A project report on

DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF SOLAR

POWERED TRICYCLE FOR PHYSICALLY
CHALLENGED PERSON
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the diploma in
Mechanical Engineering

Vaibhav Patil 1901350191

Akash Patil 1901350189
Pratham Pachkore 1901350186
Vaishnavi Pusadkar 1901350193

under the guidance of

Prof.P.H.Bhagat Sir

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Government polytechnic Yavatmal

2021-2022
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled “ DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF
SOLAR ROOF TOP ASSISTED ELECTRIC BICYCLE” submitted by
MANOJ KUMAR GIRI 1502642
DEBASHISH BISWAL 1502643
ANKIT DAS 1502645
SURAJ PRADHAN 1502647

in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Discipline of Engineering is a bonafide record of the work carried out
under my(our) guidance and supervision at School of Mechanical Engineering, KIIT,
Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar.

Dr. Shivraman
Assistant professor
School of Mechanical Engineering,
KIIT, Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar.

................................................................................................................................................
The Project was evaluated by us on 3rd April, 2018

PROF. R. K. NAYAK PROF. M. JENA

PROF. S. P. KAR PROF. S. B . MISHRA

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to Dr. Shivraman, Asst.

Professor, SME, KIIT (Deemed to be University) for his invaluable guidance,

motivation, constant inspiration and above all for his ever co-operating attitude in
completing this thesis work. We are also grateful to Prof. Swarup Kumar Nayak,
Asst. Professor, SME, KIIT (Deemed to be University) for his innovative ideas and
timely suggestions have steered us to clear in the process of completion of this
project. We are grateful to his highly enthusiastic and motivational inspiration which
encouraged us in making this project a success.

I also express my sincere gratitude to Dr. A.K. Rout, FIC (Project) of SME, KIIT
(Deemed to be University) for providing all kinds of possible help and advice during
the course of this work. I am indebted to thanks Dr. A.K. Sahoo, Dean, SME, KIIT
(Deemed to be University) & Dr. P.C. Mishra, Associate Dean, SME, KIIT
(Deemed to be University) along with all members of School of Mechanical
Engineering for their constant support and encouragement given to me in completion
of my project work.

Name- MANOJ KUMAR GIRI

Roll no- 1502642

Name- DEBASHISH BISWAL

Roll no- 1502643

Name- ANKIT DAS

Roll no- 1502645

Name- SURAJ PRADHAN

Roll no- 1502647
 ABSTRACT

As we all know the fuel prices especially the petrol is raising steadily day by day.
Again the pollution due to vehicles in metro cities & urban areas is increasing
continuously. To overcome these problems, an effort is being made to search some
other alternative sources of energy for the vehicles. Again, it is also not affordable to
purchase vehicles (mopeds, scooters or motorcycles) for all the class of society.
Keeping this in mind, a search for some way to cater these economically poor people
as well as to provide a solution for the environmental pollution was in progress. The
solar assisted bicycle developed is driven by DC motor fitted in front or rear axle
housing & operated by solar energy. The solar panels mounted on the carriage will
charge the battery & which in turn drive the hub motor. When the bicycle is idle, the
solar panel will charge the battery. This arrangement will replace the petrol engine,
the gear box & the fuel tank in case of a two wheeler or a chain sprocket, chain &
gear shifting arrangement of a conventional bicycle being used by most common man.
As a part of dissertation work, the solar assisted bicycle is fitted with a dc hub motor
on back axle of a bicycle with power rating of 250W and with a travelling speed of
around 25-30 kmph. It is provided with a pair of lead acid batteries of 12V each, a
photovoltaic solar panel with capacity of 20 watt, a voltage regulator of 24V 250 watt,
accelerator and motor controller of 48v 25Amp. There is also a provision for charging
of the battery with 220- 240V, AC wall outlet supply, in case of poor solar supply due
to cloudy weather. There is also a synchronous motor of frequency 50Hz and current
150MA with torque of 3 kg-cm in case the battery drains out while riding

Keywords: Solar Assisted Bicycle (SAB), Hub Motor, Solar Panel, Motor Controller,
Voltage Regulator.

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Index Page No

Abstract i
Table of Contents ii
List of Figures iv
List of Tables v
List of symbols vi
Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION 01
1.1 : Introduction 02
1.2 : Power Generation system for solar bicycle 03
Chapter 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 04
Chapter 3: COMPONENT AND SPECIFICATION 07
3.1 : Notation 08
3.2 : Bicycle data available 08
3.3 : Design 08
3.4 : Hub motor 11
3.5 : Solar panel 12
3.6 : Voltage regulator 13
3.7 : Lead Acid Battery 14
3.8 : Motor Controller 16
3.9 : Accelerator Throttle 18
3.10 : Assembly of Solar Panel & Power Transmission System 19
Chapter 4: IMPACT ASSESSMENT 20
4.1 : Social Factors 21
4.2 : Environmental and Sustainability Factor 22
4.3 : Budget Allocation 23
Chapter 5: Result and Discussion 24
5.1 : Charging the Battery 25
5.2 : Discharging the battery with a solar panel 26
5.3 : Charging and Discharging Simultaneously 27

Chapter 6: Conclusion & Future scope 28

6.1 : Conclusion 29

6.2 : Scope for further Improvement 29

LIST OF PUBLICATION 30

REFERENCE 31
 List of Figures:
No. Name Page No.
1. Power Generation system for solar bicycle 03
2. hub motor rotor 11
3. hub motor stator 11
4. Solar panel 12
5. Circuit diagram of Voltage regulator 14
6. Voltage regulator 14
7. Parts of lead acid battery cell 15
8. Lead acid battery 15
9. Charge per cell of lead acid battery 16
10. Circuit diagram of motor controller 17
11. Hub motor controller 17
12. Throttle 18
13. Fabricated Solar roof top Electric Bicycle 19
14. Level of charge vs day time curve 25
15. Level of charge utilization vs time curve 26
16. Level of charge utilization vs distance curve 27
 List of Tables:
No. Name Page No.
1. Specification of Hub motor 12
2. Specification of solar panel 13
3. Specification of solar charger 14
4. Specification of lead acid battery 16
5. Specification of motor controller 17
6. Specifications of accelerator 18
7. Budget allocation 24
 List of Symbols:
Symbol Name
d= diameter of the cycle rim in metres.

r= radius of cycle rim in metres.

ω= Angular velocity of cycle shaft.

N= Speed of cycle wheel in RPM

v= Linear velocity of the cycle in kmph

N1= Normal reaction of the road on each tyre

in Newtons.

µ= Coefficient of friction = 0.3

F= Frictional force between tyre and road in Newtons.

T= Torque developed on the shaft due to frictional force

in Newton-metres.

P= Power required to ride the cycle in Watts.

t= time required to charge the battery by A- C Supply

in hours

BLDC= Brushless DC Motors

SPV= Solar Photo volatic

 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION:

As we all know the fuel prices especially the petrol is rising steadily day by day. The
pollution due to vehicles in metro cities & urban areas is increasing continuously. To
overcome these problems, an effort is being made to search some other alternative
sources of energy for the vehicles. Again, it is also not affordable to purchase vehicles
(mopeds, scooters or motorcycles) for all the class of society. Keeping this in mind, a
search for some way to cater these economically poor people as well as to provide a
solution for the environmental pollution was in progress. The solar assisted bicycle
developed is driven by DC motor fitted in front or rear axle housing & operated by
solar energy. The solar panels mounted on the carriage will charge the battery &
which in turn drive the hub motor. When the bicycle is idle, the solar panel will
charge the battery. This arrangement will replace the petrol engine, the gear box & the
fuel tank in case of a two-wheeler or a chain sprocket, chain & gear shifting
[9]
arrangement of a conventional bicycle being used by most common man. As a part
of dissertation work, the solar assisted bicycle is fitted with a dc hub motor on front
axle of a bicycle with power rating of 250W and with a travelling speed of around 25-
30 km/h. It is provided with a pair of lead acid batteries of 35 Ah each, a photovoltaic
solar panel with capacity of 20 watt, a voltage regulator of 24v 10 Amp, accelerator
and motor controller of 24v 25Amp. There is also a provision for charging of the
battery with 220-240V, AC wall outlet supply, in case of poor solar supply due to
cloudy weather.

2
1.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF POWER GENERATION SYSTEM FOR THE
BICYCLE

Fig. 1 Power Generation system for solar bicycle

 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors name: Singh, R., Gaur, M. K., Malvi, C. S.
Title of investigation: Study of Solar Energy Operated Hybrid Mild Cars: A Review.
Result and Findings:
A hybrid solar car was introduced which consists of internal combustion engine (ICE)
and solar panel, electric motor powered by storing battery system energized by a solar
panel.
Cost- 1000$

Authors name: Bachche, A. B., Hanamapure, N. S.

Title of investigation: Design and Development of solar assisted Bicycle.
Result and Findings:
A study about the design and feasibility of solar powered bicycle had given where the
250W motor and 2 solar panels of 20W were used and maximum speed 25 km/h was
found.
Cost- 800$

Authors name: Alisaa, K., Ankita R., Shivangi, S.

Title of investigation: Solar Powered Vehicle.
Result and Findings:
A vehicle consists of 850 W motor, 4 batteries and 4 solar panels of 100W and the
average speed was 15-20 km/h was made.
Cost-1500$
Authors name: Jeyaraman, P., Praveen, V., Rajamurugu, N.
Title of investigation: Fabrication of Solar Electric Tricycle for Handicapped Person.
Result and Findings:
A solar tricycle, especially for a handicapped person, was constructed by a 250-watt
motor, the three-wheeler can reach speeds of up to 33 km/h and load carrying capacity
are 90 kg
Cost- 950$
Authors name: Singh, R., Gaur, M. K., Malvi, C. S.
Title of investigation: Study of Solar Energy Operated Hybrid Mild Cars; A Review.
Result and Findings:
A simulated model for charging plug-in electric vehicles from a common solar panel
had introduced.
Cost- 700$
Authors name: Sankar, R., Pushpaveni, T., Prakash, R.
Title of investigation: Design and Development of Solar Assisted Bicycle.
Result and Findings:
A solar power assisted tricycle had evaluated which consists of 300 W motor, 2
batteries of 12V, 20 W solar panel and the maximum speed of a plain flat road with
zero slopes without pedaling was 9 km/h.
Cost-900$
Authors name: Arsie, I., Rizzo, G., Sorrentino, M.
Title of investigation: A Model for the Optimal Design of a Hybrid Solar Vehicle.
Result and Findings:
A solar power tricycle had invented on the basis of the 75W solar panel and 250W
DC motor which load capacity is 90 kg and highest speed is 15 km/h.
Cost-650$
Rationale of study
The reason to choose this project is to improve the overall performance of electric
bicycle so that to increase its acceptance by the society over other vehicles.

Motivation for choosing the problem

Decrease in the natural resource of energy, increase in pollution rate causing ozone
layer depletion by the emission of toxic gases by burning of fuels & global warming.
To save the natural resources like petrol ,from being extinct and to control the
pollution in environment we have to switch over to different mode of power resources
as electricity.

Problem Statement
To improve the performance of electric bicycle by providing dual chargeable system
 CHAPTER 3
COMPONENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS
3.1 Notations:
d = diameter of the cycle rim in metres.
r = radius of cycle rim in metres.
ω = Angular velocity of cycle shaft.
N = Speed of cycle wheel in RPM
v = Linear velocity of the cycle in kmph
N1=Normal reaction of the road on each tyre in Newtons.
µ=Coefficient of friction = 0.3
F=Frictional force between tyre and road in Newtons.
T=Torque developed on the shaft due to frictional force in Newton-metres.
P=Power required to ride the cycle in Watts.
t=time required to charge the battery by A- C Supply in hours

3.2 Bicycle data available:

Cycle Rim Diameter d = 50 cm = 0.5 m
Required Cycle Speed v = 10 kmph
Cycle Weight + Rider Weight w=100 kg

3.3 Design:
The design involves the calculation of power required to run a bicycle at a known
speed (say 10 km/h) and to develop a solar powered system to produce the required
power. Since additional attachments are to be mounted on the cycle, a light weight
cycle with geared system and suspension was selected. A Hero DTB 6-Speed Geared
Cycle was purchased. [5]

3.3.1 Motor calculations

Since the total cycle weight is equal to 100 kg, the Normal reaction acting on
each tyre is equal to (50 x 9.81) Newton each.

3.3.2 Friction force acting on the tyre

F = μ N1
F = 0.3 x 490.5
F = 147.15 N
3.3.3 Torque required
T=Fxr
T= 147.15 x 0.25
T= 36.78 Nm

3.3.4 Speed calculations:

ω=v÷r
ω = (10 x 1000) ÷ (0.25 x 3600)
ω = 11. 11 rad/sec
ω = (2 π N) ÷ 60
N = (60 x ω) ÷ (2π)
N = (60 x 11.11) ÷ (2π)
N = 106 rpm

3.3.5 Power calculations:

P = (2 π N T) ÷ 60
P = (2 π x 106 x 36.78) ÷ 60
P = 408.2 W
The solar power is used as a supplementary energy to ride the bicycle. A motor with
power of 410 W is selected. The system can independently develop a speed of 7
kmph. [1]

3.3.6 Battery specification:

Power = Voltage x Current
P=
V.I
410 = 36 x I
I = 11.38 Ah (Amp hour)
Hence according to the above calculations, to drive a motor of 410 W, 36 V capacity;
we select 3 batteries of 12Ah. We connect these batteries in series to achieve a voltage
of 36V as required by the motor.

3.3.7 Electrical charging:

Time required to fully charging the battery is calculated. Power Supplied to
Battery during AC Charging:
AC Adapter Specification: 12V, 12 A
P = V.I
P = 12 x 12
P = 144 W (for 1 battrey)
Therefore the time required to charge the battery completely is:
t = 432 ÷ 144
t = 3 hours
Hence, it is found that, the time required to charge the batteries completely is 3 hours.
3.3.8 Solar Panel:
Two solar panel of 20 W capacities were selected due to space constraint. To
charge the battery completely, it needs 432 / (20x2) = 10.8 hours are required. The
solar panel is a photovoltaic converter which works only in bright sunlight. If cloud
blocks the sun rays or during night the solar panel does not work. To make the solar
energy available throughout the day, a solar charger is incorporated.
3.3.9 Selection of Battery:
Two Li- ion Battery with 12 V and 12 amp-hour rating are used .The selection
of battery depends on its voltage, ampere and wattage rating etc. The total power of
fully charged battery in 3 hours is 432 Watt-hours.
3.3.10 Selection of Motor:
A Brushless D C Motor (BLDC) motor for 250 Watts power with electronic
commutation system is selected (Figure 2). Brushless DC Motors (BLDC) have many
preferred compared to mechanically commuted DC motors because BLDC motors
have permanent magnet , electronically commuted, No winding on rotors, frictionless
operation, less noise and more uniform torque.
 3.3.11 Electrical accelerator :
An electrical signal accelerator works on the principle of Hall Affect
generator, which produces speed controlling signals based on the rotation of the
actuator.
3.4 Hub Motor
The hub motor is a conventional DC motor. The rotor (Fig.2) is outside the stator with
the permanent magnets mounted on inside. The stator (Fig.3) is mounted and fixed
onto the axle and the hub will be made to rotate by alternating currents supplied
through batteries. Hub motor generates high torque at low speed, which is highly
efficient and which doesn’t need sprockets, brackets and drive chains. This means
they are very reliable and have a long life. The main characteristic of Brushless DC
Machines is that they may be controlled to give wide constant power speed ranges.

Fig.2 hub motor rotor

Fig. 3 Hub motor stator

 Table 1: Specifications of Hub Motor

Type of motor Hub motor

Design of Motor BLDC (Brushless DC)
Power Rating 250W
Torque 12 N-m
Speed (rpm) 300
Rated Voltage (V) 24
Efficiency (%) ≥80
Noise(dB) <65
Weight(kg) 4

3.5 Solar Panels

The bicycle is operated by solar energy. The lead acid battery is charged with solar
energy with the help of a solar cell. Solar cells convert the energy of sunlight directly
into electricity through the use of the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic effect
involves the creation of a voltage into an electro-magnetic radiation.
Solar cells are electrically connected and fabricated as a module with a sheet of glass
on top to allow light to pass and protect the semiconductor from the weather. To
obtain a desired peak DC voltage we will add solar cells in series, and to obtain a
desired peak current, the solar cells are put in parallel position (Fig.4).

Fig.4 Solar panel

Table 2: Specifications of solar panels

Maximum Power (Watt) 20

Charging Current (Amp) 1.13
Open Circuit Voltage (V) 21.5
Max Power Voltage (V) 17.7
Short Circuit Current 1.30
Power Measured at 1000W per m2 at
Standard Test Condition 250C
Lifespan 25 years
Maximum System Voltage (V) 600

3.6 Voltage Regulator

It is essential to regulate the voltage output from the solar panel before it is supplied
to the battery. A voltage regulator is a power converter with an output DC voltage
greater than the input DC voltage. This is used to regulate an input voltage to a higher
regulated voltage.

The output of the solar panel is not always be stable due to fluctuations in intensity of
sunlight, angular changes with respect to the direction of sunlight, as well as other
environmental factors. The output of the solar panel is the input of the boost
converter, which then outputs into the battery for charging. Because the output of the
solar panel will be varying constantly, we need a voltage regulator/boost converter
that will take an input from a wide range of voltages and output a specific, constant
voltage value.
A voltage regulator/boost converter is a power converter that will take in a DC
voltage and output a higher value DC voltage. Our voltage regulator/boost converter
requires output of the solar panel, which can range from 0V to 27.2V, and output for
charging of the battery.
We were initially attracted to the SPV Instruments (Fig.5, Fig.6) Module because it
has the characteristics of taking in an input range of 9.6V to 13.2V and outputting
24V at a maximum of 2-3 amps .This SPV has an area of 2.5 square inches so it is
also small in size, which makes it very feasible to be placed anywhere on the bicycle.
We go through the battery voltage & we need to supply 24V in order to charge it.

Fig. 5 Circuit diagram of Voltage regulator

Fig. 6 Voltage regulator

Table 3: Specification of solar charger

Output Voltage 24 V
Open Circuit Voltage 26.8 V
Amp- Hour Rating 10 A

3.7 Lead Acid Battery

Lead acid batteries (Fig.7) are one of the most popular types of battery in
electronics. Although slightly lower in energy density than lithium metal, lead acid is
safe, provided certain precautions are met when charging and discharging. This have
a many advantages over other conventional types of batteries, the lead acid battery is
the optimum choice for a solar assisted bicycle.
Current supplied from battery indicates the flow of energy from the battery and is
measured in amperes (or Amps). The higher the current flow faster the battery will
discharge. A battery is rated in ampere-hours (abbreviated Ah) and this is called the
battery capacity. (Fig.8)
This project revolves around supplying and utilizing energy within a high voltage
battery (Fig.9). It demands for a battery with longer running hours, lighter weight with
respect to its high output voltage and higher energy density. Among all the existing
rechargeable battery systems, the lead acid cell technology is the most efficient and
practical choice for the desired application. The battery chosen for this project was a
high capacity lead acid battery pack designed specifically for vehicles. Plastic casing
is provided to house the internal components of the battery.

Fig. 7 Parts of lead acid battery cell

Fig. 8 Lead acid battery

 Fig 9 Charge per cell of lead acid battery

Table 4: Specifications of lead acid battery

Type of battery Sealed lead Acid

Size 120X140X356mm
Number of batteries 3
Voltage 12V
Amp Hour rating 35Ah
Standby battery voltage 25.4V
Open Circuit Voltage (V) 28.7V
Charging time 8-9hrs
Safety Good
Charge Cycle 400
Operating Temperature -10 to 60°C

3.8 Motor Controller

The motor controller (Fig.11) is an important component of the system. It is essential to
control the amount of power supplied and to drive the BLDC hub motor. The controller
converts the DC voltage from battery to an alternating voltage with variable amplitude and
frequency that drive the hub motor at different speeds (Fig.12). It basically consists of
MOSFET transistors and small microprocessor that vary from detecting any malfunctions
with the motor hall sensors, the throttle, to protect functions against excessive current and
under-voltage, which are ideal for protecting the system.

Fig. 10 Circuit diagram of motor controller

Fig 11 Hub motor controller.

Table 5: Specification of motor controller

System voltage (V) 24

Max. load output current 25
End of charge voltage (V) 27.4
Boost charge voltage (V) 28.8
Ambient temperature (ºC) 0-50
3.9 Accelerator Throttle
The maximum speed of a bicycle is 20-25 km/h. It is required to vary the speed
depending upon the road conditions & traffic. Therefore an accelerator or a throttle
(Fig.12) is necessary.
Throttle allows us to drive the motor from zero speed to full speed. The throttle is
fitted on right side of the handle bar and is connected to controller. The throttle
converts DC voltage from battery to an alternating voltage with variable amplitude
and frequency that drives the hub motor at different speeds. It consists of MOSFET
transistors and a small microprocessor.
This throttle is technically referred to as a Hall Effect type. The throttle has three
wires contains a black, red, and green. The supply voltage is via red and black wires
and is usually around 4 volts. Green wire voltage increases as the throttle is turned.

Fig.12 Throttle

Table 6: Specifications of accelerator

Supply Voltage (V) 24

Return Voltage (V) 4
Max. load output current (A) 25
Handle Bar Diameter(mm) 22
3.10 Assembly of Solar Panel & Power Transmission System:

Fig. 13 Fabricated Solar roof top Electric Bicycle

The fabrication process involves fixing the different components to the frame of the
bicycle. The motor is fixed to the front wheel shaft with proper alignment so that the
weights are perfectly balanced. A battery casing in which 3 Li batteries of 12 V,
12Ah are fixed to frame and wiring are drawn from battery to motor so as to transmit
power from battery to motor. Also wiring for speed control is also incorporated. Two
solar panels are mounted on the roof top with newly fabricated roof top attached to the
cycle. A solar charge controller is placed below the rear solar panel. Appropriate
wiring is done to charge the battery through a jack for AC charging. This makes it
possible to charge the battery either by solar power (Figure 4) or by electrical
charging. The speed controller mounted in the handle cuts off the power supply to the
motor and stops it [3]. The same brake stops the cycle with conventional friction
brake. The braking system stops motor as well as cycle simultaneously.
The solar assisted bicycle (Fig.13) is driven by DC motor fitted in front axle
housing & operated by solar energy. The solar panel mounted on the carriage is
charge the battery & which in turn drive the hub motor. When the bicycle is idle
during the day, the solar panel will charge the battery. The system will make
bicycle operate more efficiently
 CHAPTER 4
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
4.1 Social Factors

1. Who are the stakeholders of the project/proposed action?

Ans- Students who are carrying out the project work.
2. Are project objectives consistent with their needs, interests and capacity?
Ans- Yes, the objectives satisfy the need for the present investigation on
current scenario of increase in fuel prices, pollution contentin atmosphere and
due to gradual end of the non-renewable sources of energy we have to alter the
source of our energyin our vehicles
3. What social and cultural factors affect the ability of stakeholders to
participate or benefit from the proposed policy or project?
Ans- Stake holders will be benefited from the experimentation as the project
proposes an alternative to the conventional fuel used in present engines. The
 electric bicycle is an electrical-assisted device that is designed to deliver the
electromagnetic momentums to a present bicycle therefore relieving the user
of producing the energy essential to run the bicycle
Both the stakeholders can contribute in reducing or eliminating the
environmentally hazardous emissions from the engines by utilizing solar
energy.
4. What will be the impact of the project or program on the various
stakeholders, especially women and vulnerable groups?
Ans- In the current study, BPL people of India can be considered as
vulnerable group. As mentioned in the previous points, they will get direct
benefit from the project
5. Are there plans to mitigate adverse impacts?
Ans- No, there are no adverse impacts in the current study.
4.2: Environmental and sustainability Factors

1. Describe any likely impacts on vegetation, plants, animals, soils,

watercourses, drainage.
Ans- The electric bicycle is an electrical-assisted device that is designed to
deliver the electromagnetic momentums to a present bicycle therefore
relieving the user of producing the energy essential to run the bicycle. As the
cycle runs on solar energy therefore there is no impact on vegetation, plants,
animals, soils, watercourses, drainage.
2. Describe likely impacts on any historic heritage sites.
Ans- No, there will be no impact on any historic heritage sites.
3. Describe any noise, water, air, dust, lighting, odour or vibration impacts
from the activity.
Ans- There will be no noise, water, air, lighting impacts from the activities in
the project. The aim of the project is to design a scooter with renewable solar
energy. Solar Bike aims to be a small research and development business that
develops renewable technology and helps everyone start riding electric
bicycles around rather than using their cars. We firmly believe that using solar
powered bicycles is one of the best methods of reducing our dependence on
fossil fuels and minimizing environmental damage caused by carbon dioxide
emissions.
4. Describe any proposed environmental safeguards addressing the above or
other relevant environmental features.
Ans- Solar Bike aims to be a small research and development business that
develops renewable technology and helps everyone start riding electric
bicycles around rather than using their cars. We firmly believe that using solar
powered bicycles is one of the best methods of reducing our dependence on
fossil fuels and minimizing environmental damage caused by carbon dioxide
emissions.
5. Describe any proposed measures to improve the sustainability and
environmental performance of the activity, including: transport, waste
management and recycling, energy and water use
 Ans- A solar electric electric bicycle, is a basic type of automobile which can
run both on solar power as well as electricity. With an unhealthy hike in the
prices of petrol and diesel, an automobile running on solar power can create a
trend. This kind of a electric bicycle is user friendly.

4.3 BUDGET ALLOCATION

Expenditure head Estimated Remarks
Expense
Study Resources Free KIIT -SME Library
Materials for experiments 23,500 Bicycle, Battries, Hub motor,
Throttle, Controller, Solar panel,
Solar charger controller, Wire &
Fabrication
Report preparation 500 Binding and cover
Any other Nil NA
 CHAPTER 5
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Charging the Battery

The charging of the battery is done by solar energy. As it takes approximately 11

hours from being fully charged, but as solar energy with high intensity is not present
for the full time of a day, for this reason charging was done in two different days in
the full sunshine. The level of increasing charges by day time is shown in Fig. 14, in
which level of charges (%) exists in the vertical axis and time of day is on the
horizontal axis. Also, the standard deviation is shown in Fig. 14.The experimental
data were taken on six different days. For charging the battery fully, every time two
days were taken. The experimental date for charging the battery was 27 th to 31st march
2018. Theoretically, the charging profile should be linear, but not exact in our study
because the solar intensity on the panel varies by time of the day. After 60% level of
charge, the slope was downward because data was akin on the next day morning. At
the end of charging, the rate of charging the battery was slow because the reaction rate
of the battery was slow. Also, as Fig. 14 shows the standard deviation too, from the
graph it was found that the maximum level of standard deviation is only 1.527 which
is really small. So finally it can be said that the similar characteristic of charging is
found for all the different days.

Fig. 14 Level of charge vs day time curve

5.2 Discharging the battery with a solar panel

The battery was connected to the motor that runs the solar tricycle. While running the
tricycle discharging was started. Discharging the battery while running the tricycle is
a linear phenomenon. Fig. 15 shows the relation between the levels of charges (%)
with a time of the tricycle. It clearly displays the decreasing of the storing energy due
to consumption with the increasing of time. Discharging of the profile of the battery
with solar panel is shown in Fig. 15. On Fig. 15, the level of charge is reduced from
100% to 15%. Theoretically, the discharge curve should be linear, but on Fig. 15 it
slightly deviates from the linear phenomena. It took approximately 3 hours for
discharging the battery. It was found from the discharge curve that in the first half
hour battery lost its 8% storage energy. But for the next every half hour discharge
percentage was 17%, 15%, 11%, 14% and 20% respectively.

Fig. 15 Level of charge utilization vs time curve

5.3 Charging and Discharging Simultaneously

In this portion two curves were found, one of which represents discharging the battery
without connecting to the solar panel and the second one shows the discharging
characteristics of the battery when it is connected to the solar panel. The variation of
the level of charges with discharging without solar and discharge with solar is the
main outcome of Fig. 16.Fig. 16 shows the two curves of discharging the battery. The
green line on the curve indicates discharging the battery without solar panel and the
red line indicates discharging the battery when the solar is acting. Red line curve
passed over the green line curve because some charge was accumulated in the battery
during discharging. As a result, the red line ends at 31 km which is 6 km far from the
green line end point. It shows the performance of solar assisted tricycle. So by
activating the solar panel during discharge of the battery, solar tricycle runs more 24%
than the running without the solar panel.

Fig. 16 Level of charge utilization vs distance curve

 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE
6.1 Conclusion

Solar energy, a renewable source of energy is an upcoming form, which if

properly used, can give rise to tremendous energy which can further be used in
different forms. Research is still in progress on applications like solar powered
automobiles, solar powered steam turbines, etc. Solar assisted bicycle is modification
of existing bicycle and driven by solar energy. It is suitable for both city and country
roads, that are made of cement, asphalt, or mud. This bicycle is cheaper, simpler in
construction & can be widely used for short distance travelling especially by school
children, college students, office goers, villagers, postmen etc. It is very much suitable
for young, aged, handicap people and caters the need of economically poor class of
society. It can be operated throughout the year free of cost. The most important
feature of this bicycle is that it does not consume valuable fossil fuels thereby saving
crores of foreign currencies. It is ecofriendly & pollution free, as it does not have any
emissions. Moreover it is noiseless and can be recharged with the AC adapter in case
of emergency and cloudy weather. The operating cost per kilometer is minimal,
around Rs.0.70/km. It can be driven by manual pedalling in case of any problem with
the solar system. It has fewer components, can be easily mounted or dismounted, thus
needs less maintenance.

6.2 Scope for further Improvement

· We can mount the alternator on back wheel so that it can reduce the effort
when the alternator is engaged.
· The design of the cycle should be aerodynamic to reduce the air drag to
increase the speed.
· Battery of higher volts can be used according to the requirement.
· Stress analysis can be done for proper balancing of the electric bicycle.
· Use of gear shifter to reduce further effort.
· Electronic Display system can be used to know the amount of battery left.
· It should be made ergonomically.
LIST OF PUBLICATION
1. Sharman., Giri, Mk., Biswas, D., Das, A., Pradhan, S. (2018). Design And
Fabrication of Solar Roof Top Assisted Electric Bicycle. International
Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology. (Article Under
review) ISSN: 2277-9655
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