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 TYPES OF LIGHTING BULB TYPES
The three main technologies for light bulbs are Halogen, Energy Saving
(CFL) and LED. They all have different lifespans and energy saving
abilities, so here’s a short guide on the differences between them.

HALOGEN CFL LED

Halogen- 30% energy Energy Saver(CFL)- LED- 90% energy
Saving, 2 year 80% energy saving, saving, 25 year
lifespan, Instant, 10 year lifespan, lifespan, Instant,
Crisp, Bright Light Warm, Soft, Diffused Crisp, Bright light.
light
 CONSIDERATIONS:
1. Light Bulb Shape and Base
● Shape: Light bulbs tend to be described by their designated shape name, such as globe, reflector or spiral.
Light shapes are denoted with a letter-number-letter. The first letter indicates the bulb’s shape; the
number is the bulb’s diameter at its widest part while the last letter designates bulb length.
● Base: There are two main types of light bulb bases: pin base or screw base. It is important to see which
base is most suited to connect to the socket or ballast of your lighting source. Choosing the correct bulb
base type is vital along with its size to ensure compatibility with a fixture. Consider the shape of your light
bulb to make sure it will fit and function properly in the fixture.
2. Watts and Lumens
Watts measure the amount of energy required to light the light bulb, whereas lumens measure the amount
of light produced. The more lumens produced by a light bulb, the brighter the light. When selecting an
energy-efficient light bulb, look at the lumens, rather than watts.
● To light a floor, estimate 20 lumens per square foot. A 10 x 10 foot living area requires 200 lumens (20
lumens x 100 square feet).
● To light tables and raised surfaces, estimate 30 lumens per square foot. A 6 x 3 foot dining table requires
540 lumens (30 lumens x 18 square feet).
● To light a desk (and for most task lighting), figure on 50 to 75 lumens per square foot. Such brightness might
not work in all situations, however. You can up the brightness in kitchen prep areas to a level that might feel
stark and clinical feeling elsewhere.
3. Color Rendering Index (CRI)
Color rendering describes how a light source makes the color of an object appear to the human eye. The CRI is a scale from 0 to
100 percent indicating how accurate a "given" light source is at rendering color when compared to a "reference" light source; a
typical comparison is to daylight. Light sources with a CRI of 85 to 90 are considered good at color rendering. Light sources with a
CRI of 90 or higher are excellent at color rendering and should be used for tasks requiring the most accurate color discrimination.
•
4. Color Temperature
Color temperature is measured in degrees Kelvin (K). The color temperature of a light bulb describes how the light appears when an
illuminated bulb is looked at directly by the human eye.Light bulbs that produce a yellowish white light may have a color temperature
around 2700K, producing a “warm, cozy feeling.” As the color temperature increases, the yellowish color of the bulb decreases, and
the white or “cooler” color increases. At 5000K or higher, the light color appears bluish white.

5. Voltage
For maximum efficiency, the voltage on the light bulb
should match the supplied voltage of your fixture. It’s
important to be as precise as possible with voltage
as low voltage draws more current and high voltage
can reduce the life of your bulb. In the case of
incandescent light bulbs, you can use a lower voltage
light bulb but it will emit lower light levels as a result.
 OUTDOOR LIGHTING
Landscape lighting or outdoor lighting brings
accessibility and safety to building exteriors, but the best
results are obtained when the right type of fixture is used
in each application.
 WHERE TO USE
1. Identify the focal point to highlight: it may be a pond or a particularly
tree—highlighting those with light will show them off.
2. Add drama to areas that might not stand out during the day. A simple stone wall
can take on a whole new personality at night when grazed with light and shadow.
3. Think about function. A deck with stairs or a meandering pathway need to be lit to
ensure that you can can move about your yard without risk of injury.

And always consider an inviting and well-lit entryway. A properly illuminated entrance to your
structure will safely guide visitors or guests while creating a warm and welcoming curb
appeal.
TYPES OF OUTDOOR LIGHTING
 SPOTLIGHTS
Spotlights project a concentrated, narrow beam of light that's usually around 45 degrees.
It's easier to aim and adjust and is suitable to highlight specific display points, like
architectural details or landscape features.

Spotlights can range in brightness and amount of area they cover. They often illuminate
statues, plants, walls, patios, and anything you can point it at.

COSTS:

● 5 watts: Rs 500-600
● 10 watts: Rs 600-1200
● 20 watts: Rs 1000-2000
 FLOODLIGHTS
Floodlights have an adjustable base, allowing their beam to be projected onto an object of
interest or specific architectural features. They are also common in outdoor sports, allowing
maximum field visibility at night. In industrial settings, floodlights are very useful in outdoor
areas where machinery or containers are constantly on the move.

Floodlights generally have a wider beam spread, up to 120 degrees. If you're looking to cast
light over general areas like a driveway or lot, use a floodlight. It's better for overall safety and
visibility.

COSTS:

● 30 watts: Rs 1500
● 100 watts: Rs 950-1200
● 150 watts: Rs 1600
 INGROUND LIGHTING
An inground light, or well light, is typically a circle-shaped fixture that installs directly into the ground, and is
often used to illuminate walkways and driveways. Ingrounds really heighten the sophistication and visibility of
the features in your yard. It helps create an uplight effect that illuminates the whole of a tree or structure.

It also silhouettes the characters that stand around the yard; those you wouldn't be able to see on a typical
night. They're best mixed with spotlights, if and when you can blend them, but uplighting on its own can be a
strong lighting solution.

Ingrounds may also be used to light up driveways for safer navigation through gates and lot areas. These need
to have the proper vehicular weight ratings to suit cars that drive over them.

COSTS:

● 1 watt: Rs 500
● 3 watts: Rs 500-800
● 15 watts: Rs 750-900
 OUTDOOR POST LIGHTS
Post lights (and their robust cousins, bollard lights) help accent the pathway to your
home and set an ambient tone without the overpowering brightness of floodlights.
Tall posts are great for illuminating driveways and long stretches of space that get
lost in the dark. Shorter posts work well for paths and small alcoves.

Number of lights: To figure out how many post lights you need, take note of the
diameter that the light encompasses around the post. Then set your next fixture
outside of that space. The height of the fixture will help you determine the proper
placement while the function of the light will let you know if it's in the right place.
Doing so will help prevent the yard from looking like an airplane runway. If possible, try
placing the fixtures on either side of the path, working back and forth to create an
effective and inviting entry.

COSTS: (Depends on level of ornamentation)

● 10 watts: Rs 1500-5000/piece (not ornamented, without pole)

● 15 watts: Rs 15000/piece (heavily ornamented, with pole)
 PATH LIGHTS
Path lights are similar to post lights in that they create light markers that run down a line, path lights are shorter and smaller in
comparison. Path lights improve curb appeal and, make walking along paths safer.

Size: Take height into consideration. For a nice, even glow, path lights should be installed about 14-inches high.

Scale: Paths should be within 1 foot from the sides of the walkway/pathway. Take note of the diameter of the light around the
fixture itself and install your lights outside of these areas to avoid overcrowding.

Materials: Your path lights should be sturdy and made from materials that resist corrosion and wear. Powder-coated finishes have
long-term resistance to the outdoor elements while soda lime glass stays tough throughout the seasons. LED path lights keep
costs low with reduced power consumption and burn cool with options in color temperature.
COSTS:
● 3 watts: Rs 500-1500/piece
● 5 watts: Rs 1500-1700
● 10 watts: Rs 2100-2500
 ACCENT LIGHTING
1. DECK AND STEP LIGHTING- Used as an accent to
architectural details and add safe passage to dark stairs,
deck and step lights are installed directly into a yard's
hardscape or decking. They can also be used for washing
light down stone walls, lighting up entertainment spaces.
2. POND LIGHTS- Also similar to the spotlight, but made to be
submerged in water to highlight outdoor water features.
3. HARDSCAPE LIGHTS- These are tiny lights with brackets or
flanges that install onto or into structures that are used to
wash and graze walls with light.
4. STRING LIGHTS- Perfect for stringing through trees and over
hardscapes so you can truly enjoy them. They provide a more
subtle light for a picturesque scene.
 LANDSCAPE LIGHTING EFFECTS
UP LIGHTING SILHOUETTING SHADOWING
Used as an accent to Placing the light between the main
architectural details and add This is a fantastic effect for vantage point and the item being lit,
safe passage to dark stairs, deck highlighting dramatic shapes you with the light source aimed at the
and step lights; are installed might have hiding in plain daylight. item. This really only works when you
directly into a yard's hardscape Place the light source behind the have a wall or flat surface behind the
or decking. They can also be item, and light toward where the item being lit to catch the shadows
used for washing light down main vantage point will be, making created. It creates a softer, more
stone walls. It is used highlight sure that the light source itself moody effect.
trees. cannot be seen. Use with: Spotlights, Well Lights,
Use with: Spotlights, Well Lights Flood lights
 LANDSCAPE LIGHTING EFFECTS
MOON LIGHTING GRAZING WASHING
This is an especially effective Ideal for a hardscape-heavy yard. Sometimes a space will need more
way of using lighting when you It involves placing the light close ambient lighting. To create a well-lit
have larger trees in your space. to the flat surface and aiming space, try flooding a large wall or
The light source is placed high directly up or down the surface to hedge in an entertainment area with
up in the tree aimed down, create dramatic light and shadow light, which will “wash” the space with
washing the branches and play. The idea is to take advantage light. Use a wide-beamed light placed
ground below in light. It creates of a texture across a flat plane, so between the main vantage point and
an impressive effect when used uneven or irregular patterns work the surface to cast an even, gentle
with an open-branched tree. best. Use with: Well Lights, light over the whole area. (Use with:
Use with: Spotlights Hardscape Lights Flood Lights
 CONSIDERATIONS
Lumen output for landscape lighting can be subjective—it depends on how brightly you wish
to illuminate any particular element. Look for fixtures with adjustable lumen output, so you
can control the brightness yourself.

LED lighting is the new standard for landscapes, with lower operating costs and longevity
that can’t be beat. Plus, new LED lights have features like adjustable beam spread.

Colour Temperature- The best lighting for your landscaping should be in the same color
family as the objects you’re lighting up: Use warmer light on oak trees and brown siding,
while cooler colors like those found on pine trees or dark gray exterior stone play better with
a more neutral color temperature. Very cool whites (4000-5000K) are best suited to
ultramodern or commercial landscape projects. See our guide to color temperatures for
more.
 BRANDS
● Philips Lighting
● Jainsons Emporio
● Havells
● Foslighting
● Pepperfry
● Panasonic
● Jaguar Lighting
● The Light Karts
● Clairolights
● Oorja
 INDOOR LIGHTING
A lot of factors can affect the cost, size or type
of light used. Here we have tried to cover the
cost, size, specifications and brands of lighting
available for indoor lighting
 TYPES OF LIGHTING
AMBIENT LIGHTING
Types of fixtures that provide
General or ambient lighting is intended to light up a room
in its entirety. It provides a uniform level of illumination ambient outdoor lighting:
throughout the space independently of other lighting ● Spotlight
sources. ● Hanging fixture
Moreover, its purpose is to ensure safe and easy traffic,
● Garage and canopy lighting
as well as to create an overview of the room. The ambient
light ‘bounces’ off the walls to illuminate as much space ● Post lantern
as possible. It is one of the most common forms of ● Wall lighting
lighting, also working great when installed on the ceiling or ● Recessed fixture used in
fluorescent tubes are used. It has a soft glow, which is
overhanging structures
enough to work without a harsh casing environment.
 TYPES OF LIGHTING
TASK LIGHTING
Task lighting illuminates the tasks a person carries out in Types of Fixtures that Provide
a given space such as reading, cooking, computer work. A Task Lighting:
brighter light is required in a smaller focal point of the ● Directional gimbal recessed
room for these sorts of tasks.
fixture or downlight
For a more pleasant illumination, it is often best to avoid
harsh lights or lighting that casts troublesome shadows.
● Pendant lighting
It is also practical to install a single switch for focal ● Slim line bar and undercabinet
lighting, independent from the room’s overall lighting ● Tape and extrusion
switch. ● Portable or desk lamp
 TYPES OF LIGHTING
ACCENT LIGHTING
Accent lighting is used mainly to focus on a specific point of Types of Fixtures that Provide
interest or to achieve a desired effect. This type of lighting Accent Lighting:
gives the impression of a larger room. It is more frequently
● Track light
used to highlight an architectural feature, a plant (in outdoor
layout), a sculpture, or a collection of objects. ● Slim line bar and undercabinet
As a general rule, effective accent lighting requires the ● Tape and extrusion
installation of three times more light on the focal point than ● Directional recessed fixture or
ambient lighting generally provides. downlight
● Wall-mounted fixtures
 LIGHTING FIXTURE TYPES
1. Surface Lights- Surface-mounted fixtures are visible and are usually flush against the ceiling or wall. They are most commonly used in
entryways, hallways, and bedrooms.

2. Pendant Lights- Pendant fixtures hang down from the ceiling by a cord, cable, or chain. They are usually found in dining rooms and kitchens,
especially in home with higher ceilings.

3. Recessed Lights- Recessed lighting is hidden away, usually in a ceiling cavity, so you can’t see the light source directly. This type of indirect
lighting, usually in the form of downlight/potlights, can be used effectively in any room of the home. Just be careful not to go overboard as
you want a variety of light sources and types

4. Track Lights- Track lighting can provide a lot of flexible lighting options. There are multiple bulbs on one track, with multiple circuits
and voltages. You can choose to have them suspended from the ceiling like pendant lights or surface-mounted, like surface light. The
variety of finished, colors, and styles can be overwhelming, so speak with a lighting professional before making a final decision.

5. Portable Lights- Portable lights are just what you would expect them to be — portable. They are usually plugged into an electrical outlet
by their cord, however, battery-operated portable fixtures are becoming more and more popular. Portable lights are typically uses for desks
and bedside tables. You can sometimes achieve the look you are looking for by adding some floor lamps to the area. The key to lighting design
is to have a variety of fixtures, color temperatures, and styles.
 Surface mounted fixtures
Types include:

● Pendant Mounted: A pendant light is a fixture that is suspended from the ceiling by a cord, chain or
metal rod.
● Ceiling Mounted: Ceiling mounted lights can be categorized into flush mounted and semi-flush
mounted.
● Wall Mounted: Sometimes referred to as a sconce, this type of lighting is affixed to the wall, and can
be used to cast upward, downward or diffuse light.
● Track Mounted: With track mounted lighting, said Schroeder, “you pull a wire out from the ceiling,
connect it to the fixture and snap it into place.

WATTS AVAILABLE: 5W - 20 W

POPULAR SHAPES ARE CIRCULAR, SQUARE, RECTANGULAR.

SIZES AVAILABLE: 90 mm- 2000 mm

PRICES AVAILABLE:
● 12 W- MIN Rs 256/Piece, MAX Rs 940/Piece.
● 15 W- MIN Rs 310/Piece, MAX Rs 900/Piece.
● 5 W- MIN Rs 55/Piece, MAX Rs 600/Piece
TYPES INCLUDE: PENDANT LIGHTING
● Multi-Light Pendants: Sometimes referred to as cluster-pendants, multi-light pendants typically feature
anywhere from two to twelve lights, which are connected to a central fixture. These models are convenient
and effective in spaces that only have one overhead electrical opening.
● Inverted Pendants: Sometimes referred to as up-light pendants, inverted pendants project light upwards
towards the ceiling, which make them very suitable for general illumination or ambient lighting.
● Downlight Pendants: Sometimes referred to as bell-shaped pendants, downlight pendants direct light
downwards.
● Drum-Shade Pendants: Drum-shade pendants feature a cylindrical shade-diffuser that is typically made
out of malleable or hardback fabric.
● Linear Pendants: Similar to multi-light pendants, linear pendants are composed of several light sources
that run along a single canopy.

WATTS AVAILABLE: INCANDESCENT- 45W and 150W, LED LIGHT BULBS-6W and
20W
SIZES AVAILABLE: 5-inches to 43-inches wide.
PRICES AVAILABLE:
● Brass- Rs 3000/Piece
● Aluminium- Rs 650/Piece TO Rs 1400/Piece
● Glass- Rs 1000/Piece TO Rs 2375/Piece
● Iron- Rs 700/Piece TO Rs 3500/Piece
Recessed Lighting

The Components

A recessed light consists of three components – the housing, the trim, bulb

● The housing is what is recessed into the ceiling/wall/ground and consists of the light source,
mounting and other electrical parts.
● The trim is what’s visible to people in the room and gives the light its
aesthetic and, depending on what you choose, can be used to direct the
beam if you’re spotlighting artwork or “wall washing.”
● The bulb depends on the shape and type used

WATTS AVAILABLE: 3W - 24 W DEPENDING ON WHICH SETTING IT

IS USED IN

SIZES AVAILABLE: 3 INCH-6 INCH

PRICES AVAILABLE: CAN RANGE FROM RS 500- RS 4000

DEPENDING ON SIZE AND COMPANY. GENERAL PRICE IS FROM RS
800- RS 1400.
 TRACK LIGHTING
Application areas

● Restaurants
● Hotel Lobby
● Retail Store
● Art Galleries
● Museum

TRACK HEADS- Track heads are normally used for spot lighting, wall wash fixtures, ambient fixtures and applications
where you need directional light. This type of light is a perfect solution for task and accent lighting projects. Common
types of track heads

include:

● Flat and Round back head

● Tornado head
● Gimbal head
● Step head

WATTS AVAILABLE: 10 W TO 30 W

PRICES AVAILABLE: Rs 550/Piece TO Rs 1921/Piece

 COMPANY BRAND
● Philips Electronics India Ltd
● Osram India Pvt Ltd
● Havells India Ltd
● Bajaj
● Wipro
● Eveready
● SYSKA LED
● Moser Baer
● Surya
● Kwality Photonics Pvt Ltd
● Jaquar Lighting
 Resources
● What to Consider When Choosing a Light Bulb - Grainger KnowHow
● Landscape Lighting Guide | Landscape Lighting Tips at Lumens.com
● Common Types of Outdoor Lighting Fixtures (ny-engineers.com)
● Types Of Outdoor Landscape Lighting: 7 Must-Have Fixtures (premierpond.com)
● Types of Outdoor Lighting & Installation - Grainger KnowHow
● Recessed Light at Best Price in India (indiamart.com)
● An Architect's Guide To: Surface Mounted Lighting - Architizer Journal
● Kichler K321 Landscape at a Glance Catalog | May 2021 (angstromcreative.com)