] FOR STUDY SESSION 1
It is assumed that after you have completed this study session 1,you should be
able to answer the following questions
SAQ 1.1 (Test learning outcome 1.1)
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1.1 What do you understand by temple library?
1.2 What is Royal library
1.3 What is Mosque library
1.4 What do you understand by church library?
Conclusion
Library were with parchment scrolls as at library of program and on papyrus

scrolls as at Alexandria: the export of prepared writing materials was a taple of
commerce. There were a few institution or royal libraries which were open to an
educated public (such as the serapeum collection of the library of Alexandria,
once the largest library in the ancient world), but on the whole collections were
private. In those rare cases where it was possible for a scholar to consult library
books there seems to have been no direct access to the stacks. In all recorded
cases the book were kept in a relatively small room where the staff went to get
them for the readers, who had to consult them in an adjoining hall or covered
walkway.
SUMMARY
The library of Alexandria, in Egypt, was the largest and most significant great
library of the ancient world. It flourished under the patronage of the Ptolemaic
dynasty and functioned as a major centre of scholarship from its construction in
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the 3rd century BC until the roman conquest of Egypt in 30 BC. The library was
conceived and opened either during the reign of Ptolemy I Soter (323 – 283) opr
during the reign of his son Ptolemy II (283 – 246). An early organization system
was in effect at Alexandria.
REFERENCES/FURTHER READING
Anderson crane: (192) History of the libraries. London Macmillan.
Johnson, Elmer. D. 2nd ed. Metuchen, N. J; The Scarecrow Press.
Maclay, Kathleen[2012]Clay Cuneiform tablets from ancient Mesopotamia,

Newyork. Library Association.
Virginia, W. Dike (1993) library resources in Education. Enugu Abic Publishers
http:WWW.Library crunch. Com/2005/12/what is library/accessed 25 march 2011
http: WWW.ariadne.c.wk (issues 45( iniller (accessed.
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2.0 EARLY LIBRARIES IN THE WORLD (2600 BC- 800 BC)
STUDY SESSION TWO
INTRODUCTION
2.1 Mesopotamia library
2.2 Egypt library
2.3 Rome library
2.4 Greece library
2.5 Monastic library
2.1 MESOPOTAMIA
Archaeological evidence has revealed that the earliest known civilization

developed in the Mesopotamian valley, the banks of Euphrates and Tigris.
This fertile area was inhabited successively by Sumerians, Babylonians and

Assyrians. Writing in pictograph was a feature of this civilization by about 4000 BC
from this simple beginning, the Sumerians developed the cuneiform scripts, that
is, writing on clay tablets. By about 3000 BC some four hundred cuneiform signs
and character were used by scribes to record government, temple and business
activities. As these records grew in number and diversity, the need arose to
preserve and arrange them for use. This need gave rise to the first libraries. By
about 27 BC, the Sumerians had developed government, temple and private
libraries for the preservation and use of these cuneiform records.
By 2250 BC, Samaria was conquered and integrated into the Babylonian Empire
by Sargon I. however, the Sumerian culture including the cuneiform script formed
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part of Babylonian civilization. The publication of the well known Hammurabi
code of laws (ca 1700 BC) and the copilation of historical chronicles and king list
were remarkable record of this era. While these codes and compilations reflected
the developmental stage of the culture that gave rise to them, it is conceivable
that they were based on existing clay tablets.
3.2 EGYPT
The earliest records of Egyptian culture date back to about 3100 BC. Writing was a
prominent feature of Egyptian civilization through twenty dynasties on the Nile
valley up to the roman times. The Egyptian writing came to be known as
hieroglyphics which means sacred stone writing. With this development, record of
temple, royal economic and private activities started to emerge. However,
available evidence show that library development in Egypt lagged behind the level
attained by Mesopotamians. Be that as it may, there were libraries in ancient
Egypt.
King khufu of the fourth dynasty 2600 BC established a library referred to as

“house of writing “his ancestor improved on this and appeared to established
other collections since such titles as “Archives of the Ancestors”, “Hall of the
writing of Egypt “ and “ house of sacred writing” came to be assigned to different
collections. The royal library built by king Rameses II (ca 1300 BC) was probably
the most important prominent collection of ancient Egypt. It is also to note that
during this period the Egyptian capital moved to different places at different
times. In part , evidence for this lies in the fact that various “ royal libraries” have
been found in Memphis, thebes, Heliopolis and Tell-el Armarna ( Aktetaton)
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2.3 ROME
From about 200 BC, Rome gradually grew in military might and subjugated the
rest of the classical world including Greece. Indeed the Roman Empire extended
beyond this to Asia minor and England. Roman generals developed the idea of
carrying with them records of knowledge, sculptures, and architectural plans as
part of war booties from conquered lands. Further, the generals ensured that
educated people such as teachers and scribes from the places they conquered
were among the slaves taken to Rome. Once in Rome, the information related
component of these spoils of war formed the initial collections of roman libraries.
In response to increased demand for available records, multiple copies were
produced by dictating text to a number of slave scribes. In time, bookstores were
established in prominent locations in Rome.
The first public libraries in Rome were established during the reign of emperor
Augustus. He founded two such public libraries himself. The first one, the temple
of Apollo library on the palatine Hill was commissioned in 28 BC. The second one
was the porticus octaviae library, built in honour of octavis, the emperor’s sister.
This tradition of establishing public was sustained by the successors of Augustus.
As a result of public libraries developed so rapidly that by the middle of the fourth
century AD there were some twenty- eight public libraries in Rome.
2.4 GREECE LIBRARY
The Greek civilisation with its characteristic city-states came into prominence by
1500BC. Literacy was an aspect of this civilisation. The Minoan Script was
developed by the early inhabitants of Greece - the Minoan and Mycenaen
peoples. However, this literary culture came to a halt with the eclipse of Minoan-
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Mycenaen civilisation by 1200 BC. With this development, Greece relapsed to
illiteracy, a situation that lasted for centuries.
Evidence of libraries of classical Greece has been traced from about 600BC to the
third century AD. Of these, the best known were Aristotle’s library and
Alexandrian library. The Greek phIlosopher, Aristotle (384-321 BC) taught his
followers or pupils in his school of philosophy. Part of this school was his library of
several hundred volumes acquired by purchase and gifts from his many followers.
With the death of Aristotle the story of his great private collection became
somewhat bleak. However, it seems possible that some titles of Aristotle’s
collection eventually formed part of the most famous Greek library, the
Alexandrian library.
During the relatively short reign of Alexander the Great (336-323 BC), the glory of
Greece reached its peak. The well-known Hllinistic civilisation which he
established spread over much of the Mediterranean world. The Alexandrian
library as part of this civilisation was established in the third century BC by King
Ptolemy I. After him his son Ptolemy H and grandson Ptolemy Ill increased the
collection until it was so famous that scholars from Greece and Asia Minor
travelled there to study. The collection survived into the Christian period. The
later history of this magnificent collection was scanty. Eventually the main library
was decimated during the Roman ascendancy, in the reign of Theodesius the
Great (379-395 AD).
2.5 MONASTERIES
Although there were a few monasteries during the roman ascendency, most of
the leading ones date from the medieval period. Monastic libraries played a
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prominent role in the transmitting of culture during the period. Saint Benedict
established Monte casino monastery in 589 AD and a famous library was
associated with it from its inception. This pattern was followed by other
monasteries established in France, Italy, England, Germany and other part of
Europe. Both religious writing featured in these libraries, which also provided
room for scriptorium. The library holdings included works in the following areas:
law, medicine, biographies and classical literature.
SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS [SAQs] FOR STUDY SESSION2
For study session two
It is assumed that since you completed this study session 2, Should be able to
answer The following Questions.
2.1 How does library originated
2.2 How does preservation of records aids civilization.
SAQ 2.3 (Test learning outcome 2.13
2.3 What do you understand by dives for recording library materials.
2.4 hat do you understand by hieroglyphics.
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References
Abbas,Hisham[1994]public libraries in saudi Arabia.london; library Association
Casson, Lione[2002]Libraries in the ancient world. yele: Yele University press
Ogunsheyo F[1978]Manual for libraries. Ibadan: Ibadan Resourse center.
http://panitt.iitd.ac.in.indest/
http://digital-library.theiet.org/
http://delnet.nic.in/
3.0 MODERN LIBRARIES
STUDY SESSION THREE
INTRODUCTION
3.1 Public library
3.2 Academic library
3.3 National library
3.4 School library
3.5 Special library
3.6 Mobile library
3.7 Reference library
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Modern libraries existed to provide, preserve and discriminate information
according to modern trend, or time. The previous trend varies due to
development in to human creativity in various human endeavors. The modern
types of libraries include national, academics, school, public, special libraries.
Automated library, digital library, electronic library and virtual library.
3.1 PUBLIC LIBRARY
The public library is an information centre through which the overall information
recourses are made freely available to all. The UNESCO public library manifesto
issued in 1949, revised in 1972 and declared in 1994 , states that:-
‘’the public library is the total centre of information, making all kinds of
knowledge and information readily available to its users. The series of the public
library are provided based on equality of access for all, regardless of age, race,
sex, religion, nationality, language, or social status. Specific services and materials
must be provided for those users who cannot for whatever reason, use the
regular services and materials for example linguistic minorities, people with
disabilities or people in hospital or prison.’’
The most important feature of a public library is that its use should be free to
resident of the community or equal terms. The public library users are extended
from the youngest child to the stark illiterate. In order to fulfill that expectation
the public library performs specific functions that can be summarized as follows.
3.1.1. To provide for educational development for all people in the community.
3.1.2. To positively support the civic and cultural activities of groups and
organization.
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3.1.3. To promote and encourage while some recreation and positive use of
leisure time
3.1.4. To give the user access to information over the whole range of human
activities such as agriculture, crafts, commerce and industry.
In fact, public library materials are concentrated on special areas such as local
history adult literacy program, or business entrepreneurs.
In- text question (ITQS): what is the function of public library.
In- text answer (ITAS): the function of public library to give user access to inform
3.2. ACACAMIC LIBRARY.
Academic libraries are libraries that hosted in post-secondary educational

institutions, such as universities, college of education, college of technology and
polytechnics. These are tertiary educational institution usually available after
secondary education. These are variation in the need of some post secondary
school, some institution focuses almost on curricular need. While universities
usually go beyond that, they emphasizes on research and the interest of the wider
population. The main function of academic library is to provide resources and
research support for students and faculty or educational institutions.
3.2.0. The functions of academic libraries.
3.2.1. To develop and enhance students awareness of the use academic library.
3.2.2. To install students the spirit of self reading and self learning
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3.2.3. To provide research information resources in consonance with the need of
the faculty, department.
3.2.4. To provide information resources for personal self development.
3.3. NATIONAL LIBRARY.
National library is usually the country’s apex library; it is the library of the
libraries a focal point for overall library and information services in the any given
country. it is usually designed the legal depository role for books, periodicals and
other information relating to the country. This gives the national library the legal
backing for comprehensive acquisition of documents issued in the country.
3.3.0. Functions of national library.
3.3.1. To collect and preserve national literature on different discipline.
3.3.2. To serve as permanent depository for all documents issued in the country.
3.3.3. To publish the national bibliography
3.3.4. To serve as a national bibliography center.
3.3.5. To acquire foreign documents of national importance and interest
3.4. SCHOOL LIBRARY
School library and libraries regarded as Para academic library. The school
library don’t support academic research, postgraduate and under graduate
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students. The school library generally is libraries that are established in primary
school as well as secondary schools. Information in the school libraries always
helps teachers and people for their learning and reading skills.
3.4.0. Functions of school library
3.4.1. To provide information resources required for the school educational

programs
3.4.2. To provide information resources to actively assist in improving and

increasing their reading skills and pupils learning habit.
3.4.3. To assist the pupils broaden their knowledge and understanding of life.
3.4.4. To enables young, pupils develop the habit of using libraries in their later
life
3.4.5. To help children/pupils to develop the habit of reading for pleasure and the
use leisure time for learning
School libraries are of the most important educational services, that every state
to establish through ministry of education.
3.5. SPECIAL LIBRARY
A special library is a library that belongs to a particular establishment or

organizations such as government ministries, research institute, banks and
professional bodies like UN, EU, AU and ministerial libraries. Its parent body
maintains each special library and it provides information resources and services,
which are of direct relevance to the interest and activities of that body.
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3.5.0. FUNCTIONS OF SPECIAL LIBRARY
3.5.1. To provide comprehensive and balanced information resources relevant to

the activities of its parent organization.
3.5.2. To produce and disseminate current awareness services based on the

profiles of individual users.
3.5.3. To provide required information quickly and precisely.
3.5.4. To conduct retrospective literature search for users as appropriate
The mobile library and reference libraries which could be library of fisherman,
herdsman and handicap are all regarded as special library.
CONCLUSION
The above session introduced the basic study of the modern libraries. These
libraries of the contemporary time are introduced for research, reading and
learning. This library includes public, academic, national, school, special and
mobile libraries respectively.
SUMMARY OF STUDY SESSION 3
In study session three you have learnt that: modern libraries consist of public,
academic, national, school, special, mobile and reference libraries which are
meant for research, study and learning.
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SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTION (SAQ3)
For study session two
It is assumed that since you have completed this study session you would be able
to answer the following questions
SAQ 3.1(Test learning outcome 3.1)
3.1 What do you understand by modern library?
3.2 What is public library?
3.3 What do you understand by academic library?
SAQ 3.4 (test learning outcome 3.4)
3.4 What national library?
SAQ 3.5(test learning outcome 3.4)
3.5 What do you perceived as national library?
SAQ 3.6(test learning outcome 3.6)
3.6 Which is school library?
SAQ3.7 (test learning outcome 3.6)
3.7 What do you understand by special library?
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REFERENCES
Abay Jhon (1984) history of modern library Macmillan England.
John Elmer (1970) History of library in the world. Scare crow press
4.0 LIBRARY ORGANIZATION
STUDY SESSION 4
4.1 University librarian: Admin’s office
4.2. Collection Development Division
4.3. Cataloguing Division/ Acquisition Division
4.4. Readers service Division
4.4.1 Reference service
4.4.2. Circulation Unit
4.4.3. Short term loan section
4.5. Research and Bibliographic Division
4.5.1. African Section
4.5.2. Nigerian Section
4.5.3. Gambe Special Collection
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4.6.0 PERIODICAL OR SERIAL
4.6.1.Journal Section
4.6.2 Magazine Section
4.6.3 Newspapers Section
4.7.0 EDUCATION AND INFORMATION DIVISION
4.7.1 Public Enlightenment section
4.7.2 Public Enquiring section
4.7.3 Inter library lean section
4.8.0 MEDIA DIVISION
4.8.1 Cyber café section
4.8.3 E. Books section
4.8.4 E. Journals Section
4.8.5 E. Magazine
4.8.6 PDF collection
4.8.7 Projectors
4.8.8 Computers
4.8.9 Cameras
4.8.10 Radios
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4.8.11 Videos
4.8.12 Television
4.8.13 CDs
INTRODUCTION
The organization of any academic library, university library, polytechnic or college

libraries it depend on the light of the structure of the institution it serves.
Generally, library is not an island; it has its objectives and purpose it serves. There
the organizational structure any academic or non academic must meet the
demand on the institution or community it serves. Naturally, library must be
decentralized with the stipulated demands of the environment it found itself. In
fact, the way a library is decentralized or departmentalized depends on many
factors, including the size of the building, function, process, clientele, and number
of the collections. 4.6.1 Journal section
Certainly, the Ramat library of the University of Maiduguri is a good example of an

academic library for study of its organizational structure that includes branches,
divisions, section and units. The branches are herald Scarborough medical library,
Aminu Kano law library, agro vet library and Arabic and Islamic studies etc.
The Ramat library as the main library is organized in to nine division. The office of
the university librarian, collection development division, cataloguing division,
readers services division, research and bibliographic division, serial division,
educational information division.
In-text question (ITQS): Why do libraries organized their materials?
27
In-text answer (ITAS): libraries do organize their material for the easy access of
information by their users.
4.4.1 The office of university librarian.
The office of university librarian is responsible for the day-to-day administration

on various policy matters of the library.
4.4.2. Collection Development Division
The collection development division is responsible for acquisition, selection,

receipts arrangement for settlement of bills for books, journal, magazine,
exchange of gift, donation of materials to the friends of library.
The division is divided into units for the effective administration by the division.
These includes-
4.4.3. Searching unit: This unit provides all the information necessary for ordering
books or journal. The units have tools for effective purchasing or procurement of
materials.
These are national bibliography of Nigeria (NBN) African books in print, British
national bibliography, books in print, publisher list booksellers lists, books shop.
4.1. Acquisition units.
The acquisition unit or collection development unit is included with purchasing

materials books and non-books, through book vendors, bookshop and book trade
materials:
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4.2. Invoicing unit.
This unit prepares invoice or purchased materials, payment and settlement of

vendor’s receipt:
4.3. Cataloguing Division.
The word catalogue ordinarily means a list or enumeration of materials or

characters of given subject. A library catalogue is a systematic and complete
record or listening of books, maps and other information items in a specific
library. The cataloguing is communication device rendered in some definite order
to enable the library user determine what a library has. Just as the book index
guides the readers to the contents of the book, a library catalogue is the index or
key to the stock of that particular library. Where the catalogue reflects the stock
of a group of libraries it is known as a union catalogue.
The cataloguing division prepares index card (called cataloguing) the division
determine the library books authors, title, subject and series in its collection. The
division also classified the materials by adopted classification schemes. The
division has some units.
4.3.1. Cataloguing unit.
The unit does original cataloguing of books with or without (C.P). Cataloguing in
publication.
4.3.2. Classification unit
The unit classified and give the entries according to subject, title, author or
added entries.
29
4.3.3. Book finishing/ mending unit.
The unit labels all library books and does minor mending.
4.3.4. Types of catalogue.
There two types of catalogues that are universally known
4.3.5. classified catalogue:
This is a catalogue of subject entries arranged in systematic order according to a

scheme of classification. The arrangement corresponds to the national symbols of
the classification scheme in use in the library.
4.3.6. Dictionary catalogue.
A dictionary catalogue is all entries that are arranged in a single alphabetical

sequence, like dictionary.
The catalogue consists of entries under author, subject, title and series with
added entries.
4.3.7. Physical forms of catalogue.
The physical form of catalogue include card in form drawer or cabinet, book form,
guard book catalogue, sheaf ships in binders, computer print out, micro film, and
microfiche.
4.3.8. THE CARD CATALOGUE
The card catalogue is made up of stock record, each card containing a separate
entry for each book or other item. The cards are filed on cabinet of drawers. The
30
card catalogue is extremely user friendly in term of speed and ease of use. It can
be In fact be consulted by several readers at the same time. It is also very flexible
as rods can be release to allow easy insertion and withdrawal of entries.
4.3.9. THE BOOK CATALOGUE.
The book catalogue is printed in a book form. The stock must first be catalogued
and then listed for printing.
Examples include the national union catalogued and the British museum
catalogue of printed books in each case the book catalogue is by product of the
catalogue.
4.3.10. SHEAF CATALOGUE
Sheaf catalogue are catalogue whose entries are made paper ships (not on cards)
with holes or slots at one edge so that they can be fastened into sheaf binders.
4.4. READERS SERVICE DIVISION
Reader’s service division is public services which are concerned with acquiring
process book from cataloguing division. Its subsequent obligations are to make
available and accessible materials the users through borrowing and loans. There
unit which are very important in the administration the readers service division.
This includes circulation units, reference unit, and short term loan unit.
31
4.4.1 Circulation Units:
As the name suggest, the unit is concerned with circulating books to readers and
registered the new library clientele and give clearance to library users who
refusing, or students completing schools.
4.4.2 Reference unit:
The reference unit is made up of reference materials. Whose collection

comprises such publications as encyclopedia, almanacs, annuals hand book,
yearbook.
This is also concerned with answering reference question as a personal assistance

to readers.
4.4.3 Short term loan unit:
This unit is responsible for withdrawing from the open access books that are rare
materials out of print and other library materials recommended by lecturer kept
under lock and key.
4.5 EDUCATION AND INFORMATION DIVISION
The division is primarily concerned with educating and informing the public on the
authorities, services, and resources of the library.
There are two units within the division. Education and enlightenment unit and
information unit.
32
4.5.1 Education unit:
The unit is responsible for conducting training programme of junior staff

members of the library. It is also responsible for teaching library instruction
causes. The unit also conducts library orientation and teaches users how to use
library effectively.
4.5.2 Information unit:
The unit is responsible in assisting the user with the direction on how to get
information of library.
4.6 MEDIA DIVISION
The media division is the centre of information technology (IT) in the library. The
media houses information on audio-visual equipment and software. These include
computer, and CD ROM. The media division in the library is a global limitation
that.
The division also takes changes of photography and recording information

through low system.
The media division has the following units.
Cyber café, e-books, e-journal, e-magazine and as well as PDF collection.
CONCLUSION
The above session introduced the basic study of the academic library
organization. In any standard academic library globally they must have the
following division or more. The organizational structure includes the office of
33
university librarian, collection development, cataloguing division, reader’s service,
media etc.
SUMMARY OF STUDY SESSION FOUR
In study session four, you have learnt that: organizational structure of academic
facilitates the effective management of the library and the clear tale will get
information where necessary easily.
4.1 What do you understand by library organizational structure?
4.2 What are cataloguing?
4.3 What do you understand by readers service division?
4.4 How does education and information operate in library organization?
4.5 What is research and bibliographic division?
REFERENCES.
Edoka, BE (2000) Introduction to library science, Onitsha, Palma publishing.

Champman LIB (1990) How to catalogue A practical hand book using AACR2 and
library of congress. London. Cliere bingley.
34
Ndagona, B.L (2000) the use of library and information technology paraclere
publishing house
Graves, F.H. (1958) five laws of library science: then and now. School library
journal 44 (7) 20- 23
Gorman, M. (1995) the five laws of librarianship’’ American libraries 26(8) p 784-
785
35
5.0 LIBRARY EDUCATION
STUDY SESSION 5
INTRODUCTION
5.1 The functions of a library
5.2 The importance of a library
5.3 Library rules and regulations
5.4 Care of Books and non books materials
5.5 Significance of physical part of book
5.6 Reference materials
5.1. The word library is derived from the Latin liber. Meaning ‘’books’’ the library
actually precedes the books as collections of clay tablets, pappy ruses, and scrolls
were house in libraries long before the concept of the books emerged.
In the English speaking countries, a body of recorded information brought

together for specific purpose, organized for use, and available to users.
Libraries generally are made responsible for acquiring, staring, organizing and
making available of these recorded information are generally known as librarian.
In the western world, clay, tablets were the first medium of writing. They were
used as early as the fourth millennium BC to record royal literatures, commercial,
and historical events were all recorded on the clay tablets.
36
In Asia (eastern world) bone, tortoise shell, stems, bronze are thought to have
been the first surface used to record information. Then subsequently, these were
replaced by bamboo, silk and eventually to paper.
Early books produced on paper were handwritten and are referred to as

manuscript.
The introduction of printing from movable type in the mid 15 th century. German
led to the gradual replacement of the manuscript by printed books.
The printing press made it easy to produce multiple copies today library contains
materials in a different format. The printed materials and non-printed materials
that library housed include film, videos, projector, CD ROM, computer, radio and
camera etc.
In-text question (ITQs): what possible functions could a library science serve?
In- text answer (ITAs) library serves as centre of creativity and inspiration and
performance venue.
5.2 Importance of Library.
Library is considered important for development and growth. Library right from
inception is a background of human civilization through housing written
information for future use and development. Libraries used to organized
collection of published books, manuscript, periodicals, audio-visual materials, it
also provide and interpret materials to meet the required information for
research, education, recreational and cultural need for its users. Library is
37
entrusted with acquisition, organizational, preservation, storage, retrieval and
dissemination of information.
5.3: The functions of the library.
The functions of library include the following.
5.3.1 To provide books, periodicals and other materials in support of the learning
process: that materials for student course work, assigned reading for essays, term
papers and projects.
5.3.2 To provide materials to assist the library user to personal self development
5.3.3 To provide materials for those involved in research, especially colleges,

faculties, department, research centre, research specialist and post graduate and
undergraduate respectively.
5.3.4 A library stored information and regarded as a store house of knowledge

can be obtained.
5.3.5 To cooperates with other university libraries with a view to developing a

network of academic library resources, which are at the disposal of all student,
and teaching faculties.
5.3.6 To disseminate existing and new information.
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5.4: LIBRARY RULES AND REGULATION
The rules and regulations governing the library is made in order to develop library
organization and to protect library against human crimes. There is no university or
college of education libraries that are not guided by the rules and regulation for
sake of protecting books and non-books materials in the library.
5.4.1 CONVENTIONAL RULE AND NON-CONVENTIONAL RULES
The conventional rules are rules that when violated would be liable to
punishment, or penalty while the non conventional rules are rules that are not
liable to punishment or penalty; but warning and advice are always rendered.
The conventional rules include the following:-
5.4.2 Opening hours: The library opening hours varies according to the
organizational schedules.
Semester period, 8 to 10pm, Monday to Saturday, while Sunday from 5pm to

10pm all public holidays library is closed.
5.4.3 Membership: The use of the library is normally permitted to registered users
only. Registration as a library user is open to all persons in the following
categories.
1. Lecturers, admin staff junior and senior staff of full time and part times,
Postgraduate students, undergraduate, members of university council, and as
well as research fellows including sisters of universities or college.
39
5.4.4 Borrowing Library Materials.
The borrowing of the library materials are only legible to registered members. The
wives or husband of the registered members can also use the identity card or
borrowing tricks of their spouses within their permission.
i. Borrowed books must be returned within some stipulated time or

guaranteed time.
ii. Borrowed books may renew or booked by any library registered members.
iii. Borrowed books may recall by the university library, librarian ones if the
book is on high need.
5.5 PENALTIES FOR VARIOUS LIBRARY OFFENCES
i. A library user who fail to return borrowed book will be liable to a fine of twice
the price of the book
ii. Failure to return on a recalled book, the fine will be multiplied on daily bases.
iii. A registered member who traveled with library books either on annual leave
on or fellowship or sabbatical will pay a fine of the number of days or month
stayed with the materials.
iv. A lost material will be paid thrice the price of the book.
v. Any registered member of the library caught stealing library materials would
be fine and prevented from entering the library.
vi. Any registered member mutilating library materials would be banned the use
of the library.
40
vii. Any registered member caught fighting in the library would be banned from
the use of library for a period of semester or two semesters.
viii. Smoking, eating and drinking are not allowed in the library.
ix. Children and animal are prohibited from entering the library.
x. Lost items or property within the library is at owner’s risk.
xi. Umbrella s, bags, and personal copies of books, journal or magazine are not
allowed in the library.
xii. Reservation of seat in any part of library is not allowed.
xiii. All consulted books, journal, magazine are to be left on the table.
5.6 CARE OF BOOKS AND NON BOOKS MATERIALS
In any given organization, the seek for sustainability, maintenance culture is very
important, in order to have a long time span of the materials in the library and to
maintain a long time span of the materials and to protect the material against
damage.
In the library the following procedure should be abide
5.6.1 To check the
In order to control the hotness of the environment the provision of air condition,
fan for ventilation.
5.6.2 In order to control the raining water and flood. The protection should
involve food drainage across library and correct roof linkage.
41
5.6.3 In order to control the storms of dust. Windows should be air tie and curtain
should be provided
5.7 To Check Ecological Disasters
5.7.1 in order to control ecological disasters reptiles e.g. rat and lizard and to
check on daily bases and apply anti reptiles in the necessary library places.
5.7.2 in order to control insect and roodents as well as termites, anti insect and
some insecticide should be apply in the library on weekly or daily bases.
5.8 Man Made Disaster
5.8.1 Fire, careless handling of electronics by individual may cause fire disaster.
The provision of fire extinguisher should be provided.
5.8.2 war/riot: the tendencies of war conflict should be control through

enlightenment on importance of library as a key to human development and
civilization.
5.8.3 Theft and mutilation of library materials should control through human
security and electronic security.
5.9. Natural disasters: The natural disasters are beyond human control these
include, floods, volcanoes, and earthquake. These are naturally taken measure
after math.
42
5.10 SIGNIFICANT OF PHYSICAL PART OF BOOKS
It is important to note that for each library user must know the physical part of a
book. In order to aid a user an easy way to trace a book or where important
information are available in the book.
5.10.1 Physical part of a book. A book is divided into followings.
i. The binding
ii. Preliminary pages
iii. Text
iv. The auxiliary or references materials.
i. The binding; it hold the leaves of the book together, protect the book
against mishandle or damage. It has two parts the spine and the end
papers. The spine is the binding edge of a book and it carries the title, the
author, the publisher at the call number
ii. Preliminary page; the preliminary pages precedes the body of the book and
include the fly leaves, the half title page, the front piece, title page copy
right page, dedication the preface, the table of contents, list of illustrative
materials and the introduction.
The title page is one of the important parts of a book. It consist the
following.
i. Title of the topic
ii. Subtitle
43
iii. Authors name
iv. Name of the edition
v. Name of illustrations or translator
vi. Name of founder
vii. Edition
viii. Imprint: After the title page, there is text: the text is made of chapters,
which constitutes the main body. The bibliography or references this comes
at the end of the book or journal.
CONCLUSION
The above session introduced the basic study of library education. This includes,
how library are used easily towards what a library is consist of, the important of
library is also explained, and the functions of library is known. Library is an
organization that is governed by rules and regulations are known. Care and part
of books are also determined in the session.
SUMMARY OF STUDY SESSION FIVE
In the study session five, you have learnt library education is important as library
itself. The functions, importance and significance part of books are also known
and where necessary information is provided in the book has been identified.
5.1 What do you understand by library education?
44
5.2 What is the important of book?
5.3 What is the function of library you know?
5.4 What do you understand by library rules and regulation?
5.5 Why does library has various penalties on different kind of offences
5.6 Why is it that care of book and library materials are so important?
5.7 What do you understand by care and significance physical part of book?
REFERENCES
Balay. R (1996) Guide to references Books. American Library Association.
Lea, Pw and Dewey (1996) Reference information sources. Library association.
Ifidon, sam E (1997) A practical approach to library collection
Ashwood, Willfred (1979) special librarianship, London, clie bingley
45
6.0. CATALOGUING AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIBRARY MATERIALS
6.1. CATALOGUING LIBRARY MATERIALS
STUDY SESSION SIX
INTRODUCTION
6.1 Cataloguing of library Materials
6.1.1 Books
6.1.2 Journals
6.1.3 Magazine
6.1.4 Non Books materials
6.2 CLASSIFICATION OF LIBRARY MATERIALS
6.2 Classification schemes
6.2.1 The Dewey Decimal classification scheme [DDC.]
6.2.2 Universal Decimal classification scheme [UDC]
6.2.3 Library of congress classification scheme[LC]
6.2.4 Colon Classification Scheme [CC]
6.2.4 Bliss Bibliographic classification scheme [BBC]
6.2.5 National library of Medicine classification [NLMC]
6.2.6 May’s classification scheme [MC]
46
Cataloguing is a process of indexing or listening the characteristic of book for an
easy tracing in the library, and are the characteristic of book, which includes
authors, as the producer of the book, title, the name given to the book, subject,
as the additional traceable work from the title. Series as the additional production
of the work. ISBN as the registration of the book for an international recognition.
6.2 CATALOGUE:
A catalogue is a primarily an index to a library’s collection or a list of book of other

materials in the library arranged in some definite order. Technically, a catalogue is
a detailed list or record of books, maps, audio- visuals and other information or
items in the library. It is the principal guide or key to the information contain in
the library and their location, in such a book of the material can easily be search,
identified or located and retrieved from the library.
In fact, for the proper, effective and efficient used of the library, a reader
cannot by pass or completely ignore the catalogue. A library user who goes
straight to the shelves with out consulting the catalogues to pick book, May have
its own disadvantage, it does not however give the user on the reader the
uppertunity to know very well the library’s complete or comprehensive holding.
For example in a library books can be borrowed out, miss placed or reserve, in
reference unit, in the workroom , in the bindery, or may be stolen. The catalogue
will indicate the position or where the books are kept in the library. A library
catalogue functions to help a reader to find a book or a known author title,
subject, and to show what the library has by a given author, subject, and series.
A catalogue ordinarily means a list or enumeration of library materials in card

labeled.
47
A library catalogue is a systematic and complete record or listing of book,
maps and other information items in a specific library. A catalogue is a
communication devices rendered in some definite order to enable to the library
user determines what a library has. However, the early catalogues were mainly
inventories of stock rather than bibliographical tools or systematic guide for
readers, during the time of middle age history. Manuscript in the mosque and
churches were made in form of inventories or list of the holding the form and
arrangement of entries were arbitrary.
In-text question (ITQs): from your understanding what is a catalogue?
In-text answer (ITAs) catalogue is an index to a library’s collection or a list of

library’s holding.
6.3 TYPES OF CATALOGUE
There are three types of catalogue notably known as inner forms of the library
catalogue, which are-
The dictionary catalogue, classified catalogue and divided catalogue.
6.3.1 The Dictionary Catalogue.
The dictionary catalogues are catalogue where all entries are made under title,
author, joint authors, editors, subjects and series. All arranged in alphabetical
orders by first words on the top line of the card.
6.3.2 The classified catalogue.
The classified catalogue is a catalogue whose entries are based on subject. The
subject is arranged according to the classification scheme used in the library. In a
48
classified catalogue all, the materials that the library has on a given subject are
brought together. However, classified catalogue can be used to determine the
libraries collection on a given subject.
6.3.3 Divided catalogue
Most libraries use the divided catalogue in which the catalogues are divided in to
two or more kinds of arrangements. Libraries may choose to arrange all entries in
one alphabet: and the catalogue may be divided into
i. Author / title catalogue

ii. Subject author catalogue
iii. Title catalogue
iv. Subject catalogue.
6.3.4 FORMS OF CATALOGUE
Generally, libraries all over the world uses various forms of catalogue. These
includes, card catalogue, computer printout catalogue, printed book catalogue,
sheet catalogue and visible index (stripdex catalogue).
6.3.4.1. Card catalogue.
The card catalogue are more widely used in developing countries, especially
Nigeria. The library card catalogue of today are made up of uniformed sized cards
usually measuring 7.5cm x 12.5cm arranged alphabetically in drawers, trays, or in
cabinet. These trays are usually fixed in to the cabinet. Each drawer can
accommodate about 500 cards, and these cards are held together with the aid of
an iron rod.
49
6.3.4.2. Computer prints out catalogue.
The advancement in automatic data processing have revolutionized the

production of library catalogues. Computer has been used to produce library
catalogues here cataloguing data are now fed into the computer, and form the
basic list of information organized in a variety of orders such as authors, title,
subject that are printed out.
6.3.4.3. Printed book catalogue (book form catalogue)
The printed book catalogue contains cataloguing entries on printed pages or

leaves bounded together in a book form. The entry on page, leaf of a printed, or
dictionary catalogue order.
6.3.4.4. Sheaf catalogue.
The sheaf catalogue entries are made on slips of paper and fastened into a sheaf
binder which allows the insertion of new materials in correct order. The sheaf 7.5
x 4 inch are usually put in to loose leaf binders each of the binders can take about
650 slips.
6.3.4.5. Visible index.
The visible index or stripdex catalogue contains cataloguing entries on strips of

cards enough to take only one line of typewriting. The strips are placed in a metal
frame, such that the cards or strips can easily be seen at a glance.
In- text question (ITQs) what is a printed book catalogue.
In- text answer (ITAs) printed book catalogue are catalogue entries on printed
pages or leaves bounded together in a book form.
50
6.4 CATALOGUING SEARCHING TOOLS/AIDS
The cataloguing searching tools, are tools used by cataloguers in determining the
author, title, subject and series entries. The tools are used in the cataloguing
division. These include the following. Union catalogue, sees lists of subject,
heading, library of congress schedule subject heading, Anglo American
cataloguing rules (AACR), popular classification scheme.
6.4.1 The union’s catalogue
The union catalogues are entries of information of library materials that are
organized by recognized body of librarians where list of entries are compiled
through author, title or subject.
The union catalogue includes, catalogue in publication (CIP), national union of

catalogue (NUC), national bibliography of Nigeria (NBN).
6.4.2 CLASSIFICATION
INTRODUCTION
Classification generally defined as a systematic arrangement of object, ideas, book

or other items, which have similar question or characteristic, into groups or
classes. These includes Similar or unsimilar things according to likeness or
unlikeness. Technically, classification is defined as a systematic arrangement of
subject, ideas, book or other items, which has similar qualities or characteristics,
in to groups or classes. The characteristics may be size, color, type, forms, content
or some other features. While in the library, context classification is defined as
the arrangement of library materials in a systematic order according to their
51
degree of likeness. Certainly, in library, classification is normally referred to books
or non-books materials classifications are arranged according to library
organizational need. There are different types of classification scheme used in the
library organizations globally. These include the following.
6.5.1 Library of congress classification scheme
The library of congress was developed in united state of America (USA) for the
classification of the information resources in the congress house of America,
which is regarded as the national library the USA occupies a unique place in US
civilization. The library of congress has been shaped primarily by the philosophy
and ideals of its principal founder Thomas jeffersson, who believed subject can be
classified to definite position it own, to perform it work.
In 1815 AD, Jefferson sold his wide- range of his personal library, which
encompassed many subjects and language to the congress to “recommence” the
small library stormed and destroyed by the British invaders, who invaded
Washington and capitol, the library first home.
The collection of the library of congress now include more than 120 million items,
including more than 18 million books in the classified collections 54 million maps,
4 million pieces of music and more than 0.8 million. Motion pictures. Its collection
are more than 5600 incuna the largest in the western hemisphere. It has also
become an international resources of unparoled dimensions, collecting research
materials in most languages and formats. Reference and research services to the
US congress are still the library’s most important task. As part of the legislative
branch of government, it answers directly to the US congress. The librarian of
congress is appointed by the president of the USA, subject to confirmation by the
52
US senate. With congressional approval, the library of congress also serves
members of the executive and judicial branches of the government.
Indeed Mr. President devised his own system of classification, which he used to
organize his collection. The library of congress adopted this scheme and uses it
with several modifications until the end of the 19th century.
Dr Herbert putman was the librarian of congress from 1899 to 1939. As the head
of the librarians, he quickly decided that the staff of each section of the library
should devise a new scheme to precisely fit the library’s collections and services
with regard to need of the community. Then, the library of congress classification
scheme eventually emerged in the context of injunction given by the Dr Herbert
putman as the chief librarian of the congress house.
Through the efforts of Dr Herbert putman, the schedules were separately

published from 1899 to 1920’s and have gone through several divisions. Then
later, the library of congress was devised from a comparison of existing scheme
with Dewey decimal classification DDC as an existing scheme, the outline of the
library of congress LC was published in 1904. The library of congress classification
has mixed notation: it uses letters of the alphabet as well as Arabic numerals. The
various symbols used do not present any problems as they fall into a clear
pattern. The main classes of the scheme are assigned by letters of the alphabet
from letters A to Z O, X, Y are reserved for future expansion. The main classes of
letters A to Z are as follows.
A. General works
B. Philosophy
53
C. History
D. History and topography
E. United state (history)
F. United state (local)
G. Geography, anthropology
H. Social science
J. Political science
K. Law
L. Education
M. Music
N. Fine art
P. Language and linguistic
Q. Science
R. Medicine
S. Agriculture
T. Technology
U. Military science
V. Natural science
54
Z. Bibliography
In – text question (ITQs) letter A in LC scheme is assigned to what subject?
In- text answer (ITAs) letter A is assigned to general works.
The main divisions are sub divided by representation 0f two capital letters
e.g.
Q. Science
QA. Mathematics
QB. Astronomy
QC. Physics
QD. Chemistry
QE. Geology
QH. Natural history
QK. Botany
QL. Zoology
QM. Human anatomy
QP .Physiology
QR. Bacteriology
Numbers are introduced in the notation known as mixed notation.
55
QB. Astronomy
QB. 579 Eclipse of the moon
QB. 580 Eclipse of the sun
The main divisions and sub-divisions of the classes are represented by two
capital letters. Topics under the classes of divisions are developed by the use of
Arabic numerals from I to 999. Here are some examples of the divisions:
L - Education (General)
LA - History of Education
LB - Theory and Practice of Education
LC - Special Aspects of Education
LD - Individual Institutions: United State
LE - Individual Institutions: America
LI - Individual Institutions: Europe
LG - Individual Institutions: Asia, Africa, Oceania
LG - College and School Magazines and Papers
CJ - Student Fraternities and Societies
LT - Textbooks, History or Education, Exhibitions
Example two on Social Science Class H
H - Social Science (General)
56
HA - Statistics
HB - Economic theory Demography
NC - Economic History and Conditions/Special Topic
HD - Economic History and Conditions/Production
HE - Transportation and Communication
HF - Commerce
HG - Finance
HJ - Public Finance
NM -Sociology (General)
I-IN - Social History, Conditions, Problems and Reforms
HQ - The family, Marriage
HS - Societies/Secret
HT - Communities, Classes, Races
HV - Social pathology, Welfare and Criminology
FIX Socialism, Communism, Anarchism
Example three, on Law (Class K)
The class K was adopted from library of congress classification systems,

where Elizabeth M. Moys took class K and expanded it through her experience of
being a law librarian. The sub-division of class K by Elizabeth Moys are as follows:
57
K - Journals and Reference Books
KA - Jurisprudence
KB - Comparative law
KC - international Law
KD - Religious Legal System
KE - Ancient and Medieval Law
KF - Common Law, Primary Materials, British
KG - Common Law Primary Materials America
KH - Common Law Primary Materials Australia
KL - COMMON Law Treatises General
KM - Common Law Treatises Public Law
KN - Preferred Jurisdiction
KP Africa
KS - Latin America
KT - Asia and Pacific
KV - Europe
KW - European Community Law
KZ - Non Legal Subjects
58
(ii)
S - Agriculture General
SB - Plant Culture
SD - Forestry
SF - Animal Culture
SH Aquaculture Fisheries
SK - Hunting Sports
Example four on medicine (Class W)
The National Library of Medicine Classification was developed in 1951. It covers

the field of Medicine and related Sciences, utilizing schedules of the library of
congress classification supplement it for subjects bording on medicine and for
general reference material. The library of congress schedules for Human Anatomy
(QM), Microbiology (QR) and medicine (R) are not used at all by the National
Library of Medicine since they overlap the National Library of Medicine
Classification.
The genesis f the National Library of Medicine Classification is a survey report on

the Army Medical Library, published in 1944, which recommended that the library
be reclassified according to a modem scheme and that the new scheme be a
mixed notation (letters and numbers) resemoling that of the library of congress
(LC). Subsequently a classification committee was formed, chaired by Keyes D.
Metcalf and including Mary Louise Marshall who compiled the schedules. Medical
specialists acted as consultants to the committee. Based on the consultants
59
advice, that of the committee and of the NLM cataloguing staff; Ms Marshall
produced a preliminary edition of the library classification which was issued in
1948, later was revised by Frank B. Rogers and the first edition of the new
classification was published in 1951 as the U.S. Army Medical Library
Classification. The classification schemes are as below:
(i) T - Technology
TA = Engineering/Civil Engineering
TC - Hydraulic Engineering
TD - Environmental Technology
TE - Highway Engineering — roads and Pavement
TF Railroad engineering
TG - Bridge Engineering
TI-I - Building Construction
TK - Electric Engineering
TL Motor Vehicles
TN - Mining Engineering
TP Chemical Engineering
TR - Photography
TS Manufacturers
60
TT - Handcrafts
TX - Home Economics
(ii) PRECLINICAL SCIENCE
QS - Human Anatomy
QT - Physiology
QU Biochemistiy
QV Pharmacology
QW - Microbiology and Immunology
QX - Parasitology
QY - Clinical Pathology
QZ - Pathology
(iii) W - Health Profession
WA - Public Health
WB - Practice Medicine
WC - Communicable Disease
WD - 100 Nutrition Disorder
WD - 200 Metabolic Diseases
WD - 300 Immunologic
61
WD - 400 Animal Poisons
WD 500 Plant Poisons
WD 600 Injuries Caused by Physical Agents
WD - 700 Aviation and Space Medicine
WE Musculoskeletal System
WF - Respiratory System
WG - Cardiovascular System
WH Hemic and Lymphatic System
WI Digestive System
WJ - Urogenital System
WK - Endocrine System
WL - Nervous System
WM - Psychiatry
WN Radiology
WO - Surgery
WP - Gynecology
WQ - Obstetrics
WR - Dermatology
WS - Pediatrics
WT - Geniatrics
WU - Dentistry Oral Surgery
WV - Otolargygology
62
WW - Ophthalmology
WX - H & Health Facilities
WY - Nursing
WZ - History of Medicine
Although the library of congress classification scheme was developed for specific
library, but today it is accepted globally among the academic libraries.
6.5.2 Bliss bibliographic classification scheme
The scheme was devised by Henry Evelyn bliss (1870-1955) at New York City
college library where he worked as librarian from 1891-1941. The scheme has
been widely acclaimed as the most scholarly of the entire major scheme.
Bibliographic classification greatly fascinated Bliss and he devoted his entire life to
its study and development. He consulted expert in the field and got their opinion
on how they wish their subject divided. He based his scheme on this consensus as
to what the major classes of knowledge, their scope and the essential
relationships between them. Bliss provided auxiliary tables for compound
subjects.
The Bliss classifications are as follows.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE:-
A. Philosophy
B. Physics
C. chemistry
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE
63
D. Astronomy
E. Biology
F. Botany
G. Zoology
HUMAN SCIENCE
H. Anthropology
I. Psychology
J. Education
K. Social science
HUMAN STUDIES
L. Social- political history
M. social-political history Europe
N. social -political history n/America
O. Social- political history Australia, Asia, Africa
P. religion, theology, ethics
Q. Applied social science
R. Political science
64
S. LAW
T. Economics
ARTS
U. Arts in general
V. Aesthetic
W. Language and literature
X. Language and literature
Y. language, literature and English
Z. Bibliography-libraries
6.5.3 Dewey decimal classification scheme (DDC)
The Dewey decimal classification scheme is a proprietary library classification

system first published in the united state by Marvy Dewey in 1876. It has been
revised and expanded for 23 major editions, and the latest edition was in 2011.
The decimal classification introduced the concept of relative location and relative
index, which allow new books to be added to a library in their appropriate
location based on subject. The classification notation based on making use of
three digits of Arabic numerals for main classes with functional decimal to allow
expansion for further detail.
In-text question (ITQs): what is the difference between LC and DDC?
65
In- text answer (ITAs) LC, S main classification is by alphabet while DDC’s main
classification is by numerals.
The major computing scheme with DDC is library congress classification scheme.
The Dewey divided knowledge in to ten main classes.
000- General work
100 – philosophy and psychology
200- Religion
300- Social science
400- Language
500- Pure science
600- Technology
700- Arts and recreation
800- Literatutre
900- History and geography.
6.5.3.2 According to DDC, after the main classification each sub-classification is

further divided in to ten divisions.
500- Pure science
510- Mathematics
520- Astronomy
66
530- Physics
540- Chemistry
550- Earth science
560- Paleontology
570- Anthropology
580- Botanical science
590- Zoological science
The sub division has also been sub divided in to ten classes.
e.g.
510- Mathematics
511- General mathematics
511.1 Traditional mathematics
511.2 Mathematics system
511.3 Mathematics logic
511.4 Abstract mathematics
6.5.3.3 UNIVERSAL DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION SCHEME.
The scheme was initiated by an organization known as international federation of

documentation (I FD). The institutution-collected bibliographies publish
throughout the world and build up a vast classified catalogue covering all
67
literature. The financial support for the project was given by the Belgian
government. The two Belgian, Paul outlet and Henri La-Fountains were
commission to produce a classification scheme, which would be used in classifying
the vast number of materials collected by the international federation of
documentation. Thus, the universal decimal classification was born. The first
edition was published in 1905 and it was based on the fifth edition of Dewey
decimal classification scheme. Outlet and La- fontanel divided knowledge in to
nine broad terms and O- generalia class was provided for reference materials. The
scheme has a pure notation because it used Arabic numbers only. The outline of
the scheme is as follows.
0- Generalia
1- Philosophy
2- Religion
3- Social science
4- Philosophy
5- Maths and natural science
6- Applied science
7- Arts and recreation
8- Literature
9- Geography, biography, history
6.5.3.4 COLON CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
68
Colon classification scheme (CC) is a system of library classification developed by
S. R. Ranganathan. It was the first ever faceted (analytic- systhetic) classification.
Its name ‘’colon classification’’ comes from the use of colons to separate facets in
class numbers. It uses 42 main classes that are combined with other letters,
numbers and in a manner resembling the library of congress classification to sort
a publication. As a great mathematician by background, ranganathan used his
vast experience, where he produced the colon classification with same sub-
classes as the main method used to sort the sub class
Z. Generalia
Z, 1. Universal knowledge
Z, 2. Library science
Z, 3. book science
Z, 4. Journalism
B. Mathematics
B.2. Algebra
B,2. Physics
C. Physics
D. Engineering
E. Chemistry
F.Technology
69
G. Biology
H. Geology
HX. Mining
I. Botany
J. Agriculture
J,1. Horticulture
J, 2. Feed
J, 3. Food
J, 4. Stimulant
J, 5. Oil
J, 6. Drugs
J, 7. Fabric
J, 8. ye
K, 2. Animal husbandry
L. Medicine
L, 23. Pharmacology
L, 25. Pharmacopoelea
M. Useful arts
70
M7. Textiles (material)
N. fine art
ND. Sculpture
NN. engraving
NQ. Painting
NR. Music
O. literature
P. linguistic
Q. religion
R. philosophy
S. psychology
T. Education
U. Geography
V. History
W. Political science
X. Economic
Y. Sociology
YZ. Social work
71
Z. Law
6.5.3.5. BLISS BIBLIOGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION
The bliss bibliographic classification (BC) is a library classification system that was
created by Henry. E. Bliss 1870- 1955 and published in four volumes between
1940 and 1953. Although originally devised in the united state, it was more
commonly adopted by British libraries.
The origin of the classification system began when bliss was working at the city
college of New York library as assistant librarian. He was a critic of melvi Dewey’s
work with Dewey decimal system and believed that organization of titles needed
to be done with an intellectual mind frame being overly pragmatic or simply
alphabetical would be inadequate. In fact, bliss is the only theorist who created
an organizational scheme based on societal needs. Bliss wanted a classification
system that would provide distinct rules yet still be adaptable to whatever kind of
collection a library might have, as different libraries have different need. His
solution was the concept of alternative location.
Bliss deliberately avoided the use of his objection to Dewey’s system. Instead, he
used capital and lower case letters, numerals and every typographical symbol
available. The bliss classification system has been found to be successful in
academic, specialty, government, and law libraries.
The bliss classification schemes are as follows.
A/ AC- philosophy and logic
AM/ AX mathematics, pro, statistic
72
AY/ B general science
C- Chemistry
D- Astronomy
E- Biological science
G- Applied biological science
H- Human health / biology
I- Psychology
J- Education
K- Society
L- History
P- Religion
Q- Social science
R- Politics
S- Law
T- Economics
U- Technology
W- The art
X-language
73
Z-musicology
CONCLUSION
The above session introduced the basic study of library classification scheme. It is
known that a library classification is a system by which library materials are
arranged according to subject library classification use a notational system that
represent the order of topics in the classification and allows to stored in that
order. Library of congress classification scheme allows for greater precision in
most field and mere room for expansion than the Dewey decimal classification.
SUMMARY OF STUDY SESSION SIX
In this study session six, you have learnt that, classifications aids library users to
trace information easily from any location in the library. It is also known that
various classification scheme were identified or established for easily access and
location of library materials at an appropriate place or position in the library. The
library classification scheme varies from library to library country to country.
6.1. What do you understand by catalogue?
6.2. What is catalogue cabinet?
6.3. What is the function of catalogue?
74
6.4. What do you understand by classification scheme?
6.5. What type of classification scheme is use in academic library?
6.6. Where is colon classification scheme being used?
Reference
Champman LIB (1990) How to catalogue A practical hand book using AACR2 and
library of congress. London. Cliere bingley.
Hunter, E. J. (1988) ‘’classification made simple. Great Britain: university press.
Steels, T. (2009)’’The new cooperative catalogue’’ library Hi tech, vol 27 NO. 1, pp

68- 72
Wilson , P(1983) The catalogue as access mechanism: background and concept.

Littleton : libraries unlimited
Wyner, BC (1985) introduction to cataloguing and classification 7th ed. Litleton

library unlimited
http:// information.net/ir/12- 4 colis 05 15 march 2011.
http:// webology. Ir/2006/vsn2/a25. Html (accessed 10 march 2011)
75
7.0. LIBRARY SERVICE
STUDY SESSION SEVEN
INTRODUCTION
7.1 Reference service
7.2 Selective information dissemination services
7.3 Education orientation services
7.4 Current Awares Services
7.5 Abstracts and indexes services
7.6 Inter library loan services
7.7 Media services
Many library users believe that the library is just a place to borrow and read
books, journals, magazine and manuscripts, or a peaceful and quiet place for
study reading and research.
There are, however, many other functions and other services and facilities offered
in most academic libraries. The services are to enable user to make a better and
maximum use of their resources. These services are rendered in addition to the
normal educational and information services in the library. The service rendered
in the academic libraries include the following.
7.1. Reference service: these are services given to library user through queering
areas of need through the personal of the libraries. The reference services
76
rendered are within the reference unit or section of the library. Which it include
the reference materials. E.g.dictionaries, encyclopedia, indexes, abstract,
yearbooks, handbooks etc.
7.2. Loan service: the loan services are rendered to the library users, personal
loan of library materials to a user or inter library loan. A loan between library
neither universities or any academic libraries. That involves period of time and
value of the materials.
7.3. Internet service: the internet service, rendered to the library clients in the
media division housed books and non books materials of the library. Internet
services makes information through library without a wall, by the help of cyber
café.
7.4. Media services:
This is a service that are rendered to the library user through media division of an
academic library. The media division housed materials like E-books, E-journal, E-
magazine and some material, like projectors, camera, CD, computers etc.
7.5. Binding services: this is services that are rendered to client, in terms of
binding their project and theses. Library mutilated books, or termed materials are
being binded to look good for the convenience of the library users.
CONCLUSION
Library services are very important to the library organization. It rendered help
and free information flow to library user to the possible place of information kept
in the library. Any book that is consulted or need to be consulted is easier to
77
obtain through the availability of services within the library. Therefore, the
services that are useful in any academic libraries are reference service, loan
services, internet, binding services and media services, which are useful to any
clients who went to consult materials in the library.
SUMMARY
In any given library whether academic or non academic, after normal library
routine activities a special services are introduced in order the library user may
appropriate place at an appropriate time. Service in the library organization is
very important because it makes library environment effective and efficient to
library clients.
Self assessment question (SAQ 7)
For study session 7
It is assumed that since you have completed this study session you would be able
to answer the following question.
7.1 What do you understand by reference services?
7.2 What is inter library loan services.
7.3 What do you understand by internet services?
78
7.4 What is binding services?
REFERENCES
Baley, R. (1996) guide to reference materials 8ed facet publishing
Leo, P. W (1996) reference information resources. Library association
Muray. Laura (1998) Basic Internet for busy Liberians. Chicago American library
Association
Swader, L. M (1993) the virtual library: visions and realities west port London
8.0 DOCUMENTATION
STUDY SESSION EIGHT
INTRODUCTION
8.1 Bibliographic citation
8.2 Reference and referencing Styles
8.3 Indexings
8.4 Abstracting
Documentation is important in library organization. It is a process, where library

information is documented or written account of an idea. The library
documentation is a technique in academic writings where the library clients on
any kind of research use library materials for proper and easy access. The library
documentation includes the following: bibliographic citation, reference,
79
referencing style, copyright laws, violation and penalty and plagiarism. In
addition, as well as government publications.
8.1. BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION. The bibliographic citation is important in the

library technical skills that are handling by the librarian. The citation varies from
institution to Institution from faculty to faculties styles are undertaking as a
model in all kind of research in academia. The bibliographic citation and reference
and referencing having the model. The application of American psychological
association(APA) Model language association (MLA) IS been adopted in academic
research either for book writing , journal publication magazine publication
research project and PhD thesis APA is been used and accepted in humanities and
social science while MLA are been use and accepted in arts.
8.2 THE REFERENCES OF REFERENCING STYLE. There so many reference styles,

which are acceptable for its application globally. We have (APA) referencing style
and (MLA) modern language Association. The APA is also known as author and
date model.
8.3 COPY RIGHT LAW: is a law that empowered contributors in any kind of citation
there must be acknowledgement the lack of acknowledgement by the second
author is known as plagiarism. When a candidate copy the work of an author and
yet has not acknowledge the is a serious problem in academia. This may result to
dismissal from service or terminating of the appointment or imprisonment.
8.4 GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION
The government publication is part of library documents that to be placed in an

appropriate division. The division is research and bibliographic division. The
80
government publication includes the federal, the state and the local government,
which is regard as important for having current discipline.
Self assessment question (SAQ 8)
For a study question 8.
This assumed that since you have completed this study session you would be able
to answer the following questions
SAQ 8.0 (Test learning question 8.0)
8.0 What do you understand by documentation?
8.1 What is bibliographic citation?
8.2 What do you understand by references and referencing citation?
8.3 What is copyright law?
8.4 What do you understand by government publication?
8.5 What do you understand by next field?
CONCLUSION
81
The documentation is a technique that aids learning in the field of research
through the use of library materials. In the field of research bibliographic
recitation reference and referencing research knowing the copy right law as well
as plagiarism are part of what is government publication as well as individual
publication
SUMMARY
Documentation is important in all kinds of writing process in academic activities

the technique of recitation referencing indexing abstracting and avoiding copy
right as well, plagiarism in a principle of writing pure and clean research in
academic performances without proper documentation in the entire academic
writing could not be regarded as a reach information for human development
REFERENCES
Prytherch, Ray, (1987) Hared libraries glossary and references, documentation

and boo draft London
Thompson Jane (1974) an introduction to citation analysis. New York library

Association.
82

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UNIVERSITY OF MAIDUGURI

GST 122: USE OF LIBRARY & STUDY SKILLS (2 UNITS)

Examination is Computer based or e-testing one.

Dr. ABBA BUBA

LEARNING OUTCOME ON STUDY SESSION ONE

1.0 BRIEF HISTORY OF LIBRARIES

2.0 EARLY LIBRARIES IN THE WORLD

3.0 MODERN LIBRARIES

4.0 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF ACADEMIC LIBRARIES

5.0 LIBRARY EDUCATION

6.0 CATALOGUING AND CLASSIFICATION OF LIBRARY MATERIALS

7.0 LIBRARY SERVICES

1.0 BRIEF HISTORY OF LIBRARIES

1.1 Ancient libraries

1.1.1 Temple library

1.1.4 Church library

In the contemporary world today, library can notes a body of recorded

In –text question (ITQs) what is the meaning of a library.

The origin of the library as we know it today can be traced to ancient

In- text question (ITQS): where do you think library started?

1.1.1 Temple library

1.1.2 Royal library

The royal library is a library that were established by community leaders

1.1.4 Mosque library

Body of writing materials was essembled in Mesopotamia (in present day

Certainly, documents include Qur’an, Hadith, Arabic language Grammar

In-Text answers[ITAs]I n the past most religious centers are regarded as

1.1.5 Church library

A church library played a prominent role in the transmitting culture during

Summary of Study Session One

SELF- ASSESSMENT QUESTION [SAQ] FOR STUDY SESSION 1

SAQ 1.1 (Test learning outcome 1.1)

SAQ 1.2 (Test learning outcome 1.2)

1.2 What is Royal library

SAQ 1.3 (Test learning outcome 1.3)

1.3 What is Mosque library

SAQ 1.4 (Test learning outcome 1.4)

1.4 What do you understand by church library?

Library were with parchment scrolls as at library of program and on papyrus

Anderson crane: (192) History of the libraries. London Macmillan.

Johnson, Elmer. D. 2nd ed. Metuchen, N. J; The Scarecrow Press.

Maclay, Kathleen[2012]Clay Cuneiform tablets from ancient Mesopotamia,

Virginia, W. Dike (1993) library resources in Education. Enugu Abic Publishers

http:WWW.Library crunch. Com/2005/12/what is library/accessed 25 march 2011

http: WWW.ariadne.c.wk (issues 45( iniller (accessed.

2.1 Mesopotamia library

2.2 Egypt library

2.3 Rome library

2.4 Greece library

2.5 Monastic library

Archaeological evidence has revealed that the earliest known civilization

This fertile area was inhabited successively by Sumerians, Babylonians and

King khufu of the fourth dynasty 2600 BC established a library referred to as

2.4 GREECE LIBRARY

SELF-ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS [SAQs] FOR STUDY SESSION2

For study session two

SAQ 2.1 (Test learning outcome 2.1)

2.1 How does library originated

SAQ 2.2 (Test learning outcome 2.2)