A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY: FRONTLINE NURSES’ CHALLENGES AND

COPING STYLES DURING PANDEMIC IN BIÑAN, LAGUNA

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
Institute of Nursing
Saint Michael’s College of Laguna
Biñan, Laguna

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Nursing

by

Jhon Michael R. Ibañez

Kevin Roy A. Karikitan
Maricar R. Karunungan
Catherine L. Levardo
Rica D. Marteja
Mikee Mae D. Mora

November 2021
 APROVAL SHEET

This thesis proposal attached hereto entitled, “A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY:

FRONTLINE NURSES’ CHALLENGES AND COPING STYLES DURING PANDEMIC IN
BIÑAN, LAGUNA” prepared and submitted by Jhon Michael R. Ibañez, Kevin Roy
A. Karikitan, Maricar R. Karunungan, Catherine L. Levardo, Rica D. Marteja,
and Mikee Mae D. Mora, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor
of Science in Nursing is hereby recommended for acceptance.

Gerilyn V. Briones
Research Adviser

Approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in
Nursing.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Ma. Regina Milagros C. Manabat

Chairman

Nestor V. Hadi Maria Linda Pio

Member Member

Accepted as partial fulfillment for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing

Julita L. Parocha
Dean

i
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researchers would like to express their deepest gratitude to the following

individuals who helped them in making this research possible.

To their loving and supportive families, for the financial and undying support which

enable the researchers to surpass this toilsome challenge, thank you!

To their classmates, colleagues and friends, for being their support system during

those moments of dealing with emotional, financial and mental stressors, thank you!

To their Research Instructor, Dr. Pamela Ventura, who shared her knowledge and

guidance with patience in helping us formulate this study.

To their Research Adviser, Mrs. Gerilyn Briones, who gave necessary suggestions and

advice to make this study a reality.

To their Panelists, Dr. Ma. Regina M.C. Manabat, Dr. Nestor V. Hadi Ed.D., and Prof.

Maria Linda Pio, for critiquing our research constructively.

To their College Dean, Julita L. Parocha MAN, for giving us her favorable response

regarding the study.

Lastly, to the Almighty God for the inspiration, strength, knowledge, courage, guidance,

and support that He provided for them, You are amazing since then.

The journey was tough but because of you, the researchers were able to overcome this

academic requirement. With that, thank you so much!

The Researchers

ii
 ABSTRACT
In times of COVID 19 pandemic, nurses stand at the frontline, working in close contact with
the patient fighting the virus, which affect their emotional health and challenge their coping
styles. Using descriptive phenomenological approach, the researchers looked into the emotional
challenges and coping styles of frontline nurses in Biñan City, Laguna. Respondents were (43%)
male and (57%) female, gathered from purposive sampling, mostly on an expert level from
private and government hospital. In the course of the study, the researchers discovered diverse
emotional challenges such as fear, anxiety, exhaustion, burnout and discrimination. On the
other hand, the nurses also felt delight and gratitude for those patients who recovered from the
disease. Some challenges encountered by nurses were wearing uncomfortable PPEs,
overwhelmed workloads, frustration from lack of medical resources and limited knowledge and
skills in handling suspected COVID-19 positive patients. The nurses’ coping styles floated were
reframing mechanism, acceptance, alertness, teamwork, self-love, self- care and always
keeping informed. These made the nurses rational in the course of pandemic. In conclusion,
this research showed the influence of the emotional challenges and relevance of the coping
styles. The respondents described how preparedness, effective delegation of time and work,
self-care and flexibility contributed to their professional growth as a nurse.

Keywords: Nurses, emotions, challenges, coping styles

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Title Pages

Approval Sheet i

Acknowledgment ii

Abstract iii

Table of Contents iv

List of Tables vi

List of Figures vii

1 Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem 2

1.3 Assumptions 2

1.4 Significance of the Study 2

1.5 Scope and Limitations 3

2 Review of Related Literature

2.1 Emotions 4

2.2 COVID-19 Pandemic 5

2.3 Emotional Challenges of Healthcare Providers during the 6

Pandemic

2.4 Managing Emotional Challenges during the Pandemic 7

2.5 Correlation of Years or Experience and its Effects in Rendering 8

Patient Care

2.6 Theoretical Framework 9

2.7 Definition of Terms 11

3 Methodology

3.1 Research Design 12

iv
 3.2 Research Subject 12

3.3 Research Location 13

3.4 Research Materials 13

3.5 Data Collection 13

3.6 Phenomenological Data Analysis 13

4 Results and Discussion

4.1 Baseline Characteristics of the Participants 14

4.2 Identified Themes 16

5 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

5.1 Summary 31

5.2 Conclusion 32
5.3 Recommendations
33
Bibliography
35
Appendices

Appendix A Table of List of Materials

43
Appendix B Letter of Request
45
Appendix C Documents
47
Appendix D List of Key Informants
54
Appendix E Raw Data
56
Appendix F Maps
64
Curriculum Vitae
66

v
 List of Table

Figure no. Title Page no.

1 Identified Themes from the Emotions Encountered 16

during Shift as a Nurse

2 Identified Themes from the Challenges 18

Encountered during Hospital Shift

3 Identified Themes from the Question: What 20

challenges did you encountered as a nurse after

work?

4 Identified Themes from Coping with the New 22

Challenges brought by the Pandemic

5 Identified Themes in the Professional Growth from 25

the Emotional Challenges during the Pandemic

6 Identified Themes from the Impact of Encountered 27

Challenges at Work as a Nurse

vi
 List of Figures

Figure no. Title Page no.

1 Hospital Classification 14

2 Gender 15

3 Years of Experiences 15

vii
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

The Philippines is one of the countries that is greatly affected by COVID-19. This virus

had first emerged in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019 (Wu et al., 2020). Overwhelming

healthcare institutions and forcing healthcare professionals work tirelessly to care for COVID-

19 patients. Nurses are among those fighting the pandemic on the front lines.

Nurses are one of the most important backbones in ensuring a patient's optimal well-

being. They work hard to care for the needs of the sick, quell community fears, and address

other health concerns. In providing effective nursing care, considering their physical and mental

well-being would help by identifying and addressing factors that contribute to their nursing

performance. (Zhao et al., 2015).

However, due to the overwhelming number of cases reported daily, the pandemic

aggravated the burden of nurses, negatively impacting their overall health. The pandemic did

not only bring the high mortality rate from the viral infection, but it also affected the

psychological and mental catastrophe to the rest of the world (Xiao, 2020). Discrimination

against healthcare professionals also became a dilemma in the Philippines. Health workers had

to endure discrimination from some people who fear they carry the virus that causes COVID-

19. (Yamsuan, 2020). These issues call for the awareness and support of mental health in nurses

during the pandemic.

In this study, the researchers investigated the emotional challenges and coping styles

of frontline nurses in Biñan City, Laguna in the battle against COVID 19 pandemic.

Furthermore, this study discovered how challenges and coping strategies affect nurses'

performance in providing health care services.

The problem statement in the next page will contribute to defining and finding the focus

in which this study intends to carry out.

1
1.2 Statement of the Problem

This study has its aim of determining the challenges and coping styles of frontline

nurses during pandemic. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following sub

problems:

1. How may demographic profile of the respondents be described as to:

1.1 Hospital classification

1.2 Gender

1.3 Years of Experience

2. How may emotional challenges of the respondents be described?

2.1 What are emotional challenges encountered by nurses while working in the

hospital during the pandemic?

3. What are the coping styles of the respondents to defy challenges of COVID-19

pandemic?

4. How did the emotional challenges influence the respondent’s professional growth?

1.3 Assumptions

Nurses from Biñan, Laguna were able to cope up with the emotional impact and

challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study aimed to determine the emotional challenges and coping styles of nurses

during the COVID-19 pandemic, and how it affects their professional growth as a nurse.

With this research, the Philippine government and hospitals will be able to design

activities, seminars, and trainings that will improve the nurses' and other healthcare

professionals' competency skills and create new or modify hospital protocols and policies

appropriate in times of emergency and outbreak that both positively impact the healthcare team

and the patients if possible. Specifically, the study will be significant to the Department of

Health in the implementation or creation of training programs for nurses as well as for other

2
healthcare professionals. It will also be beneficial for everyone, especially for the nurses who

will be aware of the emotional challenges encountered in the battle against COVID 19

pandemic. Moreover, the found coping methods will be useful to other nurses working in the

same field.

Lastly, this study will help future researchers in conducting their study in this area.

They can find a way to determine the feelings and challenges of frontline nurses during the

pandemic by using a bigger population of the respondents and/or with a different research

locale.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

This study is focused on the emotional challenges and coping styles of frontline nurses

working in COVID ward during the pandemic. It was conducted from April 2021 to July 2021.

The survey questionnaires were distributed and answered through online using Microsoft

Forms. This study looked into the emotional challenges encountered and coping styles of the

nurses during the pandemic. The researchers’ chose fourteen (14) respondents, seven (7) from

public hospital and (7) from private hospital.

3
 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, generalization or conclusion and others.

Those that were included in this chapter help in familiarizing information that are relevant and

similar to the present study.

2.1. Emotions

In psychology, emotion is often characterized as a complex state of feeling that results

in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior. Emotionality is

linked to a variety of psychological traits such as temperament, personality, mood, and

motivation (Cherry, 2020).

Furthermore, an emotion involves three distinct components: a subjective experience,

a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response. Researchers have attempted

to identify and classify the different types of emotions. In 1972, Psychologist Paul Eckman as

cited by Cherry (2020) identified six basic emotions that could be interpreted by facial

expression. Those are fear, disgust, anger, surprise, happiness, and sadness.

Happiness, according to Eckman (1972), is defined as feelings of contentment, joy,

gratification, satisfaction, and well-being; sadness, on the other hand, is an emotion that can

lead to coping mechanisms such as avoiding other people; and fear, on the other hand, is the

emotional response to an immediate or anticipated threat. Some people actively seek out

frightening experiences, such as haunted houses and horror films. Another feeling described by

the author is disgust which is an uncontrolled emotion that can arise from an unpleasant taste,

sight, or smell. Anger can quickly turn to aggression, abuse, or violence, making it difficult to

make rational decisions and can affect your physical health. The last emotion is surprise, which

is a type of emotion that can be positive, negative, or neutral. It can trigger physical and verbal

responses such as jumping, screaming or gasping (Cherry, 2021)

4
 Emotions also define physiological states and are subconsciously generated. Usually,

they are autonomous bodily responses to certain external or internal events. On the other hand,

feelings are subjective experiences of emotions and are driven by conscious thoughts and

reflections. This means that we can have emotions without having feelings. However, we

simply cannot have feelings without emotions (Myers 2015).

Finally, according to Kendra, the subjective experience, physiological response, and

behavioral response are three key components of emotions (2021). While emotions like

"angry," "sad," or "happy" have broad definitions, your personal experience of these emotions

may be significantly more complex and subjective. You might feel these emotions all at once,

or you might feel them one after the other.

2.2. COVID-19 Pandemic

According to Amawi et al., (2020), an unexplained case of pneumonia was identified

in Wuhan, China in late December 2019. At the beginning of January 2020, the authorities in

China declared a new Coronavirus type, and later named as Coronavirus disease-2019, or

COVID-19 as it is known. Milibari (2020) mentioned that COVID-19 is a type of coronavirus

disease belonging to the family Coronaviridae. The disease is considered to have originated in

bats and was spread to humans in Wuhan, China, via an unknown channel. The symptoms of

the disease include fever, cough, sneezing, sore throat, difficulty breathing, and tiredness. The

newly discovered virus quickly spread across the world, resulting to a formidable outbreak. It

has resulted in over 4.3 million confirmed cases and over 290,000 deaths globally. It has

sparked fears of an impending economic crisis and recession. Social distancing, self-isolation

and travel restrictions have led to a reduced workforce (Nicola et al.,2020).

According to Edrada et al., (2020), the first suspected case in the Philippines was a

Chinese national on vacation and was investigated in January 2020 because of the same

presenting symptoms it has with the new identified Coronavirus. Local transmission occurred

within the country and numerous suspected cases were reported as of March 1, 2020. Thus, the

5
Philippine government decided to put the country in a community quarantine lockdown to

control the spread. (Edrada et al., 2020).

However, as stated by Biana & Joaquin (2020), despite the implemented community

quarantine and strict implementation of COVID-19 preventive measures in the country, the

number of cases in the Philippines continues to rise. On the first day of August 2020, 5,000

positive cases were reported, bringing the total to 98,233 cases. Consequently, the healthcare

system has been overwhelmed because of the seemingly endless number of patients trooping

2.3 Emotional Challenges of Healthcare Providers during the Pandemic

Because of the large number of cases reported on a daily basis, the COVID-19

pandemic has become a public health issue, and healthcare professionals all over the world are

experiencing major psychological problems and are at risk of mental illness. (Bozdağ & Ergün,

2020).

According to Feroz et al. (2020), the healthcare providers experienced increased

anxiety due to fear of getting infected and transmitting it to their family, and felt overwhelmed

because of exhaustive donning and doffing process, intense work, and stigmatization in the

workplace. Furthermore, Vagni et al., (2020) stated that healthcare workers involved in the

treatment of COVID-19 are exposed to a large degree of stress and could experience secondary

trauma.

Filipino healthcare workers have expressed their degrading mental health and

dissatisfaction with the government’s response in fighting the pandemic. According to Quevedo

(2021), a group of healthcare workers expressed their grievances and frustration in their social

media about how the government has been handling the pandemic. As mentioned by Cruz

(2021), De Guzman, the national treasurer of FNU (Filipino Nurses United), expressed

disappointment as many of the remarks they sought did not reach the government and the turns

of event becomes worse.

6
 Sobowale (2020) also mentioned that in the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic, nurses,

physician assistants and doctors are experiencing a range of complex emotions because they

risk their lives to save others and place their loved ones at risk of exposure. It made them afraid

and they were forced to make hard decisions concerning life and death, and as well as witness

and support those patients alone and often painfully.

In other parts of the world such as Wuhan and other regions of China, the health care

workers equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 experienced

psychological burden, especially nurses and health care workers directly engaged in the

diagnosis, treatment, and care of COVID-19 patients (Lai et al., 2020). Burnout, anxiety,

depression, stress-related diseases, and so on are some of the main mental health problems

reported by healthcare professionals in India, according to Gupta and Sahoo (2020).

Aside from negative emotions, healthcare workers also experienced physiological

manifestations. According to Shen et al. (2020), 85 ICU nurses from Wuhan, China experienced

decreased appetite or indigestion, fatigue, difficulty sleeping, and nervousness.

In the Philippines, Filipino nurses experienced fear of getting infected with COVID-19

(De Los Santos & Labrague, 2020). The Department of Labor and Employment has also cited

several factors affecting the welfare of healthcare professions in the country, according to

Sandoval (2020). These are: lack of appropriate compensation, long and irregular duty hours,

workload, high stress levels with the shortage of personnel, and strenuous travel involved in

terms of shuttling patients between hospitals and clinics.

Furthermore, Gimeno (2020) stated that reports of health workers being attacked

became news, with many experiencing eviction, ridicule, and harassment. Despite the public

adulation for their heroic sacrifices, frontline health workers are terrified for their lives as the

risk of stigmatization weighs almost as heavy as their exposure to the virus.

2.4 Managing Emotional Challenges during the Pandemic

Healthcare workers are the backbone to halt the COVID-19 pandemic. Their well-being

and emotional resilience are also important factors in continuing to render healthcare services

7
according to Bozdağ & Ergün (2020). The researchers previously found that quality of sleep,

positive emotions, and life satisfaction needs to be enhanced to raise psychological resilience

of healthcare professionals during the pandemic. On the other hand, according to Labrauge and

Santos (2020), an organizational strategy should be developed to strengthen the personal

resilience, social and organizational support in nurses in order to reduce their anxiety associated

to the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Nonetheless, Ganhdi et al. (2020) hypothesized that self-efficacy, optimism and

resilience can be predictors in pandemic management for the psychological preparedness of

nurses.

In addition, there are several international studies that mentioned some of the self-

coping styles established by healthcare workers. Sun, et al. (2020) found that among twenty

nurses assigned to the COVID-19 ward, developed self-coping styles including psychological

and life adjustment, altruistic actions, team support, and rational cognition. Zhang et al. (2020)

also mentioned that majority of the respondents had successfully self-adapted stress coping

mechanisms.

2.5 Correlation of Years of Experiences and Its Effect in Rendering Patient Care.

Most developed countries are experiencing an aging nursing workforce as their

population ages. Older nurses often experience different challenges then their younger nurse

counterparts. It is crucial to understand what senior nurses go through on fast-paced hospital

nursing units. This knowledge will help to lessen the loss of experienced workers and improve

patient outcomes (Parson et al., 2018)

Nurses working in COVID-19 wards and care centers are encountering improper

mental, emotional, and professional conditions, according to Karami et al. (2020). Despite these

hurdles, nurses continue to offer proper care for their patients. The experiences of fear and the

unfavorable situation of the nurses have created a contradiction. Nurses require more support

in the setting of COVID-19 care because nursing care practices are in jeopardy According to

the nurses, policymakers and nursing managers must assess the necessity for nursing care in

8
the current coronavirus crisis, develop an advance plan, and provide appropriate training for

nurses to adapt to the sudden and extreme demands of caring for patients in COVID-19 centers.

These findings also suggest that detailed and practical study on nursing care should be

performed to strengthen to approach to nursing care in the COVID-19 context. As a result,

quantitative and qualitative research in the field of coronavirus patients can prepare the field of

nursing for a novel emergent epidemic.

Since few research studies about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Filipino

healthcare professionals in the country have been published, this research study aimed to learn

about the emotional challenges that Filipino nurses have faced and how these emotional

challenges have affected their performance. In addition, this study also identified the

participants’ self-developed coping styles to share and discuss possible ways for many

healthcare professionals to cope up during the pandemic. Lastly, the goal of this study was also

to increase mental health awareness among Filipino nurses.

2.6. Theoretical Framework

The most recent pandemic prior to the COVID-19 outbreak was Severe Acute

Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which was first diagnosed in 2003 but did not affect the

Philippines (History.com Editor, 2020). As a result, the researchers were intrigued to

investigate the emotional obstacles and coping mechanisms of healthcare workers, particularly

nurses, in the present pandemic in the country. The researchers included two theories to

understand the process of human emotion and coping mechanisms.

Damasio’s Somatic Feedback Theory.

The COVID-19 pandemic heavily affected the healthcare workers, and they are at risk

to different health problems, including mental illness. (Shaukat et al., 2020). Antonio Damasio's

somatic feedback theory explains how the human brain interprets the feelings represented by

mental images influenced changes in body and brain, making up the emotion. (Brinkmann,

2012). Johnson (n.d.) describes Damasio's theory starting from the perception of the stimulus.

9
The prefrontal cortex and amygdala process this information by evaluating it. The brain

interprets it as emotion and displays a mental representation. The somatosensory then interprets

to make changes in the body, such as an increase in heart rate when one is worried. However,

the brain can experience an "as-if loop," opening the possibility of the brain where there can be

a feeling even if the body is not involved, such as those who have suffered spinal cord injury

brain can still feel any emotion. In other words, Damasio explains that not all feelings result

from the body's external stimuli (Lenzen, 2005). Hence, pleasant or unfavorable experiences

have a good or negative impact on one's thoughts and feelings.

Carver’s Theory of Coping Dimensions

People experience negative emotions such as sadness, anger, frustration, or pain when

an unpleasant reality occurs. According to Scott (2021), embracing these feelings while

engaging in activities that authentically offset these unpleasant emotions is a better approach to

accept them -- the Brief-COPE (Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced). Carver (1997)

presented three categories of coping strategies. The first category is centered on emotion, such

as emotional support, positive reframing, acceptance, religion, and humor. Second are

considered problem-focused strategies such as active coping, planning, and instrumental

support. Lastly, venting, denial, substance use, behavioral disengagement, self-distraction, and

self-blame are evaluated as dysfunctional coping strategies.

10
2.7 Definition of Terms

The following terms are the terms used by the researchers and hereby defined

operationally:

Challenges. Respondents' tasks or challenges encountered during the pandemic

Emotions. Negative and positive emotions that were encountered by the respondents during

the pandemic

New challenges. Problems encountered by the respondents during the pandemic

Nurses. Respondents of the study

Pandemic. A formidable outbreak of COVID-19 across the world that first occurred in late

December 2019

Performance. Render of nursing care to patients with COVID-19 during hospital shift by the

respondents

Self-coping styles. Respondents' self-developed ways for dealing with difficulties or

problems during the pandemic.

11
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the overview of the research design, the respondents of the study

and the procedural operations which helped the researchers in finding answers to the specified

research problems.

3.1 Research Design

The design used to determine the emotional challenges and coping styles of the

frontline nurses during the pandemic was the phenomenological approach. According to

Neubauer et al. (2019), a phenomenology is a type of qualitative research that focuses on

studying an individual’s lived experiences within the world. In addition, according to Bhat A.

(2021), a descriptive approach is a method that describes characteristics of the population on

the studied phenomenon. The purpose of this approach is to figure out the nature of the

demographic segment on a particular phenomenon. Lastly the researcher combined

phenomenological approach and descriptive approach to analyze and identify themes in order

to generalize how a certain phenomenon is perceived by the participants. The purpose of this

research is to explain these phenomena of nurses in Biñan, Laguna during the pandemic.

3.2 Researcher Subject

The researchers selected respondents from two (2) hospitals, both private and public

institutions to avoid biased results of the study since every institution have different

phenomenological situations. The private institution has a total of sixty-six (66) registered

nurses, and the public institution has a total of forty-two (42) registered nurses. According to

Creswell (1998), it is recommended to have five (5) to twenty-five (25) respondents for

phenomenological study. Thus, the researchers selected seven (7) respondents from each said

institutions, with the total number of fourteen (14) respondents. The researchers used purposive

sampling to get the number of respondents, in which the selected subjects experienced the same

phenomenon of interest.

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3.3 Research Location

The study was carried out in two different hospital institutions: a public secondary

institution, and a private tertiary institution in Biñan City, Laguna. The rationale behind this

choice is from the sense that these two institutions are both affiliated to the academic institution

of the researchers.

3.4 Research Materials

The researchers used computer set or laptop and internet to create an online and printed

survey questionnaire form and to transcribe and tabulate respondents’ answers in Microsoft

Forms.

3.5 Data Collection

The researchers collected the data through online survey questionnaires using

Microsoft Forms as well as a printed survey questionnaire. Each respondent received a link in

their Facebook messenger that directed them to the online survey form where they could answer

the questions. Respondents were given a sufficient textbox space to answer the following

questions sentential. Those who couldn't access the Microsoft Forms were given four printed

copies by the researchers. Lastly, the researchers used Microsoft Word to transcribe and

tabulate all of the respondents' raw responses from Microsoft Forms.

3.6. Phenomenological Data Analysis

The researchers conducted the analysis using the seven vital steps-- familiarizing the

interview to grasp the general context, identifying and extracting significant phrases from the

participants' experiences, formulating meanings from the significant statement, transferring the

data from the Microsoft Forms into the Microsoft Word, clustering the significant statements

into themes, developing exhaustive description to the formulated themes, and producing the

fundamental structure of participants’ experiences through the exhaustive descriptions.

13
 CHAPTER 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter shows the complete result from the online survey using Microsoft Forms.

There are fourteen respondents; seven were from public while the other seven came from

private hospitals in Biñan, Laguna. The said respondents answered six in-depth questions

formulated by the researchers. The researchers identified several themes from the answers of

the respondents in each question.

4.1 Baseline Characteristics of the Participants

Public Hospital
7 7
Private Hospital

Figure 1. Hospital Classification

Figure 1 shows the category of the hospital where they work. The pie graph shows the

ratio of 7:7 in the two types of hospital institutions: public and private hospitals. Seven (7)

nurses work at a private hospital, while the remaining seven (7) nurses work in the public

hospital, giving us a total of 14 participants.

14
 6 Female
8 Male

Figure 2. Gender

Figure 2 shows the number of participants based on their Gender. There is a total of 14

respondents, 8 of them are female nurses, and 6 are males.

2
1 year and under
5
1-2 years
4 3-4 years
5 years and up
3

Figure 3. Years of experience.

Figure 3 shows the years of work experience of the nurses. According to Patricia

Benner's Novice to Expert (1984), none of the respondents is a novice, and there are a total of

2 nurses who fall under the advanced beginner category. A total of four (4) participants belong

to the competent category that needs at least more than one (1) year to include. For the level of

proficient, three (3) respondents fall to the criteria of more than three years of work experience.

Lastly, five (5) respondents fall in the category of expert level, which necessitates more than

five years of expertise.

15
4.2 Identified Themes
Table 1. Identified Themes from the Emotions Encountered during Shift as a Nurse

Themes Subthemes Quotations

1. Psychological 1.1. Fear and anxiety of “Takot at kaba naramdaman ko nung may pt
Distress getting and transmitting kami na positive na for OR na baka kaming
the virus staff ay mahawa din.”
“Nakakatakot minsan kasi baka mamaya
nagpositive na pala kami.”
“I feel anxious sometimes.

1.2. Overwhelmed with “Nakakapagod mag duty lalo na kapag

increasing positive cases dumadami yung case.”
“I feel sad everytime when there’s a lot of
positive patient that come in the ward”

1.3. Struggle in adjusting “[Nalulungkot ako] at feeling ko lagi ako pagod

pag nagduty ako.”

1.4. Going through stages of “I feel exhausted and uncomfortable.”

grief “I feel so tired after working.”
“[It is fulfilling] yet exhausting and frustrating.”
“I feel tired and sad because of the pandemic.”
“It is very exhausting to work, and I feel sad
sometimes.”
“I’m having feelings of denial, anger,
frustration, and anxiety.”

1.5. Conflicting feelings “I’m having mixed-emotions”

1.6. Discourage when patient “[Sometimes, happy. When we discharge our

complains of poor patients stable.] But sometimes, sad when some
nursing care of them complains about bad nursing care.”
2. Appreciation 2.1. Gratefulness when “It is fulfilling [yet exhausting and frustrating.]”
patients are stable and “Sometimes, happy. When we discharge our
discharged patients stable. [But sometimes, sad when some
of them complains about bad nursing care.]”
*Note: In table 1, some repeated quotations may appear as they may contain two or more
themes. Phrases or sentences inside the “[ ]” or bracket are part of the original answer of the
respondent but not related to the theme it includes.

Table 1 show the identified themes and subthemes from the emotions encountered

during the shift as a nurse.

Theme 1: Psychological Distress

Subtheme 1.1. Fear of getting and transmitting the virus.

Some of the participants (n=3) felt fear and anxiety that they may be infected by the

virus.

16
Subtheme 1.2. Overwhelmed with increasing positive cases

Part of the respondents (n=2) described the feeling of sadness as the cases of COVID-

19 increase and the tiredness in keeping up with the incoming cases in the hospital.

Subtheme 1.3. Struggle in adjusting

As the pandemic is a new experience for the nurses, the nurses are having trouble

adjusting to the circumstance.

Subtheme 1.4. Going through stages of grief

Most of the respondents (n=6) phrased the process of grief where they undergo the

stages of denial, isolation, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.

Subtheme 1.5. Conflicting feelings

The respondents (n=2) stated the contradicting emotional challenges that they

encountered. It is a combination of fulfilling in terms of doing their duty and sadness for not

performing well.

Subtheme 1.6. Discourage when patient complains of poor nursing care

A nurse (n=1) expressed his disappointment that the patient is not receiving the

optimal nursing care they are oath to receive.

Theme 2: Appreciation

Subtheme 2.1. Gratefulness when patients are stable and discharged

The respondents (n=2) expressed their satisfaction and delight with the duty they

performed and when patients in their care are getting better and being discharged from the

hospital.

17
Table 2. Identified Themes from the Challenges Encountered during Hospital Shift

Themes Subthemes Quotations

1. Scarcity in 1.1. Lack of Medical equipment “Lack of resources in the hospital due to surge
resources of covid-19 cases”
“Lack of personal protective equipment during
the first few weeks.”

1.2. Understaff “Overtime, 12 hours shift and pull out to

different areas because of lacking staff”
“Lack of staffs and having overtime on work”
“Long hours, understaff”
“Lack of staff so that we force to have overtime
in our work.”
“[Pag maraming nag cocode at] konti lang kami
na naka-duty”
2. Knowledge 2.1. Lack of information in “NICU: Challenges for Suspected Covid
Gap COVID-19 cases Mothers that will deliver a newborn. How to
handle them and a different kind of nursing
management given to them unlike to non-covid
mother and child.”
3. Overwhelm 3.1. Code blue patients/Toxic “Toxic cases,[magsuot ng mainit na PPE.]”
ed with cases “Pag maraming nag cocode [at konti lang kami
work na naka-duty]”
“[Kapag maraming nadating na pasyente] at
sabay sabay silang nag cocode.”
“Kapag yung covid positive patient is on code.”

3.2. Physiological disturbance “Sleeping pattern”

3.3. Increased workload “The only challenge for me is when the

physicians do their daily rounds all together at
the same time.”

3.4. Thinking process “Difficulty/anxiety that I might contract the

virus and pass on to my family.”
*Note: In table 2, some repeated quotations may appear as they may contain two or more
themes. Phrases or sentences inside the “[ ]” or bracket are part of the original answer of the
respondent but not related to the theme it includes.

Table 2 shows the identified themes and subthemes from the challenges encountered

during the hospital shift.

Theme 1: Scarcity in resources

Subtheme 1.1. Lack of Medical equipment

Due to the surge of COVID-19 cases, respondents (n=2) identified the lack of PPE and

other medical equipment as a challenge during the shift of the nurses.

18
Subtheme 1.2. Understaff

It is no secret that every hospital requires employees, and it is a challenge for the nurses

(n=4) who are required to work overtime or long hours to compensate for the lack of staff.

Theme 2: Knowledge Gap

Subtheme 2.1. Lack of information in COVID-19 cases

Because this pandemic is a new experience, there may be cases where the nurse (n=1)

is confronted with it for the first time and requires additional information in order to perform

the duties.

Theme 3: Overwhelmed with work

Subtheme 3.1. Code blue patients/Toxic cases

Most of the respondents (n=4), raised their concern regarding the toxic cases and

simultaneous code blue of the patients that are hard to handle during the understaff situation.

Subtheme 3.2. Physiological disturbance

Sleeping patterns are disrupted for the continuous work and long hours in work.

Subtheme 3.3. Increased workload

As the number of patients who test positive for COVID-19 rises, so does the amount

of work that nurses have to do (n=1). They have experiences where the doctors do their rounds

one after another or simultaneously.

Subtheme 3.4. Thinking process

The anxiety of passing the virus to the nurse’s (n=1) family is always present as there

are positive cases of COVID-19.

19
Table 3. Identified Themes from the Question: What challenges did you encounter as a nurse

after work?

Themes Subthemes Quotations

1. Unjustifiable 1.1. Discrimination “Discrimination among healthworkers”
Distinction “[Safety to my family, fear that I might carry the
virus and pass to them.] Paranoia and
discrimination.”
2. Prior in 2.1. Worries “Fear of going home after duty because I might be
entering a carrier of the virus.”
residence “Safety to my family, fear that I might carry the
virus and pass to them. [Paronia and
Discrimination]”
“I feel anxious everytime I go home.”
“[I have body pain and I feel tired and] still feel
anxious after work”

2.2. Disinfection of PPE “The disinfection of our PPE before we enter our
residence.”

2.3. Inaccessible Vehicle “Difficulty in transportation after night shift

Transportation [changes in sleep pattern after night shift.]”
“Difficulty in transportation and buying essential
goods.
3. Physical 3.1. Back pain and tiredness “I feel very tired every day.”
repercussion “Pakiramdam ko na lagi akong pagod na pagod
parang walang pahinga.”
“Pag-uwi ko minsan ng bahay gutom at pagod
tulog na lang ang nagagawa ko.”
“Sobrang pagod ang nararamadaman ko lalo na
kapag naka on code yung covid positive patient.”

3.2. Lack of sleep “After work, the challenge for me is to have some
good rest/sleep after my duty, especially when my
schedule is on shifting. For example, my shift for
today is 3-11pm then tomorrow, it's going to be 7-
3pm”
“[Difficulty in transportation after night shift]
changes in sleep pattern after night shift.”
“It is hard to adjust in my new sleeping pattern”
*Note: In table 3, some repeated quotations may appear as they may contain two or more
themes. Phrases or sentences inside the “[ ]” or bracket are part of the original answer of the
respondent but not related to the theme it includes.

Table 3 shows the identified themes and subthemes from the challenges encountered

after work.

20
Theme 1: Unjustifiable Distinction

Subtheme 1.1. Discrimination

As the virus spread, the fear of acquiring the virus also spread. The nurses (n=2) both

experienced being feared and discriminated as they do their duty which is to render care for

those who are ill.

Theme 2: Prior in entering residence

Subtheme 2.1. Worries

Most of the respondents (n=4) exhibit worries of carrying the virus to their homes

straight from the hospital and simply be anxious of the situation.

Subtheme 2.2. Disinfection of PPE

It is a normal occurrence to disinfect materials and oneself in order to kill the bacteria,

therefore respondent (n=1) performs the disinfection of PPE.

Subtheme 2.3. Inaccessible Vehicle Transportation

Nurses (n=2) works in different shifts, thus there are times when they go and off to

work at night when there are limited or inaccessible transportation.

Theme 3: Physical repercussion

Subtheme 3.1. Back pain and tiredness

Generally, the respondents (n=3) state their fatigue and tiredness as soon they leave

work and enter their homes.

Subtheme 3.2. Lack of sleep

Due to understaffing, nurses (n=3) work at unfixed schedule resulting to lack of sleep.

21
Table 4. Identified Themes from Coping with the New Challenges brought by the Pandemic

Themes Subthemes Quotations

1. Preparation 1.1 Staying informed about the “Yes, reading updates and watching videos to
and protection pandemic have additional information/learning
against the regarding pandemic.”
virus “Watching television and medical advice”

1.2 Following the implemented “Yes, by following the guidelines from the
safety guidelines against government.”
COVID-19 “Yes, obey rules and regulation regarding this
pandemic safety guidelines.”
“Yes, utilizing what I have and using common
knowledge in disinfecting/sanitizing objects
and utensils, practicing distancing so that I
can work easily.”
“Yes, by strictly observing health protocols.”

1.3 Staying vigilant about not “Yes, [acceptance] and focus on being careful
getting the virus not to get the virus.”

2. Effective 2.1 Teamwork “Yes, because of the teamwork that we share

delegation in even in the hardest situation.”
work

3. Promoting 3.1 Spending “Me” time “Yes. This is our profession to help others and
self-care I always give time to myself a quality time to
cope my stress.”
“[By facing the fact that there's a pandemic] I
set myself to have a good time management to
cope from stress.”

3.2 Getting good sleep and rest “Idinadaan ko nalang sa tulog at pahinga.”

3.3 Maintaining wellness of “Yes. [By having adjustments involving

physical and emotional state different aspects is what I did.] Having strong
both emotional and physical response is what
the most nurses give in handling situations
this pandemic.”
4. Flexibility 4.1 Acceptance of reality “Yes, acceptance [and focus on being careful
not to get the virus.]”
“By facing the fact that there's a pandemic [I
set myself to have a good time management to
cope from stress.]”

4.2 Adaptating the new normal “Yes, being flexible nurse I need to adapt the
new protocol and new normal settings for my
protection and also to my patients.”
“Yes. By having adjustments involving
different aspects is what I did. [Having strong
both emotional and physical response is what
the most nurses give in handling situations
this pandemic.]”
“Yes. naka adapt na ko at unti unti nang
nakaka move on sa pangyayari.”
*Note: In table 4, some repeated quotations may appear as they may contain two or more
themes. Phrases or sentences inside the “[ ]” or bracket are part of the original answer of the
respondent but not related to the theme it includes.

22
 Table 4 shows in the previous page the four identified themes and subthemes of the

coping strategies of the respondents brought by the new challenges during the pandemic. All

of the participants (n=14) were able to cope up and formulate some strategies.

Theme 1. Preparation and protection against the virus

Subtheme 1.1 Staying informed about the pandemic

Most of the participants tried to stay informed about the pandemic (n=2), by reading or

watching updates for new information and medical advice which helped them cope with the

challenges posed by the pandemic.

Subtheme 1.2 Following the implemented safety guidelines against COVID-19

Several participants (n=4) followed the implemented safety guidelines against COVID-

19 to help them adjust to the “new normal”, such as disinfecting or sanitizing objects and

utensils, practicing social distancing, and observing health protocols

Subtheme 1.3 Staying vigilant about not getting the virus

One participant (n=1) stated that being careful in not getting the virus helped them in

coping.

Theme 2. Effective delegation in work

Subtheme 2.1 Teamwork

Fostering teamwork during difficult situations at work helped the participant (n=1) to

cope with the encountered challenges during the pandemic.

Theme 3. Promoting self-care

Subtheme 3.1 Spending “Me” time

Allowing time for self or having good time management skills helped the participants

(n=2) to cope with stress.

Subtheme 3.2 Getting good sleep and rest

One participant (n=1) copes by trying to have an adequate good sleep and rest.

23
Subtheme 3.3 Maintaining wellness of physical and emotional state

Being determined by having a strong emotional and physical response is a fundamental

coping strategy as a nurse (n=1) in handling unpleasant situations, especially the pandemic, to

cope with challenges.

Theme 4. Flexibility

Subtheme 4.1 Acceptance of reality

Two respondents (n=2) accepted the reality of the pandemic to cope with the new

normal.

Subtheme 4.2 Adapting the new normal

Several respondents (n=3) adapted to the “new normal” in managing the challenges

they are facing.

24
Table 5. Identified Themes in the Professional Growth from the Emotional Challenges during

the Pandemic

Themes Subthemes Quotations

1. 1.1 Lack of assessment and bed “It affects a lot because of limit bed side care
Unpreparedness side care and lack of assessment especially to a Covid-
to handle the 19 positive patient.”
pandemic
1.2 Limited time and exposure “As a nurse with Covid-19 positive patients,
in handling patients we can deliver care but in a limited time and
exposure.”

1.3 First time to experience the “This is my first time to experience this
pandemic pandemic so it is hard to me to adapt to the
situation”
“Nahirapan ako nung una kasi
napakadaraming nagpapositive.”
“This pandemic is new to me,and [it
challenge me to give my best when im on
duty]”
“Ngayon ko lang sya naexperience and
sobrang challenging nya pero kaya naman”

2. Struggling to 2.1 Difficulty in adapting “The pandemic made a big adjustment for
cope me as a nurse.”
“It just got a lot of adjustment, but we have
to absorb the situation to avoid mistakenly
getting the virus.”

2.2 Difficulty in following “At first, by having hard time which protocol
health protocols to avoid cross- to follow. As much as possible, we try to
contamination avoid the break in contamination.”

3. Personal and 3.1 Improvement in “It helps a lot because it improves my

Professional performance performance as time passed by.”
Growth “It helps a lot because it improves my
performance.”
“It would help me to perform better because
of my years of service.”

3.2 Being more observant “Helped me to become more meticulous in

cleaning/sanitizing things to avoid
contamination.”
3.3 Motivated to give their best
“[This pandemic is new to me,and] it
challenge me to give my best when im on
duty”
*Note: In table 5, some repeated quotations may appear as they may contain two or more
themes. Phrases or sentences inside the “[ ]” or bracket are part of the original answer of the
respondent but not related to the theme it includes.

Table 5 shows the three identified themes in the influence of having years of experience

in giving nursing care during the pandemic as seen in the next page.

25
Theme 1. Unpreparedness to handle the pandemic

Subtheme 1.1 Lack of assessment and bed side care

Despite having experience of rendering nursing care, one participant (n=1) stressed out that

lack of assessment and bedside care affected their performance.

Subtheme 1.2 Limited time and exposure in handling patients

Giving a limited time and exposure to render patient care was difficult for one participant

(n=1).

Subtheme 1.3 First to experience the pandemic

Most participants (n=4) reported providing treatment is difficult since it was their first

time to experience a pandemic.

Theme 2. Struggling to cope

Subtheme 2.1 Difficulty in adapting

The responders (n=2) were able to adjust to the new normal after initially experiencing

the pandemic

Subtheme 2.2 Difficulty in following health protocols to avoid cross-contamination

One respondent (n=1) was confused about which protocol to follow to avoid a break in

contamination.

Theme 3. Personal and Professional Growth

Subtheme 3.1 Improvement in performance

Despite the adverse effects of the pandemic on nursing care, one nurse (n=1) reported

that their previous pre-pandemic experience was beneficial. On the other hand, improvement

in their performance (n=2) over time.

Subtheme 3.2 Being more observant

The participant (n=1) became more meticulous in cleaning or sanitizing objects to

avoid contamination.

Subtheme 3.3 Motivated to give their best

The challenges that the participant (n=1) encountered motivated them to do their best

at work.

26
Table 6. Identified Themes from the Impact of Encountered Challenges at Work as a Nurse

Themes Subthemes Quotations

1. Poor nursing 1.1 Misdeed due to toxic “As a nurse, toxic ang working environment
care environment lalo na sa panahon ngayon na may pandemya.
nakakaapekto ito sakin bilang isang nurse ang
sitwasyon na ito na maaring maging dahilan
ng negligence o pagkakamali.”

1.2 Limited resources “Because of the limited resources, we can't

assure that we can give the best nursing care
to our patients.”

2. Emotional 2.1 Worried, anxious, stressed “[Every day we encountered different kind of
distress and feeling depressed challenges, all you have to do is have a good
decision making and group cooperation.]
Covid 19 gives a lot of impact to us nurses on
and off duties, lot of anxiety, depressions, and
lot of stress. [But we also learned a lot during
this pandemic, learned to build a strong mind
and be more cautious all the time.]”
“Sometimes you will feel anxious [and don’t
want to go to work but you need to because
your patients are waiting for you.]”
“You always think the safety of your family
back home living with you. It sometimes gets
stuck in your mind every time you feel
something in your system.”

2.2 Pressured to give their best “I feel challenge every day that I should do
my best when giving health care to others”

2.3 Thoughts of not attending “Parang gusto ko muna mag leave pero
or leaving work kailangan gampanan ang tungkulin”
“Noong una gusto ko nalang muna
magpahinga and ayoko na muna dahil ayoko
marisk ang buhay ko.”
“[Sometimes you will feel anxious] and don’t
want to go to work [but you need to because
your patients are waiting for you.]”

2.4 Decrease capacity to make “It affects my strength in making decisions.

decisions [During this pandemic, I realized that
decisions should be based on the protocol, but
the morale is still there.]”

3. Optimistic 3. 1 Using critical thinking “[It affects my strength in making decisions.]

behavior skills During this pandemic, I realized that decisions
should be based on the protocol, but the
morale is still there.”

3.2 Making good decisions “Every day we encountered different kind of

and showing teamwork challenges, all you have to do is have a good
decision making and group cooperation.
[Covid 19 gives a lot of impact to us nurses on
and off duties, lot of anxiety, depressions, and
lot of stress. But we also learned a lot during

27
 this pandemic, learned to build a strong mind
and be more cautious all the time.]”

3.3 Having perseverance “Mula bata ako nursing na talaga gusto ko and
di na magbabago isip ko dun kaya laban lang
kahit nakakapagod.”

3.4 Building a strong mindset “[Every day we encountered different kind of

challenges, all you have to do is have a good
decision making and group cooperation.
Covid 19 gives a lot of impact to us nurses on
and off duties, lot of anxiety, depressions, and
lot of stress.] But we also learned a lot during
this pandemic, learned to build a strong mind
[and be more cautious all the time.]”

3.5 Practicing caution “[Every day we encountered different kind of

challenges, all you have to do is have a good
decision making and group cooperation.
Covid 19 gives a lot of impact to us nurses on
and off duties, lot of anxiety, depressions, and
lot of stress. But we also learned a lot during
this pandemic, learned to build a strong mind]
and be more cautious all the time.”

3.6 Being flexible “Eventually, it helps me to adjust and adapt.”

“Trying to cope with the new normal.”
“it helps to adapt and adjust the situation.”

3.7 Being more conscious of “It made us more protective to ourselves as a

own health healthcare provider”

3.8 Displaying passion in “[Sometimes you will feel anxious] and don’t
work want to go to work] but you need to because
your patients are waiting for you.”
“[Parang gusto ko muna mag leave] pero
kailangan gampanan ang tungkulin”

*Note: In table 6, some repeated quotations may appear as they may contain two or more
themes. Phrases or sentences inside the “[ ]” or bracket are part of the original answer of the
respondent but not related to the theme it includes.

Table 6 shows the identified themes and subthemes from the impact of encountered

challenges at work as a nurse.

Theme 1. Poor nursing care

Subtheme 1.1 Misdeed due to toxic environment

Being in a toxic environment can affect nursing care leading to negligence or misdeed

of actions (n=1).

28
Subtheme 1.2 Limited resources

Scarcity of resources (n=1) can have an impact on nursing care, since being unable to

give the complete and accurate standard of patient care may lead to a decreased quality of

nursing care.

Theme 2. Emotional distress

Subtheme 2.1 Worried, anxious, stressed and feeling depressed

Three participants (n=3) expressed having emotions of worrying, anxiety, stress, and

depression while having hospital duty.

Subtheme 2.2 Pressure to give their best

One participant (n=1) felt challenged every day and pressured to give their best

performance at work.

Subtheme 2.3 Thoughts of not attending or leaving work

One participant (n=1) did not want to risk his life and expressed having thoughts about

leaving work. Two participants (n=2) continued working regardless of their thoughts evading

or resigning at work.

Subtheme 2.4 Decrease capacity to make decisions

The respondent (n=1) had difficulty making good decisions but recognized the need to

make decisions based on protocols without losing morality.

Theme 3. Optimistic behavior

Subtheme 3.1 Using critical thinking skills

One participant (n=1) experienced difficulty making decisions. However, the

participant practiced critical thinking skills to arrive at logical decisions that are protocol-based

without excluding morality.

Subtheme 3.2 Making good decisions and showing teamwork

The respondent exhibited good decision-making and group cooperation (n=1) to

overcome emotional challenges at work.

29
Subtheme 3.3 Having perseverance

Despite the problems encountered at work, one nurse (n=1) showed perseverance due

to the actualization of the dream of becoming a nurse.

Subtheme 3.4 Building a strong mindset

The respondent (n=1) displayed an optimistic behavior by building a determined

mindset despite the challenges encountered at work.

Subtheme 3.5 Practicing caution

Various workplace challenges helped one participant (n=1) to be more cautious all

the time with the virus.

Subtheme 3.6 Being flexible

Challenges at work helped shape the respondents (n=3) to be flexible by adjusting,

adapting, and coping with the “new normal”.

Subtheme 3.7 Being more conscious of own health

One respondent (n=1) reported that the challenges at work made him to become more

conscious of his health in order to protect himself as healthcare provider.

Subtheme 3.8 Displaying compassion

Despite the thoughts of leaving employment, two participants (n=2) showed passion to

continue working for the patients they are caring for.

30
 CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

This chapter presents the summary of the results and conclusions formulated

from the gathered and analyzed data.

5.1 Summary

According to the results and analysis, the majority of participants experienced mental

distress during the pandemic due to the challenges encountered during and after their hospital

shift. Fear and anxiety resulted from thoughts transmitting the virus as they might be carriers

of it and discrimination. In addition, overtime at work and understaffing of nurses in hospitals,

changes in sleeping patterns, patients going on-code blue all at once, and wearing

uncomfortable PPEs made the nurses fatigued and exhausted. Feelings of frustration arose from

lack of medical resources and lack of knowledge in handling suspected COVID-19 positive

patients. Other participants also had difficulty in transportation because their work ended very

late at night or very early in the morning. Despite the challenges, all the participants were able

to cope up with the pandemic by being flexible at work, following the implemented safety

guidelines against COVID-19, accepting the situation, being vigilant with the current situation,

having teamwork in the workplace, spending some quality time with self, getting good sleep

and rest, and staying informed about the pandemic.

Emotions, obstacles, and coping strategies all had a positive and negative impact on

the participants' ability to provide nursing care to patients. Nurses made considerable

adjustments despite having work experience of more than a year (see reference Figure 3,

Chapter 4). The participants reported difficulty rendering care. The problems were lack of

assessment and bedside care, limited time and exposure in handling patients, experiencing the

pandemic for the first time, perplexing health protocols to avoid cross-contamination, toxic

work environment, and limited medical resources. Negligence and inadequate nursing care may

31
emerge as a result of this. Furthermore, feelings of negative emotions, the pressure of giving

their best performance, and thoughts of leaving work affected the respondents' render of nursing

care. Regardless of the factors affecting the participant's nursing care negatively, some nurses

also reported positive impacts. Their flexibility and perseverance improved their nursing care

performance as they exercised more of their critical thinking skills. The participants' views on

health positively changed as they became more conscious of their health.

5.2 Conclusion

This study provided a descriptive and thorough understanding of the emotional

challenges, and coping styles the nurses experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic through

a descriptive phenomenological approach. The respondents came from two (2) institutions with

the percentage of fifty (50) each. In terms of gender, 43% are male and 57% are female. For

the years of experience, based to Benner’s Novice to Expert model, 14% are considered as

advanced beginner, 29% for competent, 21% in proficient and 36% falls for the expert level. In

the course of the study, the researcher found different kinds of emotional challenges that were

described by the respondent, such as fear and anxiety of acquiring and passing the virus, and

exhaustion and burnout for the long hours of work and understaffing being dominant. However,

nurses also experienced delight and gratitude for the patients who recovered and got discharged

from the hospital. During the work shift, certain obstacles were described as a knowledge gap

due to a lack of assessment and handling other cases with COVID-19, as well as being

overwhelmed by workloads. Nonetheless, the participants were able to establish coping styles

to overcome the crisis related to the challenges brought by the pandemic. Reframing mechanism

entered as the respondents expressed their compassion to their job.

In this study, the impact of encountered emotional stressors on coping styles was

investigated. The respondents described how preparedness, effective delegation of time and

work, self-care and flexibility contribute in their professional growth. In conclusion, this

research can be further by the future researcher with a broader and deeper source of data.

32
5.3 Recommendation

Based on the result generated in the study, the researchers recommended the following:

To the Philippine Government:

1. Improve national response in public health outbreaks by implementing a law

supporting national health strategy for public health emergencies to strengthen

response and preparedness for health emergencies

2. Proper allocation of funds/budget, especially in health emergencies, to solve the

lack of medical resources.

3. Conduct pandemic preparedness training for all medical practitioners.

4. Ensure that healthcare systems have enough staffing levels and that workers are

paid fairly.

5. Improvements in medical equipment and availability of beds to be accessible at

all levels of health care institutions.

6. Engage frontline healthcare workers in the political decision-making processes

and co-development of new policies.

To the Hospitals:

1. Reallocate research funds to explore paths for future preparedness for frontline

healthcare workers.

2. Consider the opportunity for digital technology and other innovative approaches

to ensure access to essential trainings and ongoing support and guidance among

frontline workers and in the overall healthcare workforce.

3. Ensure a more comprehensive and more actionable conversation about mental

health in the workplace.

4. Engage in team-building activities to form a deeper relationship with co-workers

and promote a healthier work environment.

5. Give proper rewards and incentives compensating the workers' service to

appreciate and show gratitude.

33
6. Retrieve responses from health care workers regarding the effectiveness of

hospital policies every month.

To the Nurses:

1. Improve resilience by forming psychosocial support and monitoring of own

health status for more stable mental health.

2. Gather feedbacks from co-workers and patients regarding the quality of service

provided.

3. Do journaling or other meditative activities that would help in expressing

oneself.

4. Acknowledge the need for professional help.

To the Future Researchers:

1. Expand the number of people who participate in the study.

2. For a better approach and more elaborated answers, utilize the interview as the

research method instead of online survey questionnaire.

3. Assess the psychological experience during the pandemic of other medical

frontliners such as physicians, medical technologists, etc., for they are also part

of the healthcare team.

34
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41
APPENDICES

42
 Appendix A

Table of List of Materials

43
A. List of Materials

Materials Uses

Used to formulate an online survey

questionnaire and to transcribe and tabulate

Laptop/computer
raw data from the respondent’s answer in

Microsoft Forms.

Used to create an online survey

Internet questionnaire and to contact the

respondents.

Used to print the questionnaire for the

Bond paper respondents that cannot access Microsoft

Forms.

44
 Appendix B

Letter of Request

45
 Republic of the Philippines
SAINT MICHAEL’S COLLEGE OF LAGUNA
Old National Road, Platero, City of Biñan
Institute of Nursing

March 30,2021
Biñan City, Laguna

Dear Ma’am/sir,
Hi, good day! We are third-year nursing students from Saint Michael's College
of Laguna, conducting a research study as a pre-requisite in our Research 2 subject. Our
research is about the emotions, challenges, and self-coping styles of Filipino nurses during the
pandemic. The results of this study will hopefully raise awareness in the mental health of nurses
in the Philippines, address the concerns they are facing, and adapt self-coping styles provided
by this research. The researchers request that you answer several in-depth questions in an online
survey questionnaire form in Microsoft forms. Your participation and answers are confidential.
The researchers will keep any personal, identifying information disclosed in the event of
publication. Your decision to participate in this study is voluntary.

If you have any questions or concerns about this research, please feel free to
contact 09561278642 or catherine.levardo@student.smcl.edu.ph. We will happily
accommodate you. Thank you!

_____________________________________
Respondent’s Signature Overprinted Name

46
Appendix C

Documents

47
A. Online Consent and Demographic Profile

By clicking the
circle below,
you have read
the informed
How long have you
consent and I am working
ID Gender been working in the
agree to at a
hospital?
participate in
answering this
online survey
questionnaire.
Respondent 1 I agree Private Hospital Female 1
Respondent 2 I agree Private Hospital Male 5 years
Respondent 3 I agree Private Hospital Female 4 years
Respondent 4 I agree Private Hospital Female 1 year and 3 months
Respondent 5 I agree Public Hospital Female 6 years
Respondent 6 I agree Public Hospital Male 4

Respondent 7 I agree Private Hospital Male 1 year and 4 months

Respondent 8 I agree Public Hospital Female 2 Years and half.

Respondent 9 I agree Private Hospital Female 7 years
Respondent 10 I agree Private Hospital Female 12 years
Respondent 11 I agree Public Hospital Female 6 months
Respondent 12 I agree Public Hospital Male 2 Years
Respondent 13 I agree Public Hospital Male 2 Years
Respondent 14 I agree Public Hospital Male 14 Years

48
B. Encountered Emotions, Challenges, and Self-coping Styles of the Respondents

Were you able to

What kind of
What adapt to these new
emotions did
challenges challenges brought
you What challenges
did you by the pandemic?
encounter did you
encounter as If yes, what self-
ID during your encounter as a
a nurse coping styles did
shift as a nurse after
during your you do to adapt?
nurse in the work?
hospital If no, what factors
COVID-19
shift? hinder you to cope
ward?
up?
Respondent Takot at kaba Toxic cases, Discrimination yes, being flexible
1 naramdaman magsuot ng among nurse I need to
ko nung may mainit na healthworkers. adapt the new
pt kami na PPE. protocol and new
positive na for normal settings for
OR na baka my protection and
kaming staff also to my patients.
ay mahawa
din.
Respondent Mixed- Lack of Going home after Yes, by following
2 Emotions resources duty the guidelines from
the government.
Respondent Natatakot NICU: Safety of my Yes, acceptance and
3 minsan kasi Challenges family, fear that I focus on being
baka mamaya for Suspected might carry the careful not to get the
nagpositive na Covid virus and pass to virus.
pala kami Mothers that them. Paranoia
will deliver a and
newborn. discrimination.
How to
handle them
and a
different kind
of nursing
management
given to them
unlike to non
covid mother
and child.
Respondent exhausted and overtime, 12 body pain, Yes, because of the
4 uncomfortable hours shift tiredness, anxiety teamwork that we
and pull out share even in the
to different hardest situation
areas because
of lacking of
staff
Respondent i feel sad lack of staff i feel very tired yes. this is our
5 everytime so that we everyday profession to help
when there's a force to have others and i alwys
lot of positive overtime in give time to my self
patient that our work a quality time to
cope my stress

49
 come in the
ward.
Respondent nalulungkot pag pakiramdam ko idinadaan ko nalang
6 ako at feeling maraming na lagi akong sa tulog at pahinga.
ko lagi ako nag cocode at pagod na pagod
pagod pag konti lang parang walang
naduty ako. kami na pahinga.
naka-duty
Respondent Sometimes, The only After work, the Yes. By having
7 happy. When challenge for challenge for me adustments
we discharge me is when is to have some involving different
our patients the good rest/sleep aspects is what I
stable. But physicians do after my duty, did. Having strong
sometimes, their daily specially when both emotional and
sad when rounds all my schedule is physical response is
some of them together at on shifting. For what the most
complains the same example my shift nurses give in
about bad time. for today is 3- handling situations
nursing care. 11pm then this pandemic.
tomorrow, it's
going to be 7-
3pm
Respondent i feel tired lack of staffs when the covid by facing the fact
8 everytime and having positive is on that there's an
overtime on code pandemic i set my
work self to have an good
time management to
cope from stress.
Respondent Fullfilling , Long hours , Anxiety Yes, obey rules and
9 exhaustion, understaff regulation regarding
frustration this pandemic safety
guidelines.
Respondent I feel tired kapag pag uwi ko yes. naka adapt na
10 and sad maraming minsan ng bahay ko at unti unti nang
because of the nadating na gutom at pagod nakaka move on sa
pandemic pasyente at tulog nalang ang pangyayari.
sabay sabay nagagawa ko
silang nag
cocode.
Respondent I feel anxious Sleeping Transportation Yes, reading
11 sometimes pattern and sleeping updates and
changes pattern after night
watching videos to
shift have additional
information/learning
regarding
pandemic.”
Respondent Denial, anger, Difficulty in Difficulty/anxiety Yes, utilizing what I
12 frustration, transportation that I might have and using
and anxiety and buying contract the virus common knowledge
essential and pass on to in distancing so that
goods my family. I can work easily.”
Respondent Nakakapagod Changes in Transportation Watching television
13 magduty lalo sleeping and sleeping and medical advice”
kapag pattern pattern

50
 madami yung
case
Respondent Anxiety Lack of The disinfection Yes, by strictly
14 Personal of our PPE observing health
Protective before we enter protocols
Equipment our residence
during the
first few
weeks

51
C. How the Respondents made sense of their Emotions, Challenges and Self-coping

Styles

ID How did your years of How did your encountered

experience working as a nurse challenges affect your
affect your performance in work as a nurse?
rendering care to patients with
COVID-19?
as a nurse, toxic ang
working environment lalo na
sa panahon ngayon na may
Respondent 1 The pandemic made a big pandemya. nakakaapekto ito
adjustment for me as a nurse sakin bilang isang nurse ang
sitwasyon na ito na maaring
maging dahilan ng
negligence o pagkakamali.

It affects a lot because of limit Because of the limited

Respondent 2 bed side care and lack of resources, we can't assure
assessment especially to a Covid- that we can give the best
19 positive patient. nursing care to our patients.

Everyday we encountered
different kind of challenges,
all you have to do is have a
good decision making and
group cooperation. Covid 19
It just got a lot of adjustment, but
gives a lot impact to us
Respondent 3 we have to absorb the situation to
nurses on and off duties, lot
avoid mistakenly getting the
of anxiety, depressions, and
virus.
lot of stress. But we also
learned alot during these
pandemic, learned to build a
strong minds and be more
cautious all the time.
sometimes you will feel
As a nurse with Covid-19 positive anxious and don’t want to
Respondent 4
patients, we can deliver care but go to work but you need to
in a limited time and exposure. because your patients are
waiting for you.

i feel challenge everyday

this is my first time to experience
Respondent 5 that i should do my best
this pandemic so its hard to me to
when giving health care to
adapt to the situation
others

parang gusto ko muna mag

Respondent 6 nahirapan ako nung una kasi
leave pero kailangan
napakadaraming nagpapositive.
gampanan ang tungkulin

52
 It affects my strength in
At first, by having hard time making decisions. During
Respondent 7 which protocol to follow. As this pandemic, I realized that
much as possible, we try to avoid decisions should be based
the break in contamination. on the protocol but the
morale is still there.
Noong una gusto ko nalang
this pandemic is new to me and it
Respondent 8 muna magpahinga and
challenge me to give my best
ayoko na muna dahil ayoko
when im on duty
marisk ang buhay ko
You always think the safety
of your family back home
It affect my performance in
living with you. It
Respondent 9 rendering care to my patient as it
soometimes get stuck in
easy for us to deliver the
your mind everytime you
necessary needs of our patient.
feel something in your
system.
ngayon ko lang sya naexperience Mula bata ako nursing na
Respondent 10
and sobrang challenging nya pero talaga gusto ko and di na
kaya naman mag babago isip ko dun

Respondent 11 It helps a lot because it improves Eventually, it helps me to

by performance as time passed by adjust to adjust and adopt.”
It helped a lot, it made me more
Respondent 12 More challenges in coping
meticulous in cleaning/sanitizing
with the new normal
our house.
Respondent 13 It helps a lot because it improves It helps to adopt and adjust
my performance.” the situation
It would help me to perform It made us more protective
Respondent 14
better because of my years of to ourselves as a healthcare
service provider

53
 Appendix D

List of Key Informants

54
A. List of Key Informants

Number Name of Reference Gender Position Years of

Experience
1 Informant 1 Female
Nurse (Private Hospital) 1
2 Informant 2 Male
Nurse (Private Hospital) 5 years
3 Informant 3 Female
Nurse (Private Hospital) 4 years
4 Informant 4 Female 1 year and 3
Nurse (Private Hospital)
months
5 Informant 5 Female
Nurse (Public Hospital) 6 years
6 Informant 6 Male
Nurse (Public Hospital) 4
7 Informant 7 Male 1 year and 4
Nurse (Private Hospital)
months
8 Informant 8 Female 2 Years and
Nurse (Public Hospital)
half.
9 Informant 9 Female
Nurse (Private Hospital) 7 years
10 Informant 10 Female
Nurse (Private Hospital) 12 years
11 Informant 11 Female
Nurse (Public Hospital) 6 months
12 Informant 12 Male
Nurse (Public Hospital) 2 Years
13 Informant 13 Male
Nurse (Public Hospital) 2 Years
14 Informant 14 Male
Nurse (Public Hospital) 14 Years

55
Appendix E

Raw Data

56
A. Questions and Respondent’s Answer

Questions Respondent’s Answer

1. What kind of emotions did you “Takot at kaba nararamdaman ko nung may
encounter during your shift as a nurse in pt kami na positive for OR nab aka kaming
the COVID-19 ward? staff ay mahawa din.” –Respondent 1
“Mixed-emotions” –Respondent 2
“Natatakot minsan kasi baka mamaya
nagpositive na pala kami”–Respondent 3
“exhausted and uncomfortable” –Respondent
4
“I feel sad everytime when there’s a lot of
positive patient that come in the ward.”
–Respondent 5
“Nalulungkot ako at feeling ko lagi ako
pagod pag naduty ako.” –Respondent 6
“Sometimes, happy, When we discharge our
patients stable. But sometimes, sad when
some of them complains about bad nursing
care.”
–Respondent 7
“ I feel tired everytime” –Respondent 8
“Fullfilling, exhaustion, frustration”
–Respondent 9
“ I feel tired and sad because of the
pandemic.”
–Respondent 10
“I feel anxious sometimes”–Respondent 11
“Denial, anger, frustration, and anxiety”
–Respondent 12
“Nakakapagod mag duty lalo kapag nadmi
yung case”–Respondent 13
“Anxiety” –Respondent 14

2. What challenges did you encounter as a “Toxic cases, magsuot ng mainit na PPE.”
nurse during your hospital shift? –Respondent 1

57
 “Lack of resources” –Respondent 2
“NICU: Challenges for Suspected Covid
Mothers that will deliver a newborn. How to
handle them and a different kind of nursing
management given to them unlike to non
covid mother and child.”
–Respondent 3
“overtime, 12 hours shift and pull out to
different areas because of lacking of staff”
–Respondent 4
“lack of staff so that we force to have
overtime in our work” –Respondent 5
“pag maraming nagcocode at konti lang
kami nan aka-duty” –Respondent 6
“The only challenge for me is when the
physicians do their rounds all together at the
same time.” –Respondent 7
“lack of staffs and having overtime on work”
–Respondent 8
“Long hours, understaff” –Respondent 9
“kapag maraming nadating na pasyente at
sabay sabay silang nag cocode.”
–Respondent 10
“Sleeping pattern changes” –Respondent 11
“Difficulty in transportation and buying of
essential goods.” –Respondent 12
“Changed sleeping pattern” –Respondent 13
“Lack of Personal Protective Equipment
during the first few weeks” –Respondent 14
3. What challenges did you encounter as a “Discrimination among healthworkers.”
nurse after work? –Respondent 1
“Going home after duty” –Respondent 2
“Safety of my family, fear that I might carry
the virus and pass to the. Paranoia and
discrimination.” –Respondent 3

58
 “body pain, tiredness, anxiety” –Respondent
4
“I feel tired everyday” –Respondent 5
“pakiramdam ko na lagi akong pagod na
pagod parang walang pahinga.” –Respondent
6
“After work, the challenge for me is to have
some good rest/sleep after my duty, specially
when my schedule is on shifting. For
example my shift for today is 3-11 pm them
tomorrow, it’s going to be 7-3pm” –
Respondent 7
“when the covid positive is on code”
–Respondent 8
“anxiety” –Respondent 9
“pag uwi ko minsan ng bahay gutom at
pagod tulog nalang ang nagagawa ko” –
Respondent 10
“Transportation and sleep pattern after night
shift” –Respondent 11
“Difficulty/anxiety that I might contract the
virus and pass on to my family.” –
Respondent 12
“Transportation and sleeping pattern”
–Respondent 13
“The disinfection of our PPE before we enter
our residence.” –Respondent 14
4. Were you able to adapt to these new “yes, being flexible nurse I need to adapt the
challenges brought by the pandemic? new protocol and new normal settings for
-If yes, what self-coping styles did you do my protection and also to my patients.”
to adapt? –Respondent 1
-If no, what factors hinder you to cope up? “Yes, by following the guidelines from the
government.” –Respondent 2
“Yes, acceptance and focus on being careful
not to get the virus.” –Respondent 3

59
 “Yes, because of the teamwork that we share
even in the hardest situation” –Respondent 4
“yes. This is our profession to help others
and I always give time to my self a quality
time to cope my stress” –Respondent 5
“idinadaan ko nalang sa tulog at pahinga.”
–Respondent 6
“Yes. By having adjustments involving
different aspects is what I did. Having strong
both emotional and physical response is
what the most nurses give in handling
situations this pandemic.” –Respondent 7
“by facing the fact that there’s an pandemic
is set my self to have a n good time
management to cope from stress.” –
Respondent 8
“Yes, obey rules and regulations regarding
this pandemic safety guidelines.” -–
Respondent 9
“yes. Nakaadapt na ako at unti unti nang
nakaka move on sa pangyayari.” –
Respondent 10
“Yes, reading updates and watching videos
to have additional information/learning
regarding pandemic.” –Respondent 11
“Yes, utilizing what I have and using
common knowledge in distancing so that I
can work easily.” –Respondent 12
“Watching television and medical advice”
–Respondent 13
“Yes, by strictly observing health protocols.”
–Respondent 14
5. How did your years of experience “The pandemic made a big adjustment for
working as a nurse affect your performance me as a nurse”–Respondent 1
in rendering care to patients with COVID-
19?

60
“It affects a lot because of limit bed side care
and lack of assessment especially to a Covid-
19 positive patient.” –Respondent 2
“It just got a lot of adjustment, but we have
to absorb the situation to avoid mistakenly
getting the virus.” –Respondent 3
“As a nurse with Covid-19 positive patients,
we can deliver care but in a limited time and
exposure” –Respondent 4
“this is my first time to experience this
pandemic so its hard to me to adapt to the
situation”
–Respondent 5
“nahirapan ako nung una kasi
napakadaraming nagpapositive.” –
Respondent 6
“At first, by having hard time which protocol
to follow. As much as possible, we try to
avoid the break in contamination.”–
Respondent 7
“this pandemic is new to me and it challenge
me to give my best when im on duty” –
Respondent 8
“It affect my performance in rendering care
to my patient as it easy for us to deliver the
necessary needs of our patient.” –
Respondent 9
“ngayon ko lang siya naexperience and
sbrang challenging nya pero kaya naman”
–Respondent 10
“It helps a lot because it improves by
performance as time passed by” –
Respondent 11
“It helped a lot, it made me more meticulous
in cleaning/sanitizing our house.” –
Respondent 12

61
 “It helps a lot because it improves my
performance.” –Respondent 13
“It would help me to perform better because
of my years of service” –Respondent 14

6. How did your encountered challenges “as a nurse, toxic ang working environment
affect your work as a nurse? lalo na sa panahon ngayon na may
pandemya. nakakaapekto ito sakin bilang
isang nurse ang sitwasyon na ito na maaring
maging dahilan ng negligence o
pagkakamali.”
-- Respondent 1
“Because of the limited resources, we can't
assure that we can give the best nursing care
to our patients.”
-- Respondent 2
“Everyday we encountered different kind of
challenges, all you have to do is have a good
decision making and group cooperation.
Covid 19 gives a lot impact to us nurses on
and off duties, lot of anxiety, depressions,
and lot of stress. But we also learned alot
during these pandemic, learned to build a
strong minds and be more cautious all the
time.”
--Respndent 3
“sometimes you will feel anxious and don’t
want to go to work but you need to because
your patients are waiting for you.” –
Respondent 4
“i feel challenge everyday that i should do
my best when giving health care to others” –
Respondent 5
“parang gusto ko muna mag leave pero
kailangan gampanan ang tungkulin” –
Respondent 6

62
“It affects my strength in making decisions.
During this pandemic, I realized that
decisions should be based on the protocol
but the morale is still there.” –Respondent 7
“Noong una gusto ko nalang muna
magpahinga and ayoko na muna dahil ayoko
marisk ang buhay ko”
--Respondent 8
“You always think the safety of your family
back home living with you. It soometimes
get stuck in your mind everytime you feel
something in your system.” –Respondent 9
“Mula bata ako nursing na talaga gusto ko
and di na mag babago isip ko dun” –
Respondent 10
“Eventually, it helps me to adjust to adjust
and adopt.” –Respondent 11
“More challenges in coping with the new
normal” –Respondent 12
“It helps to adopt and adjust the situation” –
Respondent 13
“It made us more protective to ourselves as a
healthcare provider” –Respondent 14

63
Appendix F

Maps

64
A. Map of Biñan, Laguna

65
Curriculum Vitae

66
Name: Ibañez, Jhon Michael R.

Address: 306 Purok 3 Brgy. San Vicente, Biñan City,

Laguna

Contact number: (+63)961 810 8313

E-mail: jmramos169@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Height: 5’3 ft

Weight: 60 kg

Date of Birth: November 17, 2000

Civil Status: Single

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father’s Name: Ibañez, Julius Allan P.

Mother’s Name: Ramos, Imelda A.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College: Saint Michael’s College of Laguna (2018- Present)

Senior High School: AMA Computer College – Biñan Campus (2016-2018)

Junior High School: Jacobo Z. Gonzales Memorial National High School (2012-2016)

Grade School: San Vicente Elementary School (2006-2012)

67
Name: Karikitan, Kevin Roy A.

Address: 1603 Romana Subdivision San Antonio

Biñan City of Laguna

Contact number: (+63)915 587 9593

E-mail: roykarikitan@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Height: 5’7 ft

Weight: 68 kg

Date of Birth: May 24, 2000

Civil Status: Single

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father’s Name: Karikitan, Simon D.

Mother’s Name: Antolin, Loveleen N.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College: Saint Michael’s College of Laguna (2018- Present)

Senior High School: Saint Michael’s College of Laguna (2016-2018)

Junior High School: Jacobo Z. Gonzales Memorial National High School (2012-2016)

Grade School: Pagkakaisa Elementary School (2006-2012)

68
Name: Maricar R. Karunungan

Address: Blk 11 Lt 6 Kasoy St. Olivares 7 Homes,

Brgy. Sto.Tomas, Biñan City, Laguna

Contact number: (+63)9532145780

E-mail: mkarunungan31@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Height: 5’2 ft

Weight: 51 kg

Date of Birth: May 31, 2000

Civil Status: Single

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father’s Name: Gabriel M. Karunungan Jr.

Mother’s Name: Esmeralda R. Karunungan

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College: Saint Michael’s College of Laguna (2018- Present)

Senior High School: Saint Michael’s College of Laguna (2016-2018)

Junior High School: Saint Michael’s College of Laguna (2012-2016)

Grade School: San Vicente Elementary School (2006-2012)

69
Name: Catherine L. Levardo

Address: #525, Loyola St., Brgy. 5 (Pob.), Carmona,

Cavite

Contact number: 09561278642

E-mail: levardocatherine01@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Height: 4’10 ft

Weight: 51kg

Date of Birth: June 1, 2000

Civil Status: Single

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Christian

Father’s Name: Arvin M. Levardo

Mother’s Name: Relianor C. Ligad-Porter

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College: Saint Michael’s College of Laguna (2018- Present)

Senior High School: Palawan State University (2016-2018)

Junior High School: Life College (2012-2016)

Grade School: Life College (2012-2016)

70
Name: Rica D. Marteja

Address: #3610 Sta. Catalina St. Dela Paz

Biñan City, Laguna

Contact number: 09615922226

E-mail: marteja032099@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Height: 4’11 ft

Weight: 50 kg

Date of Birth: March 20, 1999

Civil Status: Single

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Father’s Name: Marteja, Ernesto R.

Mother’s Name: Domasig, Leonila B.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College: Saint Michael’s College of Laguna (2018- Present)

Senior High School: Biñan Integrated Senior High School (2016-2018)

Junior High School: Dela Paz Integrated National High School (2012-2016)

Grade School: Dela Paz West Elementary School (2006-2012)

71
Name: Mikee Mae D. Mora

Address: Blk 15 Lot 4 Golden City Canlalay

Biñan City, Laguna

Contact number: 09566302424

E-mail: mickeymora02@gmail.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Height: 5’3 ft

Weight: 53 kg

Date of Birth: July 26, 1999

Civil Status: Single

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Christian

Father’s Name: Jaime Paulo Mora

Mother’s Name: Rosalie Mora

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

College: Saint Michael’s College of Laguna (2018- Present)

Senior High School: AMA Computer College (2016 – 2018)

Junior High School: Biñan National High School (2012 – 2016)

Grade School: Dr. Domingo G. Abcede Elem. School (2006-2012)

72