9 Energy Transformations: Secondary Physics Study Guide Aung Khant Kyaw Be (Ece), Delt (Eyu), Ma (English) 095127315

Secondary Physics Study Guide
Aung Khant Kyaw BE(EcE), DELT(EYU), MA(English) 095127315 1
9 Energy transformations
Energy = the strength, power, ability to do work.
 You need energy from food to do activities.
 There are several forms of energy.
 Electrical energy is very useful and is generated in power stations.
 The unit of energy is joule.
 The rate of energy transfer is watt.
🔑 Do you know?
James Prescott Joule(1818-1889) was an English physicist who established that the various forms of energy—mechanical,
electrical, and heat energy. He formed the law of conservation of energy.
Energy to lift a book = 3 joules
Energy released from burning a bottle of gasoline = 35 000 000 joules ( 35 MJ )
Energy used in 9/11 attack = 3 000 000 000 000 joules ( 3 TJ )
Energy for your body

Your body needs energy to keep warm and to breathe, move, talk, etc.
Children need energy to grow bigger bones, muscles and brains.
Sportsmen and physical workers need lots of energy.
Activity Energy(kJ) for each minute of activity

sitting 6
standing 7
washing, dressing 15
walking slowly 13
cycling 25
playing football 59
swimming 73
For how many minutes would you need to cycle to use up the energy in 100 g of chocolate?
Food Energy(kJ) per 100g of food
banana 340
beans 400
rice 500
cooked chicken 800
chocolate 1500
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Energy balance
If you take in more energy than you need, your body stores it as fat for future use.
If you eat less than the need, your body will use energy from fats and you will lose weight.
Energy in fuels
Food is not the only energy store— fuels such as coal, oil or wood also provide the energy.
Power stations produce electrical energy and you can use devices to convert electrical energy to other forms of energy.
Energy from the sun

- All the energy stored in food, like meat, vegetables or fruits, comes from the sun,
- Plants use sunlight to produce energy and stored food.
- Animals eat plants or other animals to get energy.
Energy in fuels
- The sun is the source of energy.
- Plants use the sun’s energy to grow.
- We eat plants and burn wood to get energy.
Biofuel = a fuel we get from living things.

- Wood is a kind of biofuel from trees.
- Another kind of biofuel is alcohol which is made from sugarcane.
Fossil fuels
- We use fossil fuels for heating, cooking and transport.
- Coal is a fossil fuel that formed from buried trees under mud millions of years ago.
- Oil and gas are fossil fuels that formed from sea creatures. They died and were buried under mud at the bottom of the sea. Over
millions of years the pressure produced oil and gas from their dead remains.
- Th oil we find is called crude oil which is a mixture of many different fuels.
- In a refinery crude oil is separated into individual fuels such as the petrol, diesel and lubricating oil.
1. Name three fuels.

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2. How many joules are there in 200 kJ.

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3. Name two things your body needs energy for when you are asleep.
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4. Why is it important for young children to take in more energy than they use for their activities each day?
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9.1 Types of energy store

 Magnetic
 internal (thermal)
Combustion engine
 chemical
 kinetic
Go surfing
 electrostatic
Van de Graaff generator

 elastic potential
Archery
 gravitational potential
Three Gorges Dam

 nuclear
1. What unit is energy measured in?

□ the degree Celsius (° C)
□ the joule (J)
□ the watt (W)
3. When you exercise, from what energy do you get from its source?
□ Radiant energy from sunlight
□ Heat energy from the sun’s rays
□ Chemical energy from food
□ Kinetic energy from moving
4. What kind of energy does a book on a shelf have?

□ Chemical energy
□ Thermal energy
□ Kinetic energy
□ Potential energy
5. Copy and complete this sentence using these words:

animals plants Sun photosynthesis
The energy in food comes from the …………… . Plants convert the energy in a process called …………… . The energy in crude oil
and gas comes from the energy in dead …………… . The energy in coal comes from dead …………… .
6. Explain how the energy in chicken comes from the Sun.

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7. What is the difference between a biofuel and a fossil fuel?

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8. What is the difference between a solar cell and a solar panel?
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9. Here is the energy content of 1 g of some different fuels.

Fuel Energy(kJ)
coal 20
oil 45
gas 40
wood 15
(a) Which fuel stores the most energy?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Which fuel stores the least energy?
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(c) How much energy in joules is there in 1g of coal?
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(d) What mass of wood has the same energy as 1 g of oil?
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(e) Which fuel stores twice as much energy as coal?
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10. Name three devices that use batteries as their energy supply.
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Activity
Take photographs five machines in your environment. Describe the energy transformation that they carry out.
Ideas about energy

Stars and the sun produce huge amount of energy by nuclear reactions.
Using sunlight, green plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
Through respiration, animals convert chemical energy of plants they eat into thermal energy, kinetic energy and sound energy.
Renewable energy resources = sources or processes that are constantly replenished.

E.g. Biomass(wood, Biogas, Tidal Energy, Wind Energy, Geothermal Energy(hot springs), Radiant Energy(solar), Hydro
electricity
Nonrenewable energy resource =a natural substance that is not replenished with the speed at which it is consumed.
E.g. coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear energy
1. Match the beginning of each sentence with the correct end of the sentence. Connect the boxes together with lines.
The process that converts light energy from the Sun … to heat water
into chemical energy is …
Wind turbines turn … … photosynthesis in plants.
Energy in our food … …because biofuels and fossil fuels come from plants
and animals.
When it rains, water in rivers flows into artificial … comes from energy stored in plants.
lakes that …
Energy in fuels comes from the Sun … … can be used to generate electricity called
hydroelectricity.
Solar panels use energy directly from the Sun … … because energy from the Sun makes air move.
2. A student thinks that hydroelectricity means getting energy from water. Is he correct? What would you say to him?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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3. What is advantage and disadvantage of using wood as fuel?

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4. Energy can be stored and transferred. Which four of the following are forms of energy stores?
□ elastic potential energy
□ gravitational potential energy
□ light
□ kinetic energy
□ magnetic energy
□ sound
5. Nonrenewable energy is a type of energy that ……………

□ cannot be used up
□ can run out
□ can be made in a lab
□ is always available
6. A battery can be used in an electrical device such as a torch.
(a) What type of energy store is a battery?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) When the torch is switched on, energy is transferred from the battery to the bulb. What type of energy is transferred to the bulb?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Which two types of energy are transferred from the bulb when the torch is switched on?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. When you throw away a used battery, the chemicals in it may escape and harm the environment. Explain why using rechargeable
batteries is less harmful to the environment.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Link the energy store to the correct image.
(a) Gravitational (i)
(b) Kinetic (ii)
(c) Elastic (iii)
(d) Thermal (iv)
(e) Magnetic (v)
(f) Electrostatic (vi)
(g) Chemical (vii)
(h) Nuclear (viii)

9.2 Energy transfer diagrams

Energy transfer diagrams show the changes between the input energy and the output energy of a process or a device.
Nuclear energy of the Sun Light and thermal energy Chemical energy to cows Thermal and kinetic
to plants converted by respiration
1. List the input energy and output energy of the devices.
Nuclear energy in the Sun ]]]][[

Kinetic energy Chemical energy and light energy
--
2. Match the processes and the energy transformation.

(a) Microphone (i) Chemical energy to heat and light energy
(b) Weightlifting (ii) Sound energy to electrical energy
(c) Battery (iii) Mechanical energy to sound energy
(d) Burning a candle (iv) Light energy to chemical energy
(e) Playing a hollow guitar (v) Chemical energy to potential energy
(f) Photosynthesis in plants (vi) Chemical energy to electrical energy
3. Energy can be stored and transferred. Which four of the following are forms of energy transfers?
□ Chemical
□ mechanically
□ electrostatic
□ thermal
□ by heating
□ by radiation
□ electrically
4. Oil, natural gas and coal are examples of ……………

□ nuclear energy
□ fossil fuels
□ renewable energy
□ biofuels
5. Fossil fuels are the decomposed remains of …………… that were buried underground millions of years ago.
□ rocks
□ sand
□ plants and animals
□ concrete
6. Rüppell's vultures can fly more than 10,000 metres. Which word describes the potential energy of a Rüppell's vulture as it rises?
□ Decreases
□ Stays the same
□ Increases
□ Zero
7. Jamil works in a circus. He runs along the ground, jumps onto a trampoline and goes high up into the air.
(a) Name the type of energy Jamil has when he is running.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Name the type of energy stored by the trampoline when it is stretched downwards.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Name the type of energy Jamil has when he is high up in the air.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
9.3 Wasted energy

 In all energy transfers some energy is wasted.
 This wasted energy is always transferred to the surroundings, heating them up.
 The other form of wasted energy is sound.
Jackhammer
Useful and wasted energy
1. What do we call energy transfers that aren't useful to us?

□ output energy
□ wasted energy transfers
2. Where does wasted energy go?

□ into the surroundings
□ into the air
3. What happens to wasted energy when it goes into the surroundings?

□ It eventually becomes so spread out that it becomes useless.
□ It is destroyed.
4. Explain how wasted energy can be reduced in each of the following cases.
(a) Attaching polyurethane foam to roof
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(b) Painting the exterior of a house white
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(c) Wrapping grilled fish in aluminum foil
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(d) Installing glass windows
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(e) Attaching aluminium heat sink to CPU
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9.4 Principle of conservation of energy

The total amount of energy before and after a transformation is the same.
Spotting the changes

The principle of conservation of energy is always conserved. Sometimes it is difficult to trace out all the changes.
Then you can look for the following changes—
 changes in temperature(thermal energy)
 changes in the speed(kinetic energy)
Pool ball collision

 changes in the shape(elastic strain energy)
 generation of collision noise

Leaves rustling
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Wfg4h6CVqo
Thud sounds
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fWy3WQzeoa8
Two black holes colliding
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QyDcTbR-kEA
Thunder clap
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7cYPr5jcMLQ
1. For each example of an energy transfer, fill in the missing boxes with the energy type and the amount of energy it takes up.
2. Choose the correct answer.

(a) The law of conservation of energy says what about the energy in a system?
□ It never changes
□ It gradually decreases
□ It gradually builds up.
□ It’s sporadic depending on what is happening in the system.
9.5 Sankey diagrams for energy transformations

A Sankey diagram shows the types of energy changes that happen.
Calculating efficiency
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = × 100%
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
1. A student says that a machine that is not very efficient loses a lot of energy. What would you say to her?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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2. The image shows a Sankey diagram for a light bulb that is supplied with 100 J of energy, where 80 J of energy is wasted as heat
(a). What is the amount of useful energy output of the bulb?

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(b) Calculate the efficiency of the light bulb.
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3. For every 200 J of energy transferred to a hairdryer, 120 J are transferred to the air to heat it and move it. 60 J are transferred
through the case to your hands as thermal energy, and 20 J are transferred to the surroundings as sound.
(a) Draw a Sankey diagram for the hairdryer.
(b) Calculate the efficiency of the hairdryer.

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9.6 Energy efficiency
- Energy efficiency means using less energy to get the same job done.
The benefits of energy efficiency

- Environmental: lower greenhouse gas and other pollutants, decrease water use.
- Economic: Improving energy efficiency, lower utility bills, create jobs, stable electricity prices.
Changes in efficiency
The efficiency of a device may change according to situations.
For example, an electric razor may be efficient for shaving mustache but not for cutting hair.
Consumers can respectively select earphones, headphones, speakers or loudspeaker for different situations.
Match the different types of heaters to get better efficiency.
(i) Electric oven (a) Grilled bread
(ii) Blast furnace (b) Roast chicken
(iii) Desiccator (c) Boiling beaker
(iv) Bunsen burner (d) Melting ores
(v) Toaster (e) Raisin

9.7 Reducing wasted energy
Savings electricity use and cost

1. Shutdown your computer
2. Choose the right light
3. Eliminate vampire power: unplug idle electronics.
4. Use a power strip to reduce your plug load.
5. Turn off the lights
1. A man is pushing a heavy box up a slope.
Movement of the box
Effort of the man
Height change of the box
The diagram shows the changes that take place as the box is pushed up the slope.
(a) What is the energy of movement called?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) What other type of energy changes as the box is pushed higher up the slope?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) The person pushing the box uses energy to make the box move. Write a word equation that links the effort to the types of energy
in (a) and (b).
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Explain how the man can save his effort by pushing the box up a ramp.
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2. Discuss on each with the aspects of environmentally friendly or energy saving.

(a) downlights, skylight and chandelier
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(b) elevator and escalator
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(c) electric car, hybrid car and petrol car
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9.8 Food energy

Food energy is chemical energy that animals derive from their food and molecular oxygen through the process of cellular
respiration.
- Different foods have different amounts of energy.
- Food energy is measured in kilojoules and kilocalorie.
- One calorie is the amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C.
- The amount of energy in different types of food can be measured by the use of a calorimeter.
Calorimeter
Energy values of food

Food Energy value per 100 g(kJ)
Soft drink, lemonade and fruit flavours 1
Black coffee 3
Lettuce 52
Tomato 64
Fish 400
Cooked rice 540
Chicken 690
Red meat 780
Sugar 1540
Cooking oil 3360
Food labelling
People look at food labels for a variety of reasons.
Nutrition labels are displayed as a panel on the back or side of packaging.
Nutrition facts label shows ingredients, nutrients and amount of energy in food.
Nutrition facts labels help to maintain better eating habits and aid in attaining a balanced energy level.
Reading food labels

Product Dates.
Ingredient List.
Nutrition Facts Label.
Daily Value
Yuri and Priya looked at food labels to compare the energy in different foods. They displayed the data in a bar chart. This shows the
amounts of energy contained in 100 g of different foods
2500
2000
Energy(kJ)
1500
1000
500
0
Pizza Crisps Chapatti Rice
Food
(a) Explain why this is a fair comparison of different foods.

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(b) How much energy is provided by 100 g of chapatti?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Labels on food also show a ‘per serving’ or ‘per portion’ value for energy. Explain why this is important.
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Activity
Many fast food items are packed with sodium, which acts as a preservative and enhances taste. Eating too much sodium can
cause high blood pressure, stroke, heart disease and kidney disease.
Compare the brands of crisps and choose the one which is healthier.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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1. What product is the food label shown?

□ Skim milk □ Whole milk □ Soya milk □ Low-fat milk
2. What is the serving size of this product?
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3. How much food energy is available from a container of this product?
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3. What percentage of daily value is the iron in one serving?
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4. What is the mass of calcium in two servings?
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5. Based on this food label, would you consider this product to be healthy? Why or why not?
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🔑 Do you know?
Too much trans-fat in your diet increases your risk for heart disease.
One person dies every 36 seconds in the United States from cardiovascular disease and about 659,000 people in the United States
die from heart disease each year
The following foods contain high trans-fat.
Baked goods, such as cakes, cookies and pies.
Microwave popcorn.
Frozen pizza.
Refrigerated dough, such as biscuits and rolls.
Fried foods, including french fries, doughnuts and fried chicken.
Nondairy coffee creamer.
Stick margarine.
9.9 Producing electricity

Electricity is generated at power stations from different types of energy resources.
Some power stations are fuel-burning and some are renewable resources.
How electricity is produced

Fuel-burning power stations burn fuel to produce heat. This heat boils water to produce high pressure steam.
The steam spin turbines and generators which produce electricity.
Chemical energy Heat energy in Kinetic energy of Kinetic energy in Electrical energy
in the fuel the steam turbines the generator in the wires
Fossil fuels such as coal, oil and gas are burned in furnace of power stations. Another kind of fuel is uranium which is used in
nuclear power stations.
1 kg coal can generate 29 MJ or 8 kWh.
1 kg of uranium can generate 86,400,000 MJ or 24,000,000 kWh.
Nuclear power stations can generate huge amount of electricity; however, they are very costly and radioactive waste are very
dangerous.
1. Explain how you could use electricity from solar panels, together with other renewable energy sources, to get the electric al energy
you need at any time.
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2. Name four sources of chemical energy that can be used in power stations.
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3. Copy and complete each of the following sentences with the correct words for energy type or energy transfer:
electrical energy heat kinetic energy potential energy
(a) I the boiler, ……………….. is transferred to boil water and make fast-moving steam.
(b) In the turbine, the steam transfers energy to turn the blades. The turning blades have ………………..
9.10 The future of energy sources

As fuels become more expensive we need to develop alternative sources.
We also need to improve the efficiency of the devices.
Renewable energy sources

Renewable energy sources such as wind, solar or wave power will not run out and can generate electricity for a very long time.
Energy sources Advantages Disadvantages
Hydroelectric power - renewable energy sources - available in some places only
- do not emit greenhouse gases (no pollution) - constructing dams causes environmental impact
Wind power - no fuel cost - intermittent energy
- need a lot of space for wind turbines
Solar power - not available at night
Wave/Tidal energy - spoil the view of coastline.
- effect the habitats of marine life and birds
Limitations of renewable energy sources
- the efficiency of the technology
- the availability of the resource
- the expense of constructing the power stations
Future cars
Tesla electric car

The motors of electric cars are more efficient than petrol engines.
However, it takes longer to recharge the batteries than refilling of fuels.
The electric cars and the batteries are also expensive.
Fuel cell technology for cars will be a better technology in future.

They use batteries which do not run down or need recharging.
Scientists are trying to use water to produce hydrogen fuel.
Hydrogen fuel does not produce carbon dioxide and water is cheap.
1. The picture shows a device used on the roof of a house to collect energy.
(a) What type of energy is collected using this device?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Name the source of the energy that is collected using this device.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Is this a renewable or non-renewable source of energy?
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(d) What is the two advantages of this type of energy source?
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(e) What is the two disadvantages of this type of energy source?
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2. Look at the table of energy resources. For each resource, tick one box to show whether it is ‘renewable’ or ‘non-renewable’.
Energy resource Renewable Non-renewable
Coal
Gas
Wind
Nuclear fuel
Geothermal
Water waves
Oil
Sunlight
3. The following is the flowchart of of fuel cell technology.

(a) Complete the diagram.
Oxygen gas obtained ……………….…… released
from ………. into the air as by-product
…………… Electrical energy used to …………… gas …………… energy

energy in battery break down …………… produced from water produced from combustion
(b) Write word equation for the reaction of hydrogen with oxygen.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Write balanced chemical equation for the above reaction.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) About 12000 joules of energy are produced by burning of one litre of hydrogen. If one gallon of water can produce 4000 litres of
hydrogen, how much energy can be obtained from one gallon of water?
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4. The bar chart shows the amount of energy released per kilogram of fuel for different energy sources.
60
50
Energy(kJ per kg)
40
30
20
10
0
Coal Diesel Natural gas Petrol Wood
Fuel
(a) Look at the chart and read the information under the chart.
Name the fuel with the highest output per kg.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Name the fuel with the loweat output per kg.
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(c) Suggest one reason why the fuel you named in (b) is widely used..
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(d) What is the energy output of coal?
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End of chapter questions
Copy and complete the sentences below.

1. Energy is measured in ……………
Ⓐ tonne Ⓑ joule Ⓒ watt Ⓓ kilogram
[1]
2. Power is measured in ……………. Power is the energy transferred per …………….
Ⓐ tonne Ⓑ joule Ⓒ watt Ⓓ kilogram
[1]
3. Power is the energy transferred per …………….
Ⓐ person Ⓑ gram Ⓒ metre Ⓓ second
[1]
4. Every activity involves …………… of energy.
Ⓐ transfer Ⓑ store Ⓒ create Ⓓ measure
[1]
5. Energy is moved from one energy …………… to another.
Ⓐ transfer Ⓑ store Ⓒ create Ⓓ measure
[1]
6. All fuels that we …………… contain chemical energy.
Ⓐ create Ⓑ destroy Ⓒ burn Ⓓ eat
[1]
7. Every object …………… energy.
Ⓐ transfers Ⓑ produces Ⓒ loses Ⓓ stores
[1]
8. We cannot ‘see’ energy, but we can …………… the properties of an object.
Ⓐ transfer Ⓑ measure Ⓒ create Ⓓ destroy
[1]
9. We can use the properties of an object to …………… amounts of energy.

Ⓐ calculate Ⓑ maintain Ⓒ decrease Ⓓ increase
[1]
10. Objects store energy in two ways.
(a) In diagram A, the object stores potential energy because of its ……………
Ⓐ shape Ⓑ motion Ⓒ stability Ⓓ position
[1]
(b) In diagram B, the moving object possesses …………… energy.
Ⓐ potential Ⓑ renewable Ⓒ kinetic Ⓓ resonance
[1]
11. Cow dung is burned in some rural areas.
(a) Why do humans burn poo?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
(b) Write the energy change of burning cow dung.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
12. Complete the input energy and output energy of:

(a) the solar panel
(b) coffee maker
[4]
13. A student has completed an investigation about liquid fuels. This is her prediction:
“I predict that the more fuel I use the faster the water will heat up.”
This is a graph of her results:
100
90
80
time to heat water(s)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
mass of fuel(g)
(a) Do the results support her prediction? Explain your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
(b) What is the independent variable?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
(c) What is the dependent variable?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
(d) What should the student keep constant in her experiment?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
Describing energy transfers
1. Below is the energy transfer for a Bunsen burner.
……(i)…. energy stored in gas ……(ii)…. energy of air around flame
Select the correct answer for the blanks in the boxes.

(i) Ⓐ light Ⓑ thermal Ⓒ chemical Ⓓ sound
[1]
(ii) Ⓐ light Ⓑ thermal Ⓒ chemical Ⓓ sound
[1]
2. Complete the sentence. Choose the best answer from the list.
When we switch on a lamp, ………………………………………………………………………………….
Ⓐ the electrical energy from the mains is transferred to light and thermal energy.
Ⓑ the chemical energy from the mains is transferred to electrical energy.
Ⓒ the chemical energy from the gas inside the lamp is transferred to thermal energy.
Ⓓ the light energy from the lamp is transferred to electrical and thermal energy.
[1]
3. Which word describes the process of wasted energy spreading out until it becomes useless?
Ⓐ dispersion Ⓑ dominant Ⓒ dissipation Ⓓ discovery
[1]
The diagram shows the equipment used when some students used an electric motor to lift a weight.
The student drew this Sankey diagram. It shows the energy transfers that take place when the weight is lifted.
(a) Write on the diagram the type of useful output energy missing from the Sankey diagram, marked A.
(b) Choose which output energy, A, B or C, is the useful energy.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
4. I am a quantity that can be measured or calculated. I can take many f orms. I am always there when any activity takes place. I am
stored by objects. I can be transformed between forms and between objects. I can never be created or destroyed. What am I?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
5. Complete the definition of the principle of conservation of energy. Choose the best words from the list.
transferred recycled destroyed created reused
Energy cannot be ……(i)……… or ……(ii)……… ; energy is ……(iii)……… from one form to another.
(i) ………………. (ii) ………………. (iii) ……………….
[3]
6. Noah draws this energy transfer diagram for an old-fashioned filament lamp.
Light energy
25 J
Electrical energy into lamp

40 J
Heat energy
40 J
(a) His diagram shows more energy in the output than in the input. What two false statements does his diagram show? Choose th e
two false statements from the list.
Ⓐ Energy is being destroyed.
Ⓑ Energy is being created.
Ⓒ Energy is not conserved.
Ⓓ Energy is conserved.
[2]
(b) Noah realises his mistake. The heat energy and light energy output are correct, but the electrical energy input is not correct.
What value of input energy would be correct?
Ⓐ 65 J
Ⓑ 80 J
Ⓒ 105 J
Ⓓ 15 J
[1]
7. Complete the table with one advantage and one disadvantage for each energy resource.
Energy resources Advantage Disadvantage
Tidal renewable resource/ no greenhouse gases available in few places/ environmental impact
Petrol
Hydroelectric
Windmill
Solar
Nuclear
[10]
8. Explain why you should use a energy saving light bulb instead of a filament bulb.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
9 Complete the table.

Devices Initial energy Useful energy Wasted energy
Motorcar Chemical energy of fuel Kinetic energy Heat and Sound energy
Television set
Gas cooker
Handset charger
[9]
10. Some energy transfers are useful to us. What is the useful energy transfer for a motor turning a pulley to lift a load?
□ mechanical transfer: from the kinetic energy store of the motor to the gravitational potential energy store of the load
□ transfer by heating: from the kinetic energy store of the motor to the thermal energy store of the surroundings
9. What is the wasted energy transfer for a motor turning a pulley to lift a load?
□ mechanical transfer: from the kinetic energy store of the motor to the gravitational potential energy store of the load
□ transfer by heating: from the kinetic energy store of the motor to the thermal energy store of the surroundings
10. What is the wasted energy transfer for a light bulb?

□ transfer by radiation (infrared waves): from the chemical store of the battery to the thermal store of the surroundings
□ transfer by radiation (light waves): from the chemical store of the battery to the thermal store of the surroundings
Sankey Diagrams
11. Identify the different energy types as this trampolining elephant works off her lunch!
https://www.lbq.org/Search/Physics?quickRef=11630
1. Use the words and phrases from the box to complete the sentences below.
Use each word once, more than once, or not at all.
joules energy 0.001 fuels
food money newtons 1000
The …………… that we need every day comes from the …………… that we eat. Your body needs …………… to keep warm, and to
keep your body working. …………… and …………… are stores of energy. Energy is measured in …………… or kilojoules. One
kilojoule is …………… .
2. Complete the table about energy types below using the words from the list.
moving vibrating electrical light chemical springs thermal lifted up
Type of energy Definition/source
Gravitational potential energy Objects …………… have this.
Kinetic energy …………… objects have this.
Sound energy …………… objects produce this.
…………… energy The Sun produces this.
…………… energy Hot objects have a lot of this.
Elastic potential energy …………… store this.
…………… potential energy Found in food and fuels.
…………… energy How energy is transferred in circuits.
3. Copy the Venn diagram. Sort the words in the box into the correct sections of the diagram.
solar panels geothermal food hydroelectricity fossil fuels wind power solar c ells biofuels
from the sun used to generate electricity
4. Geothermal is the energy produced from radioactive materials inside the earth. Hydropower is the use of falling water to prod uce
electricity.
Geothermal Hydroelectric power
5. Which types of energy are store?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Which types are ways of transferring energy?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. What does the law of conservation of energy tell us?

□ the total energy before a transfer is more than the total energy after a transfer
□ the total energy before a transfer is equal to the total energy after a transfer
□ the total energy before a transfer is less than the total energy after a transfer
8. Which statement is always true of energy transfers?
□ The amount of energy usefully transferred is greater than the input energy.
□ The amount of energy usefully transferred is equal to the input energy.
□ The amount of energy usefully transferred is less than the input energy.
9. We use energy transfer diagrams to show energy stores and transfers. Which of the two diagrams shows the energy transfer for a
motor lifting a load?
□A
□B
10. A scientist wanted to find the melting point of naphthalene.

They put some solid naphthalene into a test tube and heated it until it melted. Then they put the test tube into a beaker of ice to cool
the naphthalene.
They measured the temperature of the naphthalene every minute for 18 minutes.
The drew this graph.
100
90
80
Temperature(°C)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Time(min)
(a) Describe the pattern in the results.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Describe what the scientist would have observed between 4 and 11 minutes.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Use the graph to find out the melting point of naphthalene.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
11. Yuri and Priya looked at food labels to compare the energy in different foods. They displayed the data in a bar chart. This shows
the amounts of energy contained in 100 g of different foods.
2500
2000
Energy(kJ)
1500
1000
500
0
Pizza Crisps Chapatti Rice
Food
(a) Explain why this is a fair comparison of different foods.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) How much energy is provided by 100 g of chapatti?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Labels on food also show a ‘per serving’ or ‘per portion’ value for energy. Explain why this is important.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
12. The table shows the energy needed per hour for different activities.
Activity Sitting Walking(flat Walking(moderate Running Cycling
ground) slope)
Energy(kJ per 350 1200 1600 3100 2100
hour)
(a) Write a conclusion using the data in the table, explaining which activity uses the least energy and which uses the most energy.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Ahmed’s daily dairy shows he spent 4 hours sitting and 2 hours walking on flat ground. How much total energy did he use?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
13. The energy transfer diagram shows the ideal useful energy transfer when a battery is used in an electrical circuit to power a
lamp.
Chemical energy stored in battery Electrical energy …………… energy
(a) Complete the energy transfer diagram.

(b) A real lamp also gets hot. Use your knowledge of energy and energy transfers to explain this.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
14. The following are the energy transfers when a substance in a boiling tube is heated in a Bunsen flame.
Thermal energy from flame Chemical energy stored in gas
Thermal energy of substance Thermal energy of boiling tube
Fill the phrases in correct order of the energy transfer diagram.
Circuit Construction Kit: DC (colorado.edu)

10 Forces and their effects

10.1 What are forces?
A force is simply defined as a push or a pull on a particular object.
Types of forces
Showing forces
We can draw arrows to show forces on diagrams.
The direction of the arrow is the direction of force.
The length of the arrow represents the size of the forces.
Force is measured in newtons.
Measuring forces
Newtonmeter is a spring with a scale attached. The force causes the spring to stretch and you can read the pointer on the scale.
Effects of forces
A force can change the shape, the size and the motion of an object.
Mass
Mass is the amount of matter inside a substance.
We can use a top pan balance to measure the mass of an object.
The mass of an object is shown in grams or kilograms.
Weight
Weight is the pull of the earth on the object.
The earth pulls with a force of 10 N for every 1 kilogram mass of an object.
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡(𝑁) = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠(𝑘𝑔) × 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ(10𝑁/𝑘𝑔)

The greater the mass of an object, the greater the weight.
Mass is always constant but the weight can change according to locality.
The mass of an astronaut is 70 kilograms.
(a) What is the weight of the man on the earth?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) What is the weight of the astronaut in space?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) What is the weight of the astronaut on the moon if the gravitational field strength of the moon is 1.7 N/kg?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
1. Circle the correct word or phrase in each bold pair in the sentences below.
The force that pulls objects towards the surface of the Earth is gravity / air resistance.
The forces that slow down objects that are moving on solid ground are gravity / friction and electrostatic force / air resistance.
The forces of air resistance / friction and water resistance / gravity will act on anything falling through the air.
A force called water resistance / upthrust acts on any object that is floating on water or submerged in water.
2. A student drew this diagram to show the forces acting on a boat that is floating on the water.
(a) Explain what is wrong with the diagram.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Redraw the diagram labelling the correct forces as far as you can.
3. A student measures the weight of a bag of bananas with a spring balance.

(a) Describe what is inside a spring balance and explain how it works.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) What is the name of the force that is acting upwards on the bag of bananas?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) The person selling the bananas in the market says that they have a ‘weight’ of 1kg. Explain what is wrong with this statement.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Here is a list of forces:

weight electrostatic force magnetic force friction air resistance
thrust upthrust tension water resistance
(a) Which forces are contact forces, and which are non-contact forces?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Describe a situation in which water resistance changes the speed of a moving object.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Describe a situation in which friction changes the direction of a moving object.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
10.2 Frictional forces

Friction is a force between two surfaces that are sliding, or trying to slide.
Friction resists the sliding or rolling of an object over another.
If you try to slide the sheets of sandpaper against each other, the rough pieces grip each other preventing to slide.
However you can easily slide sheets of printing papers which are smooth.
A ball on a snooker table travels fast in a straight line until it hits a cushion on the edge of the table. The ball bounces back off the
cushion and slows down.
Activity: Investigating friction
What is the name of force between the block and the floor that makes difficult to pull?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
How does the reading of Newton meter change when a weight is placed onto the block?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
How can you reduce the size of the force between the block and the floor so that the block can move easily?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Classify the following cases as

□ the usefulness of friction, or
□ the disadvantage of friction.
(a) holding a wine glass
(b) car skidding off the road
(c) hammering a nail
(d) noise production in factories
(e) writing with a pencil
(f) rubbing hands together to warm
(g) stop cork
Choose the two best sentences that describes what we can conclude.
□ A force causes the ball to slow down.
□ A force causes the total energy to decrease.
□ A force causes the ball to change direction.
□ Gravity causes the ball to slow down.
1. Complete the sentences using words from the list.

gravity touching force
We san pull or push an object. When we do this, we are making a ……………….. act on the object.
A force from one object can act on another object even is the objects are not ………………..
For example, the Sun pulls on the Earth across empty space because of ………………..
2. We can show forces using arrows. The length of the arrow shows the size of the force.
(a) On the diagram, draw the force 300N of the boy pushing on the door.
(b) The door is pushed against by a girl with a force 200N. Draw the force of the girl.
3. The diagrams show badly drawn forces. Explain what is wrong with each diagram.
(a) (b) (c)
(a) The drawing is wrong because the arrow is ………………..

(b) The drawing is wrong because the arrow does not ………………..
(c) The drawing is wrong because the arrow is ………………..
4. Which of the following devices can be used to measure a force?

□ Mass balance
□ Voltmeter
□ Ammeter
□ Newton meter
5. Forces can be used to stretch objects. The table shows the results of an experiment that measured the stretching of a spring
when weights were added to it.
Complete the table:

(a) by adding correct unit in the table headings.
(b) by adding the extension of the spring.
Weight used ( ) Length of spring ( ) Extension ( )
0 24.0
2.0 24.5
4.0 25.0
6.0 25.6
8.0 26.1
10.3 Dealing with friction

Friction produces unnecessary heat.
The disadvantages of friction are:
 friction slow down motion
 overheating and damage of the machines
 friction reduces the efficiency of the machines
 friction wears out rotating parts of machines, staircase of buildings, car tyres and soles of our shoes.
Methods of reducing friction

We can reduce friction by the following methods:
 Make the sliding surfaces smoother
 Application of lubricants
 The streamlined design of the sliding body

 Reduce contact between surfaces
 Convert to rolling friction by ball bearings

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Secondary Physics Study Guide

Aung Khant Kyaw BE(EcE), DELT(EYU), MA(English) 095127315 1

Energy to lift a book = 3 joules

Energy released from burning a bottle of gasoline = 35 000 000 joules ( 35 MJ )

Energy used in 9/11 attack = 3 000 000 000 000 joules ( 3 TJ )

Energy for your body

Activity Energy(kJ) for each minute of activity

Energy from the sun

Biofuel = a fuel we get from living things.

1. Name three fuels.

2. How many joules are there in 200 kJ.

9.1 Types of energy store

Van de Graaff generator

Three Gorges Dam

1. What unit is energy measured in?

4. What kind of energy does a book on a shelf have?

5. Copy and complete this sentence using these words:

6. Explain how the energy in chicken comes from the Sun.

7. What is the difference between a biofuel and a fossil fuel?

8. What is the difference between a solar cell and a solar panel?

9. Here is the energy content of 1 g of some different fuels.

Ideas about energy

Renewable energy resources = sources or processes that are constantly replenished.

Wind turbines turn … … photosynthesis in plants.

3. What is advantage and disadvantage of using wood as fuel?

5. Nonrenewable energy is a type of energy that ……………

6. A battery can be used in an electrical device such as a torch.

(a) What type of energy store is a battery?

8. Link the energy store to the correct image.

(a) Gravitational (i)

(b) Kinetic (ii)

(c) Elastic (iii)

(d) Thermal (iv)

(e) Magnetic (v)

(f) Electrostatic (vi)

(g) Chemical (vii)

(h) Nuclear (viii)

9.2 Energy transfer diagrams

1. List the input energy and output energy of the devices.

Nuclear energy in the Sun ]]]][[

2. Match the processes and the energy transformation.

4. Oil, natural gas and coal are examples of ……………

(a) Name the type of energy Jamil has when he is running.

9.3 Wasted energy

Useful and wasted energy

1. What do we call energy transfers that aren't useful to us?

2. Where does wasted energy go?

3. What happens to wasted energy when it goes into the surroundings?

(b) Painting the exterior of a house white

(c) Wrapping grilled fish in aluminum foil

(d) Installing glass windows

(e) Attaching aluminium heat sink to CPU

9.4 Principle of conservation of energy

Spotting the changes

 changes in the speed(kinetic energy)

Pool ball collision

 generation of collision noise

2. Choose the correct answer.

9.5 Sankey diagrams for energy transformations