Diagnostic Report: Preliminary
Diagnostic Report: Preliminary
Diagnostic Report: Preliminary
FEVER PANEL
BLOOD COUNTS
HEMOGLOBIN 14.5 13.0 - 17.0 g/dL
RED BLOOD CELL COUNT 5.08 4.5 - 5.5 mil/µL
WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT 4.9 4.0 - 10.0 thou/µL
PLATELET COUNT 158 150 - 410 thou/µL
RBC AND PLATELET INDICES
HEMATOCRIT 45.3 40 - 50 %
MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME 89.2 83.0 - 101.0 fL
MEAN CORPUSCULAR HEMOGLOBIN 28.5 27.0 - 32.0 pg
MEAN CORPUSCULAR HEMOGLOBIN 28.5 Low 31.5 - 34.5 g/dL
CONCENTRATION
RED CELL DISTRIBUTION WIDTH 14.9 High 11.6 - 14.0 %
MEAN PLATELET VOLUME 13.8 High 6.8 - 10.9 fL
WBC DIFFERENTIAL COUNT
NEUTROPHILS 52 40 - 80 %
ABSOLUTE NEUTROPHIL COUNT 2.51 2.0 - 7.0 thou/µL
EOSINOPHILS 3 1-6 %
ABSOLUTE EOSINOPHIL COUNT 0.15 0.02 - 0.50 thou/µL
LYMPHOCYTES 42 High 20 - 40 %
ABSOLUTE LYMPHOCYTE COUNT 2.03 1.0 - 3.0 thou/µL
MONOCYTES 3 2 - 10 %
ABSOLUTE MONOCYTE COUNT 0.14 Low 0.2 - 1.0 thou/µL
BASOPHILS 0 <1-2 %
ABSOLUTE BASOPHIL COUNT 0.01 Low 0.02 - 0.10 thou/µL
DIFFERENTIAL COUNT PERFORMED ON: EDTA SMEAR
ERYTHRO SEDIMENTATION RATE, BLOOD RESULT PENDING
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Interpretation(s)
MALARIAL PARASITE (M.P), EDTA WHOLE BLOOD/SMEAR-Malaria is an acute and sometimes a chronic infestation of red blood cells by parasites of the genus Plasmodium.
Demonstration of these parasites in the blood smear establishes the diagnosis of malaria. Of the four species of plasmodia causing human malaria P. vivax and P. falciparum
are commonly encountered in India. Infection with the other species (P. malariae and P. ovale) is rare in India.
Peripheral blood smear examination for detection of malaria parasite is highly specific but is less sensitive (~85%). Malaria parasite may not be detected on peripheral blood
smear if infestation rate is very low.
URINALYSIS-Routine urine analysis assists in screening and diagnosis of various metabolic, urological, kidney and liver disorders
Protein: Elevated proteins can be an early sign of kidney disease. Urinary protein excretion can also be temporarily elevated by strenuous exercise, orthostatic proteinuria,
dehydration, urinary tract infections and acute illness with fever
Glucose: Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can lead to presence of glucose in urine. Other causes include pregnancy, hormonal disturbances, liver disease and certain
medications.
Ketones: Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus can lead to presence of ketones in urine. Ketones can also be seen in starvation, frequent vomiting, pregnancy and strenuous
exercise.
Blood: Occult blood can occur in urine as intact erythrocytes or haemoglobin, which can occur in various urological, nephrological and bleeding disorders.
Leukocytes: An increase in leukocytes is an indication of inflammation in urinary tract or kidneys. Most common cause is bacterial urinary tract infection.
Nitrite: Many bacteria give positive results when their number is high. Nitrite concentration during infection increases with length of time the urine specimen is retained in
bladder prior to collection.
pH: The kidneys play an important role in maintaining acid base balance of the body. Conditions of the body producing acidosis/ alkalosis or ingestion of certain type of food
can affect the pH of urine.
Specific gravity: Specific gravity gives an indication of how concentrated the urine is. Increased specific gravity is seen in conditions like dehydration, glycosuria and
proteinuria while decreased specific gravity is seen in excessive fluid intake, renal failure and diabetes insipidus.
Bilirubin: In certain liver diseases such as biliary obstruction or hepatitis, bilirubin gets excreted in urine.
Urobilinogen: Positive results are seen in liver diseases like hepatitis and cirrhosis and in cases of hemolytic anemia
WIDAL TEST, SERUM-WIDAL TEST, SERUM
The Widal agglutination test is used for diagnosing Enteric Fever. The term enteric fever includes typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, B and C.
Though enteric fever is endemic in all parts of India, S.paratyphi C infections are uncommon and are not included in Widal testing.
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Test Utility:
The Widal test measures the antibodies against the ''''''''''''''''H'''''''''''''''' (flagellar) & ''''''''''''''''O'''''''''''''''' (somatic) antigens of typhoid and paratyphoid(A & B) bacilli ,in the
patients sera. The test is performed in serially increasing dilutions.
- Diagnostic titre of Widal test varies highly between different geographical locations. It depends upon the baseline titre prevalent amongst the healthy individuals in that
geographical area, which in turn is influenced by endemicity of typhoid in that region.
- The titre of the Widal test will depend on the stage of the disease. Antibodies usually appear by the beginning of second week of infection. Hence blood taken earlier may
give a negative result. The titre increases steadily till the 3rd or 4th week after which it declines gradually.
- Cases treated early with antibiotics may show a poor antibody response.
- A single Widal test is of little clinical relevance due to the number of cross reacting infections,including malaria,tuberculosis, pneumonia, amoebiasis, rickettsial disease,
Rheumatoid arthritis, hepatitis B. A fourfold increase in the titer in paired sera in the course of the infection would be consistent with a typhoid infection.
- Persons who have suffered from enteric fever in the past may show agglutinins in moderate titre ,even when suffering from other unrelated illness. Such anamnestic
appearance may be differentitated by repeat testing after 7-10 days. Anamnestic response will show only a transient rise, while in enteric fever the rise will be sustained.
- TAB vaccinated patients may show a moderate rise in the titres against all three ‘H’, ‘AH’ & ‘BH’ antigens.
BIO CHEMISTRY
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, SERUM
Interpretation(s)
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, SERUM-Immunotubidometry
**End Of Report**
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