E105: MECHANICAL EQUIVALENT OF HEAT

E106: SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY

E107: LATENT HEAT OF FUSION

Group Leader: Group Number: 3

Galamgam, Kreachluck Shenn A.

Group Members:

Garcia, Alyssa Mae M.

Globa, Mica Airran Q.

Ilagan, Cyrus Kier V.

Ilao, Giulia Mariela L.

Jamias, Jesse Jerome P.

14 December 2021
 E105: Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
E106: Specific Heat Capacity
E107: Latent Heat of Fusion

Results and Discussion

This section analyzes and discusses the results of the experiment. For E105, we observed the relationship between
the work done by gravity and the heat gained by water with two independent factors: For Table 1, the independent
variable is the hanging mass with a fixed distance. In contrast, Table 2 shows the distance traveled with fixed hanging
mass.

Table 1: E105. Part 1. Fixed Distance Traveled by Table 2: E105. Part 2. Fixed Hanging Mass, Varying
Hanging Mass, Varying Hanging Mass Distance Traveled by Hanging Mass
d (m) 3.90 To (°C) 14.40 m (kg) 262 To (°C) 14.40
VW (L) 0.235 VW (L) 0.217
Trial m Wg Tf (°C) ∆T Q (J) % (W-Q) Trial d (m) Wg Tf (°C) ∆T Q (J) % (W-Q)
(kg) (J) (C°) (J) (C°)
1 100 3822 18.29 3.89 3827 0.131 1 3.65 9372 24.72 10.32 9374 0.021
2 164 6268 20.78 6.38 6276 0.128 2 3.15 8088 23.24 8.84 8030 0.720
3 202 7720 22.27 7.87 7742 0.285 3 2.95 7574 22.74 8.34 7776 0.026
4 288 11007 25.63 11.23 11047 0.363 4 2.21 5674 20.63 6.27 5695 0.369
5 305 11657 26.27 11.87 11677 0.171 5 1.85 4750 19.60 5.2 4723 0.570

Figure 1: Trial 5 of Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Figure 2: Trial 3 of Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
with varying Hanging Mass with varying Distance traveled by Hanging Mass

Table 1 shows the results from the virtual laboratory experiment in which d (distance travelled by hanging mass),
T (initial temperature), V (volume of water), m (hanging mass), W (work done by gravity), T (final temperature), ΔT
o W g f

(change in temperature), and Q (heat gained by water).

As shown from table 1, as the hanging mass increase, the work done by gravity and the heat gained by water also
increases. Similarly, the table also indicates that the hanging mass and the temperature are directly proportional to each
other; as we increase the hanging mass, the final temperature also increases despite having a fixed distance traveled, which
increases the changing temperature. Table 2, on the other hand, shows that the distance traveled by a hanging mass is
directly proportional to the work done by gravity, temperature, and heat gained by water since these three components are
decreasing as the distance decreases. Regardless of the fixed hanging mass, the distance is proportional to the work done
by gravity, heat gained by water, and the final temperature.

Figure 1 represents the last trial in the first table which shows the mechanical equivalent of heat with varying
hanging mass while Figure 2 represents the mechanical equivalent of heat with varying distance traveled by hanging mass.
Table 1 and Table 2 shows that the work done by gravity is evidently equivalent to the heat gained by water, illustrating
that a given amount of work will produce an identical amount of heat regardless of the object's mass or distance traveled.
To further elaborate, here are the sample computations used in solving the following components:
𝑚
W = mgh = (100 𝑘𝑔) (9.8 2 ) (3.90 𝑚) = 3822 𝐽 (1)
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑄 = (𝜌𝑉)𝑐∆𝑇 = (1.00 × 0.235 𝐿) (4186 J⁄𝑘𝑔 − C°)(18.29°𝐶 − 14.40°𝐶) = 3827 𝐽 (2)
𝐿

𝑄−𝑊 3827−3822
% difference = 𝑄+𝑊 x 100 = 3827+3822 = 0.131 % (3)
2 2

Table 3: E106 Part 1: Heat Transfer between Hot and Cold Water
On Beaker On Calorimeter
Initial mass of water, 𝑚𝑤(𝑔) 145 115
Initial temperature of water, 𝑇0 (℃) 30 50
Final Temperature Reading on Simulator, 𝑇𝑓(℃) 38.85
38.85
Computed Final Temperature
0%
Percentage Error
Heat gained/lost by water 5372 -5367

Table 3 above shows the results from the virtual laboratory experiment where 𝑚W (initial mass of water), 𝑇o
(initial temperature of water), 𝑇𝑓 (final temperature), and Q (heat gained/lost by water).

In table 3, the heat transfer between hot and cold water was determined using a beaker and calorimeter. Both the
mass and temperature were set by 145g and 30 ℃ on the beaker and 115g and 50 ℃ on the calorimeter. With these values,
the final temperature reading on the simulator was 38.85 ℃ which is also the computed final temperature, so the percentage
error was 0%. Lastly, the heat gained/lost by water was calculated using the formula Q = 𝑚 and had the value of 5372 on
WT

the beaker and -5372 on the calorimeter.

Table 4: E106 Part 2: Determination of Specific Heat of Metals
Copper Tin Silver Iron Aluminum
Initial mass of metal, 𝑚𝑚 (𝑔) 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0
Initial temperature of metal, 110 120 140 150 160
𝑇𝑚,0 (℃)
Initial mass of water, 𝑚𝑤 (𝑔) 130 130 130 130 130
Initial temperature of water, 20 20 20 20 20
𝑇𝑤,0 (℃)
Final Temperature of mixture, 21.87 21.38 22.04 24.66 30.73
𝑇𝑓(℃)
Experimental Specific Heat 0.092 0.052 0.056 0.107 0.216
of metal
Actual Specific Heat of 0.092 0.052 0.056 0.107 0.216
metal
 Table 4 represents the data from the virtual laboratory wherein 𝑚𝑚 (initial mass of metal), 𝑇𝑚,0 (initial temperature
of metal), 𝑚𝑤 (initial mass of water), 𝑇𝑤,0 (initial temperature of water), 𝑇𝑓 (final temperature of mixture), and Qexp and Qact
(experimental and actual specific heat of metal, respectively). The columns are the metals used for the experiment which
are Copper (Cu), Tin (Sn), Silver (Ag), Iron (Fe), and Aluminum (Al).

As shown in Table 4, the initial temperature of the water has a constant of 20℃, and the final temperature varies
according to the mass and initial temperature of the metal. Furthermore, the experimental specific heat of metal has the
same value as the actual specific heat of the metal which is calculated with the formula mCu( 𝑇 -TCu ) + 𝑚 c ( 𝑇 -𝑇 ) = 0.
𝑓 𝑤 𝑤 𝑓 𝑤

Hence, the findings are accurate for it holds no percentage error and the values are proportional to one another.

The following are the sample computations used for solving the following components for E106 tables 3 and 4:
𝑄𝐴 − 𝑄𝐵 = 0
𝑚𝐴 𝑐𝐴 (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝐴 ) + 𝑚𝐵 𝑐𝐵 (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝐵 ) = 0
𝑇𝐴 𝑚𝐴 𝑐𝐴 +𝑇𝐵𝑚𝐵 𝑐𝐵 (30°𝐶×145 𝑔 ×4.186)+(50°𝐶 ×115 𝑔 ×4.186)
𝑻𝒇 = = (145 𝑔 ×4.186)+(115 𝑔 ×4.186)
= 38.85°𝐶 (4)
𝑚𝐴 𝑐𝐴 +𝑚𝐵 𝑐𝐵

Sample Computation for the Heat gained/ lost by water (on beaker)
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 = (145 𝑔)(4.186)(38.85 − 30) = 5372 (5)

Sample Computation for the Specific Heat (Copper)

𝑄𝐴 − 𝑄𝐵 = 0
𝑚𝑊 𝑐𝑊 (𝑇𝑓 −𝑇𝑊 ) (130 𝑔×1×(21.87°𝐶−20°𝐶))
𝑚𝐶𝑢 𝑐𝐶𝑢 (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝐶𝑢 ) + 𝑚𝑊 𝑐𝑊 (𝑇𝑓 − 𝑇𝑊 ) = 𝑐𝐶𝑢 = − = − = 0.092 𝑐𝑎𝑙 ⁄𝑔 ∙ 𝐶° (6)
𝑚𝐶𝑢 (𝑇𝑓−𝑇𝐶𝑢 ) (30 𝑔 ×(21.87°𝐶−110°𝐶)

Table 5: E107: Heat Transfer between Hot and Cold Water

Trial 1 Trial 2
Mass of water on beaker (g) 120 90
Mass of ice (g) 30 10
Initial Temperature of water on beaker (°C) 25 30
Initial Temperature of ice (°C) -10 -20
Final Temperature of Mixture (°C)
3.04 18.03
(Reading in the Simulator)
Computer Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice (J/g) 334.20 334.10
% Error of Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice 0.060 0.030

Figure 3: Trial 1 of Heat Transfer between Figure 4: Trial 2 of Heat Transfer between
Hot and Cold Water Hot and Cold Water

For table 5, the results from the virtual laboratory is given where M (mass of water on beaker), M (mass of ice), T
W Ice Wo

(initial temperature of water on beaker), T (initial temperature of ice), T (final temperature of mixture based on simulator), and L
Io f ice

(computed latent heat of fusion of ice).

 On the latent heat experiment, the results for the final temperature for trial 1 show that when the initial temperature
of the ice is closer to the value of the initial temperature of the water on the beaker, the output for the final temperature of
the mixture will be cold, as the result in trial 1 is 3.04°C. Trial 2, on the other hand, demonstrates that when the initial
temperature of the ice is greater than the initial temperature of the water on the beaker, the output for the final temperature
of the mixture will be hot, as the result in the second trial is 18.03°C. The significant finding is that when you put ice in a
mixture of water with less heat, it turns into a chilly or cold mixture, but it stays hot or warm when you put it in hotter
water. Another is that the more the value of the mass of water, ice, and initial temperature of the water, the greater its
output for latent heat fusion of ice. It simply implies that these three components are directly proportional to the latent heat
fusion of ice.

To further understand, the sample computations are listed below in finding the computer latent heat of Fusion of
Ice and the % error of Latent Heat of Fusion of Ice consecutively:

𝑄1+𝑄2 + 𝑄3 + 𝑄4 = 0
𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑒 (∆𝑇)𝑖𝑐𝑒 + 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐿𝑓 + 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑊 (∆𝑇)𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑐𝑒 + 𝑚𝑊 𝑐𝑊 (∆𝑇)𝑊 = 0
−𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑒 (∆𝑇)𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑊 (∆𝑇)𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑐𝑒 − 𝑚𝑊 𝑐𝑊 (∆𝑇)𝑊
𝐿𝑓 =
𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑒
− (30𝑔×2.06𝐽⁄𝑔𝐶°×(0−(−10)))−(30𝑔×4.184𝐽⁄𝑔𝐶°×(3.04−0))−(120𝑔×4.184𝐽⁄𝑔𝐶°×(3.04−25)) 𝐽
= 334.20 (7)
30 𝑔 𝑔
𝐿𝑓 −𝐿𝑓 334.20−334
𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑡 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
%𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = x 100 = = 0.060 % (8)
𝐿𝑓 334
𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛

Conclusion

E105
Based on the results, the equivalence of mechanical work and heat was satisfied as the work done by gravity is
equal to the heat gained by water with an only minimal difference from one another. Heat and work are two varieties of
transferring energy from one system to another. According to James Prescott Joule, the heat produced in a system is
directly proportional to the mechanical work, Q = W. Hence, this is called the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat. The most
famous example of this is the paddlewheel wherein a detailed explanation of how the mechanical work and heat are equal
to each other was proven since the gravitational potential energy that was lost due to weight is equal to the heat, also
known as thermal energy, that was gained because of water by friction (Young, 2015). This is similar to the virtual
laboratory experiment, resulting in equal work done and the heat gained.

Furthermore, the results can be considered accurate and fall within the right values since tables 1 and 2 resulted in
equal work done and the heat gained. Hence, this shows that the experiments done by the students are accurate, and there
is only a minimal percent difference between the calculated results. It is essential to make sure that all given values are
correct before performing the calculations to avoid unwanted errors and note the proper equations and formulas to come
up with the expected value.

Around the world, many people, such as engineers and scientists, use the conservation of energy as an application
to real and daily life activities. For example, when we rub our palms together, we can convert mechanical energy to
thermal or heat energy. This concept is also helpful in different systems such as power plants, engines, and even
appliances in our homes such as refrigerators. Hence, it is crucial to know how to perform technical calculations to
determine work and heat transfer from one system to another.

E106
In the experiment, the students observed the heat transfer between two liquids with varying mass and temperature
and the specific heat capacity of different materials, specifically solid metals. The Law of Heat Exchange was utilized for
both parts of the experiment as it states that the heat gained by one body must be equal to the heat lost by another. The
specific heat capacity of a material or mixture is the amount of heat necessary to increase the temperature of one unit
mass of the material by one-degree Celsius (Towell, 2021). Therefore, the Law of Heat Exchange is critical in
determining the final temperature and the specific heat of various materials. Through calorimetry, the experiment's
objectives were met as the students were able to decide on the heat transfer between liquids and the specific heat capacity
of solid metals with the use of the Law of Heat Exchange.

Through the use of a calorimeter, the experiment results can be considered accurate as the students were able to
compare their computed values with the readings from the calorimeter. Furthermore, the calculated specific heat of the
different metals was accurate compared to their actual values. In determining and calculating for reliable data, the
students need to fully understand the topic to deviate from significant percentage errors.

The concept of heat flow or heat exchange can be seen in our daily lives. As an example, holding a cold glass of
water or a hot cup of coffee shows clear signs of heat exchange between our hands and what we are having. Moreover,
specific heat can be experienced and observed in our everyday lives reasonably common. Cooking can be used as an
example to observe specific heat as while we cook, we can answer how much heat or energy it takes for a particular type
of food to heat up. These real-life applications of heat flow and specific heat show us how important it is to understand
and grasp their concepts and ideas.

E107
Based on the two trials, they both showed the heat transfer and cold water applicating the concept of latent heat of
fusion. It has been observed from both experiments that the energy correlating to the different phases of ice to water upon
mixing the substances in a calorimeter is called “Latent Heat.” Thus, the latent heat of fusion is the heat required for a
specific substance without changing the temperature, observing changes in phases from ice (solid) to water (liquid) or
vice-versa. Moreover, the molecules move and separate when the substance transforms into a liquid overcoming the
molecular attraction through significant energy. As the phase is not entirely done, the temperature will remain the same.
The solid and liquid phases of a pure substance are balanced during the melting process, leaving the temperature
unaltered while heat is required to process the phases needed (Wakeham, n.d.).

On the other hand, the experimental value of the two trials of the latent heat of fusion of ice was calculated with
the given formula resulting in the given specific latent heat of fusion equal to 334 J/g. In this manner, the students
calculated the minimal percentage error from the experimental and accepted/known value. The students examined that
the change in different states does not require the temperature to change. If temperature changes, it evolves to the
alteration of the thermal energy. Thus, energy is conserved and not lost.

Furthermore, correlating the topic in real-life application, this can be seen almost in every beverage, especially in
tropical countries combining ice and soda at both 0℃; the ice found in the liquid (soda) will melt the solid until both
reach an equal temperature. On the other hand, the rice cooker is mainly used by Asians; as the temperature increases, the
temperature of the water also increases, causing the rice the latent heat of fusion absorbing the water. Lastly, geysers can
be an example of latent heat of fusion. The heat is transferred from the volcano, causing the water to boil that will erupt
with greater force and pressure. These are some of the real-life applications of the latent heat of fusion as heat is
transferred by changing phases of the different substances or compounds.

References
Towell, G. (2021). Specific Heat Capacity: Definition, Units, Formula & Examples.
Sciencing.https://sciencing.com/specific-heat-capacity-definition-units-formula-examples-13722759.html

Wakeham, W. A. (n.d.). LATENT HEAT OF FUSION. A-to-Z Guide to Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer, and
Fluids Engineering. Published. https://doi.org/10.1615/atoz.l.latent_heat_of_fusion.

Young, J. (2015). Heat, work and subtle fluids: a commentary on Joule (1850) ‘On the mechanical equivalent of
heat’. The Royal Society Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0348.
Group Interaction (50%)
Group No. 3 Experiment No. 5, 6, & 7 Date: December 14, 2021

Member's Name and Rating

Galamgam

Jamias
D ESCRIPTION

Globa
Garcia

Ilao
Ilagan
QUALITY AND VOLUME OF WORK. Quality and
thoroughness generally above requirements; works
exceptionally accurate, neat, and complete 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 – 3 Rare 4–5 Sometimes
6 – 8 Often times 9 – 10 Always
INITIATIVE. Consistently searches for ideas; prompt in
taking actions; not easily put off by obstacles. 10 10 10 10 10 10

ATTITUDE TOWARDS OTHERS. Definitely friendly,

cooperative, considerate and understanding.
10 10 10 10 10 10
1 – 3 Rare 4–5 Sometimes
6 – 8 Often times 9 – 10 Always
DEPENDABILITY AND RESPONSIVENESS. Always
reliable, dependable, and complete works as requested
without confusion. 10 10 10 10 10 10
1 – 3 Rare 4–5 Sometimes
6 – 8 Often times 9 – 10 Always
PUNCTUALITY AND ATTENDANCE. Exceptionally
punctual; always the first to come to class in your group.
10 10 10 10 10 10
1 – 3 Rare 4–5 Sometimes
6 – 8 Often times 9 – 10 Always
Total 50 50 50 50 50 50