Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: P4 Linked PLO :3 (Design/Development of solutions.

CLO 4: Execute different protection techniques/schemes for the improvement of the Power
System.

Lab Rubrics
R1 PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE 20% Properly observe the lab session  
Performance of the assigned exercise  
Plagiarism Check/ Behavior      
R2 DATA ANAL. AND INTERPRET. 20% analyzed the data with perfection      
 
Performed the assigned Exam task. Good
R3 ABILITY TO CONDUCT EXP. 20%
grasp of concepts
Performed the assigned Exam task. Good
R4 TEAMWORK. 20%
grasp of concepts

R5 REPORT. 20% Timely Submission      

Report formatting and relevancy      
Poor Deficiency Satisfactory Excellent
Category [0.5] [1] [1.5] [2]
Late Attendance/
Lab session Attentive presence
Limited
EQUIPMENT attended/ Lab task in lab session/ Task
Insufficient understanding of
IDENTIFICATION performed with performed with
the topic and
repeated assistance initial instructions
exercise
Analyzed the data
Unable to
DATA ANALYSE Misrepresent & with sufficient analyzed the data
analyze/maximum
AND INTERPRET. analyzed knowledge and with perfection
part of the data.
interpretation.
Unable to perform Performed the lab
Performed the
major portion of Exam with no major
ABILITY TO assigned Exam task.
Not Attempted Exam task. Weak deficiency.
CONDUCT EXP Good grasp on
grasp on the Satisfactory grasp on
concepts
concepts concepts.
Unable to perform Performed the lab
Performed the
major portion of Exam with no major
assigned Exam task.
TEAM WORK. Absent Exam task. Weak deficiency.
Good grasp on
grasp on the Satisfactory grasp on
concepts
concepts concepts.
Timely submission Timely submission
Late Submission / with some with negligible
REPORT. No Submission Mostly Copied / Bad formatting issues. formatting issues.
Formatting Genuine results but Comprehensive and
some parts copied. Genuine

S.No Contents Page No

1
EXPERIMENT NO.1
Demonstrate the electrical power System protection
2
EXPERIMENT NO.2
Demonstrate the qualities of a power system protection scheme and
protection devices
3
EXPERIMENT NO.3
Demonstrate the Appropriate Cable Size
4
EXPERIMENT NO.4
EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDER/OVER VOLTAGE TIME RELAY
5
EXPERIMENT NO.5
EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS AND OPERATION OF DEFINITE TIME
OVERCURRENT RELAY
6
EXPERIMENT NO.6
EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS AND OPERATION OF INVERSE TIME
OVERCURRENT RELAY
7
EXPERIMENT NO.7
EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS AND OPERATION OF EARTH-FAULT
RELAY
8
EXPERIMENT NO.8
EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECTIONAL EARTH-FAULT RELAY IN A
SINGLE-PHASE NETWORK
9
EXPERIMENT NO.9
EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS AND OPERATION OF EARTH-FAULT IN A
THREE-PHASE NETWORK
10
EXPERIMENT NO.10
EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS AND OPERATION OF DIRECTIONAL EARTH-
FAULT RELAY
11
EXPERIMENT NO.11
EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS AND OPERATION OF COMBINED
OVERCURRENT AND EARTH-FAULT RELAY
12 EXPERIMENT NO.12
DEMONSTRATING HOW THE RELAY MONITORS THE PROTECTION OF A LOAD
AGAINST UNDER AND OVERVOLTAGE.

13
EXPERIMENT NO.13
DEMONSTRATE THE SHORT-CIRCUIT PROTECTION

EXPERIMENT NO.1
OBJECT: -
Demonstrate the electrical power System protection
Theory:-
Power system protection is the process of making the production, transmission, and consumption
of electrical energy as safe as possible from the effects of failures and events that place the power system
at risk. It is cost prohibitive to make power systems 100 percent safe or 100 percent reliable. Risk
assessments are necessary for determining acceptable levels of danger from injury or cost resulting from
damage.
Operating a power system includes a large number of control functions, necessary to provide a
continuous and uninterrupted supply of electric power.
 Control of frequency and balance of active power.
 Control of voltage and balance of reactive power.
 Control of network switching under normal operating conditions.
A disturbance in the system means that the voltage, current or frequency exceeds the specified values.
Protective relays are electronic or electromechanical devices that are designed to protect
equipment and limit injury caused by electrical failures. Unless otherwise noted, the generic term relay will be
synonymous with the term protective relay throughout this text. Relays are only one part of power system
protection, because protection practices must be designed into all aspects of power system facilities.
Protective relays cannot prevent faults; they can only limit the damage caused by faults.

A fault is any condition that causes abnormal operation for the power system or equipment serving the
power system. Faults include but are not limited to: short- or low-impedance circuits, open circuits, power
swings, over voltages, elevated temperature, off-nominal frequency operation. Power system protection
must determine from measurements of currents and/or voltages whether the power system is operating
correctly. Three elements are critical for protective relays to be effective: measurements, data processing,
and control. Figure 1.1 shows a typical application of relays to a power system. This example system
contains a single source that is connected to bus S through a step-up transformer, two transmission lines
that connect bus S to bus R, and a load that is connected to bus R through a step-down transformer.

EXPERIMENT NO.2
OBJECT:
Demonstrate the qualities of a power system protection scheme and protection devices
THEORY:
The function of a protection scheme is to ensure the maximum continuity of supply. This is done by
determining the location of fault and disconnecting the minimum amount of equipment necessary to clear it.
Any protection scheme should have the following qualities.
 Selectivity:
It is the ability of protective system to select correctly that part of the system in trouble and
disconnect the faulty part without disturbing the rest of the system.
 Speed:
The protective system should disconnect the faulty section as fast as possible because electrical
apparatus may damage if they are made to carry the fault currents for a long time. A failure on the system
leads to a great reduction in system s voltage if faulty section is not disconnected quickly; t hen the low voltage
created by fault may shut down consumer s motors and generators or the system becomes unstable.
 Sensitive:
It is the ability of the system to operate with low value of actuating quantity (quantity which
causes relay coil to operate)
 Reliable:
It is the ability of the power system to operate under the predetermined conditions without
reliability the protection would be rendered largely ineffective and even could become a liability.
 Simple:
Protection scheme should be simple so that it can be easily maintained. The simpler the
protection scheme is the greater will be its reliability
 Economical:
The most important choice of a particular protection scheme is the economy aspect.
Sometimes it is economically unjustified to us an ideal scheme of protection and a compromise method has to
be adopted. However when the apparatus to be protected is of utmost importance (e.g.; Generator and main
transmission line etc) economic consideration are often subordinated to reliability.
PROTECTIVE DEVICES:
In power system it is desire able to protect the power system from harm during fault
conditions for this purpose some means must be provided to switch on/off generator, transmission lines and
other equipment under both normal and abnormal conditions. This is achieved by an apparatus called
switchgear.
Switch Gear:
The apparatus used for switching, controlling and protecting electrical circuits and
equipments is known as switch gear.

Switch gear covers a wide range of equipments concerned with switching and interrupting currents under both
normal and abnormal conditions includes:
 Switches
 Fuses
 Circuit breaker
 Relays

A brief account of these devices is discussed here;

Switches:
Is a device use to open and close an electrical circuit in a convenient way. It can be used
under full load or no load conditions.
The switches may be classified into;

EXPERIMENT NO.3
 Demonstrate the Appropriate Cable Size

OBJECTIVE
Select the appropriate cable size for the given load.
Select the appropriate cable size for the given load.

APPARATUS
 Given Load
 Cable Tables Book

THEORY
This lab discusses the basic guidelines to determine the minimum size of cable
required to satisfy a particular installation condition using Cable Table Book and
national standards.

The following three main factors influence the selection of a particular cable to satisfy the
circuit requirements:

(a) Current-carrying capacity—dependent upon the method of installation and the

presence of external influences, such as thermal insulation, which restrict the
operating temperature of the cable.
(b) Voltage drop—dependent upon the impedance of the cable, the magnitude of
the load current and the load power factor.
(c) Short-circuit temperature limit—dependent upon energy produced during the
short-circuit condition.
TASKS:
1. Determine the size of cable required & voltage drop in the cable for the following
conditions.

SITUATION 1:
A 150kW, three phase load is supplying from a 400V, 50Hz supply. The circuit is
protected using BSEN 60898 Type B circuit breaker and is situated 80m away
from the distribution board. It is run with two other power circuits and is buried in
the ground at a depth of 0.8m. There the soil resistivity is 1.2 K.m/W. The
temperature within the installation can be assumed to be 30C. Calculate the size
of cable required, assume armored cable is used here.

METHOD:

STEP #01
Determine the current requirements of the circuit. This current is known as Design current,
either specified by the manufacturer or can be calculated by the formulae.

Design Current (IN) = kilo Watt Power (For 1 phase)

Single Phase Voltage x power factor

EXPERIMENT NO.4
EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNDER/OVER VOLTAGE TIME RELAY

Objectives:
 Connection of the relay in a three-phase network and investigation of its behaviour
with respect to under and overvoltage.
 Determination of the resetting ratio.
 Measurement of the operating time.

Equipment:
 1 DL 1013T1 Three-phase power supply
 1 DL 2108T12 Under/over voltage time relay
 1 DL 2109T3PV Moving-iron voltmeter (125 - 250 - 500 V)
 1 DL BUZ Acoustic continuity tester
 1 DL CRON Electronic stopclock

EXPERIMENT NO.5
EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS AND OPERATION OF DEFINITE TIME OVERCURRENT
RELAY

Objectives:
 Connection of the relay in a three-phase network and investigation of its behavior
with respect to different settings.
 Determination of the resetting ratio.
 Measurement of the operating time.

Equipment:
 1 DL 1013T1 Three-phase power supply
 1 DL 1017R Resistive load
 1 DL 2108T14 Definite time over current relay
 1 DL 2109T2A5 Moving iron ammeter (2.5 A)
 1 DL BUZ Acoustic continuity tester
 1 DL CRON Electronic stop clock

EXPERIMENT NO.6
EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS AND OPERATION OF INVERSE TIME OVERCURRENT
RELAY

Objectives:
 Connection of the relay in a three-phase network and investigation of its behavior
with respect to different settings.
 Measurement of the operating time.

Equipment:
 1 DL 1017R Resistive load
 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase power supply unit
 1 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
 1 DL 2108T13 Inverse time overcurrent relay
 1 DL 2109T2A5 Moving iron ammeter (2.5 A)
 1 DL BUZ Acoustic continuity tester
 1 DL CRON Electronic stop clock
 EXPERIMENT NO.7

EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS AND OPERATION OF EARTH-FAULT RELAY

Objectives:
 Investigation of the relay for various settings
 Checking of the operate time set
 Demonstration of an earth-fault alarm in a three-phase network
 Reaction to so-called transient earth faults

Equipment:
 1 DL 1017R Resistive load
 1 DL 1013T1 Three-phase power supply
 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase power supply unit
 1 DL 2108T17 L/C loads
 1 DL 2108T15 Earth fault warning relay
 1 DL 2109T24 Three-phase voltage transformer
 1 DL 2109T3PV Moving-iron voltmeter (125 - 250 - 500V)
 1 DL BUZ Acoustic continuity tester
 1 DL CRON Electronic stopclock
 EXPERIMENT NO.8

EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTH FAULT IN A THREE-PHASE

NETWORK
 EXPERIMENT NO.9

EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF DIRECTIONAL EARTH-FAULT RELAY

Objectives:
 Investigation of the relay behaviour for effective currents and of the direction of
operation.

Equipment:
 1 DL 1013T1 Three-phase power supply
 1 DL 1017R Resistive load
 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase power supply unit
 1 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
 1 DL 2108T16 Earth fault warning relay
 1 DL 2109T2A5 Moving iron ammeter (2.5A)
 1 DL BUZ Acoustic continuity tester
 EXPERIMENT NO.10

EXECUTE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMBINED OVERCURRENT AND EARTH-FAULT

RELAY

Objectives:
 Investigation of the relay behaviour connected in a solid earthed three-phase network.
 Showing how the external blocking input works.

Equipment:
 1 DL 1017R Resistive load
 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase power supply unit
 1 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
 1 DL 2108T15 Combined overcurrent and earth-fault relay
 1 DL BUZ Acoustic continuity tester

Note: The measured currents are shown on the display of the relay module and
indicated by the adjacent yellow led indicator.
 EXPERIMENT NO.11

Objectives:
 Demonstrating how the relay monitors the protection of a load against under and
overvoltage.

Equipment:
 1 DL 7901TT Overhead line model
 1 DL 1017R Resistive load
 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase power supply unit
 1 DL 2108T12 Under/over voltage time relay
 1 DL 2109T3PV Moving-iron voltmeter (125 - 250 - 500 V)
 1 DL BUZ Acoustic continuity tester
 EXPERIMENT NO.12

DEMONSTRATE THE SHORT-CIRCUIT PROTECTION

Objectives:
 Demonstrating the protection of a transmission line connected in a solid earthed
network, when there is a three-phase, two-phase, or single-phase short-circuits.

Equipment:
 1 DL 7901TT Overhead line model
 1 DL 1017R Resistive load
 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase power supply unit
 1 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
 1 DL 2108T14 Definite time overcurrent relay
 1 DL 2109T2A5 Moving iron ammeter (2.5A)
 EXPERIMENT N°13

DEMONSTRATE THE EARTH-FAULT MONITORING

Objectives:
 Demonstrating how relay monitors the transmission line for an earth fault in a network
with isolated neutral connection

Equipment:
 1 DL 7901TT Overhead line model
 1 DL 1017R Resistive load
 1 DL 1080TT Three-phase transformer
 1 DL 2108TAL-SW Three-phase power supply unit
 1 DL 2108T02 Power circuit breaker
 1 DL 2108T18 Earth-fault warning relay
 1 DL 2109T24 Three-phase voltage transformer
 1 DL 2109T3PV Moving-iron voltmeter (125 - 250 - 500V)
 1 DL BUZ Acoustic continuity tester