Scribd
Upload
47 views19 pages

Descriptive Statistics: Bba-Iii DR Imtiaz Husain

This document provides an overview of descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics describe and summarize data through methods like collecting, presenting, and analyzing data without hypotheses. It discusses qualitative and quantitative data, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio data. Common statistical descriptions of numerical data include measures of center, variability, and shape. Categorical data can be described through frequency, percentage, and graphs. The document also covers methods of collecting data and presenting data through tables and graphs.

Uploaded by

Saqib Chaudary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
47 views19 pages

Descriptive Statistics: Bba-Iii DR Imtiaz Husain

This document provides an overview of descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics describe and summarize data through methods like collecting, presenting, and analyzing data without hypotheses. It discusses qualitative and quantitative data, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio data. Common statistical descriptions of numerical data include measures of center, variability, and shape. Categorical data can be described through frequency, percentage, and graphs. The document also covers methods of collecting data and presenting data through tables and graphs.

Uploaded by

Saqib Chaudary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Descriptive Statistics

BBA-III
Dr Imtiaz Husain
Introduction:

What is
?
statistics
Definition:

• The branch of mathematics that transforms data into useful information for decision makers is called
statistics.
Types of Statistics:

1. Descriptive Statistics: 2. Inferential Statistics:


Descriptive Statistics:

Descriptive statistics describe the data in the


form of :
• Collecting the data
• Summarizing the data
• Presenting the data
• Analyzing the data

When we don’t have hypothesis in our research


and want to describe the data we use
descriptive statistics.
Concepts:
Statistical inference is the act of generalizing from a sample to a
population with calculated degree of certainty.

…but we
We want to can only
learn about calculate
population sample
parameters statistics
…
Classification of data:
Data can be classified as
in following two ways.

• (a) Nominal data


1. Qualitative Data
• (b) Ordinal data

• (a) Interval
2.Quantitative Data
• (b) Ratio
Qualitative Data →(Nominal):

Examples of nominal data includes:

1. country,
2. gender,
3. race,
4. hair color etc.

of a group of people are considered to be a nominal data.


Qualitative Data →(Ordinal):

• Professor,
• Associate
Ordinal data Professor,
includes Position of • Assistant Professor,
having a 1. First or Second. the teaching • Lecturer,
position in faculty like: • Demonstrator,
class as: • Assistant Teacher,
• Teaching Assistant,
Quantitative Data → (Interval):

Examples of interval data includes:

• 1. temperature (in Celsius or Fahrenheit),


• 2. mark grading,
• 3. IQ test and
• 4. CGPA.

These interval data examples are measured with equal intervals in their
respective scales. Interval data are often used for statistical research, school
grading, scientific studies and probability.
• Ratio data has all properties of interval data such as – data
Quantitative Data should have numeric values, a distance between the two
→ (Ratio): points are equal, etc. but, unlike interval data where zero is
arbitrary, in ratio data, zero is absolute.
• Example of ratio data are:
1. The measurement of heights. Height could be
measured in centimeters, meters, inches, or feet. It is not
possible to have a negative height. When comparing to interval
data, for example, the temperature can be – 10-degree Celsius,
but height cannot be negative.
2. Inflation rate
3. Population rate (Male Vs Female)
Statistical Description of Numerical Data:

Numerical set of data can be described in following tools.

1. Centre (Mean / Average)

2. Variability (Standard deviation, Variance)

3. Shape (Skewness, Kurtosis).

4. Graph (Histogram)
Statistical Description of Categorical Data:

Categorical (qualitative) data may described in following ways.

1. Frequency.

2. Percentage

3. Graph proportion of each category

4. Bar Graph
Method of Collecting the Data:

Data is a collection of facts, figures, objects, symbols, and events gathered


from different sources.

Organizations collect data to make better decisions.

Without data, it would be difficult for organizations to make appropriate


decisions, and so data is collected at various points in time from different
audiences.
• We summarize data to “simplify” the data and
quickly identify what looks “normal” and what
looks odd.
Summarizing
data: • The distribution of a variable shows what values
the variable takes and how often the variable takes
these values.
Presentation of Data:
• Presenting data involves the use of a variety of different graphical
techniques to visually show the reader the relationship between
different data sets, to emphasize the nature of a particular aspect of
the data or to geographically 'place' data appropriately on a map.

• (1) Tabular Method


• (2) Graphical Method
Analysis of Data:

• Data analysis is the process of collecting,


modeling, and analyzing data to extract
insights that support decision-making.
Thank You

You might also like