PART 1 – ESTIMATION

1. DEFINITIONS (PG.NO. 448)

A) Estimate is defined as calculation of probable cost of the project. The probable cost can be obtained by
determining the quantities of construction work and current rates.

B) Estimating is defined as the process of preparing the estimate. In this process first taking out the quantities
of various items, and then abstracted to get the cost of work.

C) Costing is defined as the determination of actual cost of work before its execution.

DIFFERCNCE BETWEEN ESTIMATING AND COSTING (PG.NO.: 4)

2. OBJECTIVE OR NEED OR PURPOSE FOR ESTIMATING AND COSTING

1. For public construction works, estimates are required in order to obtain administrative approval,
allotment of funds, and technical sanction.
2. To know about the approximate cost of the building construction.
3. To calculate the tax of the building.
4. To fix the rent of building.
5. The know about the various items of works involved in the building construction and arrange the
available materials of the construction.
6. Estimating Materials helps to determine what materials and in what quantities will be required for the
works so that the arrangements to procure them can be made.
7. To arrange the labours of the construction works.
8. To arrange the tools and equipment’s required to complete the work
9. Take the approval for the government projects.
10. To having the loan from the bank.
11. To fix up the completion period from the volume of work involved in the estimate
12. To draw up construction schedule and programme
13. Estimate is required to invite the tenders and Quotations and to arrange contract. Also prepare bills for
payment
14. An estimation for an existing property is required for valuation.
15. Estimation is required to control the expenditure during the execution of work.

3. TYPES OF ESTIMATE (PG.NO.: 449)

1. Preliminary Estimate.
2. Plinth Area Estimate.
3. Cube Rate Estimate.
4. Approximate Quantity Method Cost Estimate.
5. Detailed Estimate.
6. Revised Estimate.
7. Supplementary Estimate.
8. Supplementary and revised Estimate.
9. Annual Repair or maintenance Estimate.
4. MUSTER ROLL (PG.NO.: 690), NOTES
 Muster Roll is used for keeping a complete record of attendance, payment made, unpaid wages and
work done by daily labour engaged on the execution of works. It is the basic records of payment made
to daily labour. After the payment is made, the Muster Roll is kept as a Voucher.
5. N.PWD. SHEDULED ITEM (PG.458)

1. It is the list of rates of various items of work. • To facilitate the preparation of estimates, and also to
serve as guide in setting rates in connection with contract agreements. • It is maintained in the form of
printed books known as schedule of Rates (S.O.R).
 2. It consists of group of items such as excavation items, concrete items, demolition items, plumbing items,
electrification works etc. • S.O.R is prepared by Central Public Works Department (CPWD) which is
premier construction organization of Government of India. • The S.O.R consists rates about 2500-3000
items under different subheads like Building work, Water supply, Sanitary etc.

5.CONTIGENCY EXPENDITURE (PG.454)

 Indicates incidental expenses of miscellaneous character which cannot be classified under any distinct
item. (3% to 5% of the estimated cost is provided to allow for contingencies.

6.RATE ANALYSIS(PG.472)

 Rate analysis of Civil Works or Building Works is the determination of cost of each construction work per
unit quantity. This cost includes the cost of materials, labours, machinery, contractors profit and other
miscellaneous petty expenses required for the particular work to be complete in unit quantity.
 For example, cost of 1 cubic meter of M20 RCC work in slab, cost of 1 cubic meter of excavation in soft
soil of 1.5m depth, cost of 1 square meter of plastering of 20mm, cost of 1 square meter of painting
work with specified paint in 2 layers or 3 layers as required.
 RATE ANALYSIS OF DIFERENT ITEMS
 M15 con for RCC – pg.no 487
 M20 conc. for RCC column – pg.no 488
 Brick work in super structured – pg.no. 492
 Pcc flooring – pg.no.: 504 and 505
 Plaster 12mm thick – pg.no: 499
 Half brick masonry-pg.no: 472,494

7.RATE ANALYSIS FOR PLASTER WORK 20 mm thick

 Rate analysis for plastering work comprise of quantity and cost of material cement sand and water, cost
of equipment and tools, overhead expenses, water charges, labours charges & contractor profit. Rate
analysis of plastering comprise of following: -
 quantity and cost calculation of cement and sand used for plastering
 labour charges
 cost of equipment and tools
 overhead expenses
 water charges
 contractor profit
 Rate analysis for 20mm (1:6) thick plaster per sq meter
 Rate per sq. m for 20mm (1:6) external plaster include quantity of cement sand and water And Labour
expenses, now do the following step calculation find out post and quantity of cement sand used in
plastering.

● Step 1: Dry volume of cement mortar: – consider we have plastering area 1m2 and their thickness is 20mm,
now calculate wet volume of cement mortar = 1×0.02 = 0.02m3

 Suppose 5% of wastage of cement mortar during plastering work, so 5% of 0.02 = 0.001m3, then total
wet volume of cement mortar = 0.02 + 0.001 =0.021m3.
 For conversion of wet volume to dry volume we will multiply 1.33 into wet volume, so
 Dry volume = 1.33 × wet volume
 Dry volume of mortar = 1.33 × 0.021 = 0.02793m3, so dry volume of cement mortar is equal to
0.02793m3.

● Step 2: quantity of cement sand and their cost: - we have given cement sand ratio in mix is 1:6 in which one
part is cement and 6 part is sand. And density of cement = 1440 kg/m3 and 1m3 sand = 35.3147 cft.

 Quantity of cement = 1/7×0.02793m3 ×1440m3/kg = 5.7456 Kg, if market rate of cement is rs 8 per kg,
then cost of 5.7456 kg cement = 5.7456 × 8 = INR 46.
  Quantity of sand = 6/7 ×0.02793 ×35.3147 = 0.845 cft, if market rate of sand is INR 50 per cft, then cost
of 0.845 cft sand = 0.845 ×50 = INR 42.

● step 3: - quantity and cost of material required for 1m2 plastering is sum of cement quantity and sand quantity.

 Subtotal material cost = cement cost + sand cost = 46 +42 = INR 88.

● step 4: - labour rate and charges: - labour rate and cost for external wall plastering is INR 18 to 25 per sq ft and
INR 193 to 269 per sq m, consider labour rate and cost in this calculation is INR 225 per sq meter. Hence subtotal
cost = 88 + 225 = INR 313

 ● step 5: - others expenses: - other expenses include contractor profit 10%, overhead expenses 1.5%,
water charges 2% and equipment and tools charges 1.5%. So other total expenses is about 15%, so
others expenses 15% of 313 = INR 47
 Total cost = 313 + 47 = INR 360.
 Ans. Total cost and rate of 20mm (1:6) thick plaster per sq meter is INR 360 or INR 34 per sq ft.

8.PURPOSE OF RATE ANALYSIS

1. To work out the actual cost per unit of items.

2. For the economical use of materials.
3. To find out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contract document.
4. For the purpose of tendering. In the case of tendering, the contractor may calculate cost of unit work
involved in each construction activity for justified quoting of rates. The client may also require rate
analysis to calculate the cost of construction project.
5. To assess the requirements of quantities of labours, materials, machineries and capital to complete the
project.
6. To optimise the use of labour, materials and machineries and to know the alternatives to optimize the
resources.
7. To assess the rate of unit work from time to time for payment increase in material or labour costs or any
deviations in work specifications, extra items of work to the contractor.
8. To compare the cost of project with the sanctioned capital of the project to take necessary action or
regularization of excess or less cost.
9. To work out the budget of the construction project and control the cash flows at various stages of
construction work.
10. To find out the irrational rates quoted by the contractors during tendering process.
11. To serve as the basic data in case of dispute among project owner and contractor.

8.FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE ANALYSIS

1. Quantity of materials
2. Quality of work
3. proportion of mortar
4. Location of site: Distance of construction site from source of materials, availability of labours, availability of
water, machinery etc. influence the rate analysis of construction work.
5. Availability of tools and plants near the construction site
6. transportation charge, condition of the road site
7. overhead charges
8. miscellaneous expenditure and profit
9. experience of work
10. proper management and guidance.
11. Cost of labours and their wages.
12. Profit of the contractor, miscellaneous expenses and other overheads also influence the rate analysis.
13. Specification of the civil work and materials.
14. Quantity of materials, number of different types of labours and rates of materials and labours influence
the rate analysis.
METHODS OF ESTIMATION
A. CENTRE LINE METHOD (PG. NO.: 46)
 This method is suitable for walls of similar cross sections. Here the total centre line length is multiplied
by breadth and depth of respective item to get the total quantity at a time.
 When cross walls or partitions or verandahs walls join with main wall, the centre line length gets reduced
by half of breadth for each junction.
 Such junction or joints are studied carefully while calculating total centre line length. The estimates
prepared by this method are most accurate and quick.
B. LONG WALL-SHORT WALL METHOD (PG. NO.: 29)
 In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be long wall while the wall
perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall.
 To get the length of long wall or short wall, calculate first the centre line lengths of individual walls. Then
the length of long wall, (out to out) may be calculated after adding half breadth at each end to its centre
line length.
 Thus the length of short wall measured into in and may be found by deducting half breadth from its
centre line length at each end.
 The length of long wall usually decreases from earth work to brick work in super structure while the
short wall increases. These lengths are multiplied by breadth and depth to get quantities.
C. Partly Centre Line and Partly Cross Wall Method
 This method is adopted when external (i.e., around the building) wall is of one thickness and the internal
walls having different thicknesses. In such cases, centre line method is applied to external walls and long
wall-short wall method is used to internal walls.
 This method suits for different thicknesses walls and different level of foundations. Because of this
reason, all Engineering departments are practicing this method.
FACTORS AFFECTING COST A BUIDING

 Similar Construction Projects: For the construction estimate, the best reference will be similar
construction projects. The final cost of those similar projects can give the idea for the new
construction project cost calculation. The final cost of past project needs to be factored with current
construction cost indices.
 Construction Material Costs: Construction material cost consists of material cost, shipping charges
and taxes applicable if any. So, it is important consider all these variations while calculating
construction material cost.
 Labour Wage Rates: Labour wages varies place to place. So, local wage rate should be considered in
calculation. If the project has to be started after several months of estimating the project cost, the
probable variation in wage rates has to be considered in the calculation.
 Construction Site Conditions: Project site conditions can increase construction costs. Site conditions
such as poor soil conditions, wetlands, contaminated materials, conflicting utilities (buried pipe,
cables, overhead lines, etc.), environmentally sensitive area, ground water, river or stream crossings,
heavy traffic, buried storage tanks, archaeological sites, endangered species habitat and similar
existing conditions etc. can increase the project cost during construction phase if these variations
are not considered during estimation.
 Inflation Factor: A construction project can continue for years before completion. During the
construction period, the cost of materials, tools, labours, equipment etc. may vary from time to
time. These variations in the prices should be considered during cost estimation process.
 Project Schedule: Duration of construction project is affects the cost. Increase in project duration
can increase the construction project cost due to increase in indirect costs, while reduction in
construction cost also increases the project cost due to increase in direct costs. Therefore,
construction project schedules also need to be considered during project cost estimation.
 Quality of Plans & Specifications: Good quality construction plans and specifications reduces the
construction time by proper execution at site without delay. Any vague wording or poorly drawn
plan not only causes confusion, but places doubt in the contractor’s mind which generally results in
a higher construction cost.
  Reputation of Engineer: Smooth running of construction is vital for project to complete in time. The
cost of projects will be higher with sound construction professional reputation.
 Regulatory Requirements: Approvals from regulatory agencies can sometimes be costly. These
costs also need to be considered during cost estimate.
 Insurance Requirements: Cost estimation for construction projects should also need to consider
costs of insurance for various tools, equipment, construction workers etc. General insurance
requirements, such as performance bond, payment bond and contractor’s general liability are
normal costs of construction projects. In some special projects, there can be additional requirements
which may have additional costs.
 Size and Type of Construction Project: For a large construction project, there can be high demand
for workforce. For such a requirement, local workmen may not be sufficient and workmen from
different regions need be called. These may incur extra costs such projects and also for the type of
construction project where specialized workforce is required.
 Location of Construction: When a location of construction project is far away from available
resources, it increases the project cost. Cost of transportation for workmen, equipment’s, materials,
tools etc. increases with distance and adds to the project cost.
 Engineering Review: Sometimes it is necessary to carry out technical review of construction project
to make sure the project will serve the required purpose with optimum operational and
maintenance cost. This review cost shall also be added to the project cost.
 Contingency: It is always advisable to add at least 10% contingency towards the total project costs
for unforeseen costs and inflation.
MODE OF MEASUREMENT
MODE OF MEASUREMENT OF DIFFERENT ITEMS (PG. 602 TO 620)
 Brick masonry – pg.no. 605
 Steel reinforcement – pg.no.611
 Earth work in excavation – pg.no. 603
ARBITRATION IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY (NOTES)

 Arbitration is a private, contractual form of dispute resolution. It provides for the determination of
disputes by a third party arbitrator or arbitration panel, selected by the parties to the dispute. Disputes
are resolved on the basis of material facts, documents and relevant principles of law.
 The arbitration process is administered by an appointed arbitrator subject to any relevant contractual
rules and subject to the statutory regulatory framework applied by the domestic courts. There are only
limited rights of appeal and legal costs are usually awarded to the successful party.
INTERIM CERTIFICATES IN CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

 Interim certificates provide a mechanism for the client to make payments to the contractor before
the works are complete. The Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act, states that a party to
a construction contract in excess of 45 days is entitled to interim or stage payments.
 Interim payments can be agreed in advance and paid at particular milestones, but they are more
commonly, regular payments, the value of which is based on the value of work that has
been completed.
 The amount of these payments is entered onto an interim certificate (generally valued by the cost
consultant, perhaps having taken advice from the lead designer) and the client must honour
the certificate within the period stipulated by the contract.
 If the client intends to pay a different amount from that shown on the interim certificate, then they must
give notice to the contractor of the amount they intend to pay and the basis for its calculation (pay less
notice - see Housing Grants, Construction and Regeneration Act for more information).
 The value of interim certificates is the value of the work completed, less any amounts already paid,
less retention. Half of this retention will be released on certification of practical completion and the
other half upon issue of the certificate of making good defects.
 Interim certificates should make clear the amount of retention and a statement should also be prepared
showing retention for nominated sub-contractors if there are any. The contract may require
that retention is kept in a separate bank account and that this is certified. In this case, the client will
generally keep any interest paid on the account.
 There may be particular provision to include the value of particularly costly materials that
the contractor has not yet delivered to site. This allows the contractor to order items in good time,
without incurring unnecessary long-term expense, but does put the client at some risk if
the contractor becomes insolvent.
 On design and build projects, the amounts certified as payable may be based on a contract sum analysis.
FINAL CERTIFICATE FOR CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS

 The final certificate is certification by the contract administrator that a construction contract has been
fully completed. It is issued at the end of the defects liability period and has the effect of releasing all
remaining money due to the contractor, including any remaining retention.
 The value of the final certificate will be based on the final account agreed by the cost consultant and
the contractor. This means that all patent defects must have been remedied, all adjustments to
the contract sum must have been agreed and all claims settled.
 Where proceedings have been commenced in relation to a dispute, the conclusiveness of the final
certificate is subject to the findings of those proceedings. In addition, the final certificate itself can be
disputed (usually within 28 days). Adjudication, arbitration or other proceedings may then be necessary
to resolve the dispute. The final certificate is then only conclusive in relation to matters that are not
disputed.
 If the client intends to pay a different amount from that shown on the certificate, then they must
give notice to the contractor of the amount they intend to pay and the basis for its calculation.
METHOD OF EXECUTION OF CIVLWORKS

Works can be executed by one or other of the following methods

1. The Departmental method.

2. The Piece Work Contract method.
3. Rate List method
4. Day work method
5. The lump sum contract method.
6. The schedule contract method.
7. Nomination method.
8. Tender system.
For this purpose, if the value of work put to tender exceeds Rs.1.00 Lakh it is called major work. If it is less than
Rs.1.00Lakh it is called minor work.

 The departmental method: - The Department itself engages the necessary daily labor and purchases or
supplies the necessary material.
 The Piece work contract method: The piece worker agrees to execute a specified work or part of a work
at specified rates without reference to quantity or the time taken, and the department arranges for the
supervision, setting out and measuring of all the work done.
 Day work method is the method of valuing work on the basis of actual material and labour used. ... The
basis of payment will be actual quantity of work. The basis of payment will be actual material cost, labour
cost per day.
 Rate List method - Works costing up to rs. 25000/- can be carried out by rate list method. ... The
contractor agrees to execute the work at certain agreed rates without consideration of total quantity or
duration.
 The Lump-Sum Contract method: The contractor agrees to execute a complete work in accordance with
the specifications for a lump sum payment. This method should be adopted except when none of the
other methods is considered more advantageous.
 The schedule contract method: The contractor agrees to execute one or more of the items included in
a work at fixed rates and the amount to be paid to him depends on the quantity and kind of work done
or materials supplied.
 Nomination Method: Major work or Minor work can be entrusted on nomination provided the
conditions attached to such entrustment of works on nomination are satisfied. Details of procedure and
delegation to be adopted are given in subsequent paras of this manual.
 Tender System: Major and minor works can be got executed through Registered contractors by entering
into contract after calling and obtaining tenders. Detailed procedure to be followed are given in
subsequent paras of this manual. In all the works enumerated above (with the exception of
departmental method), a contractor shall be appointed for execution of the works, further for all the
works the value of which is Rs. 5000/- and above, payments shall be made only through cheques.
Contractors shall be selected for appointment from among the list of registered contractors.
BILL OF QUANTITIES
 Bill of Quantities is a compiled list of items of work to be performed by the contractor; They describe the
works giving quantities and extent of work involved; These are referred to as item of work; Item of work
are generally arranged in the BoQ in the order of their execution; BoQ items are separated to reflect the
different trades that may be involved in the project;
 Advantages of a BoQ (Bill of Quantities).
 A BoQ is prepared a cost constantly. This detail to measured quantities of identified by specification
and drawing n the tender documentation for construction works.
 A BoQ is issued to tenderers for them to prepare a price for carrying out the works. BoQ assists
tender in the calculation of construction costs for their tender because all tendering contractors will
price the same quantities. BoQ provides a fair and accurate system for tendering
 Before construction begins, the BoQ may notify the project budget along with also the modification
of any elements of this design, which might be prohibitively expensive. Additionally, it may help
clarify quantities so the correct materials could be secured ahead of their works starting.
  A BoQ is also as a reliable base for budget control and accurate cost reporting.
 BoQ enables the preparation of cash flow forecast and provide a basis for the valuation of variation,
the preparation of interim payments, and the final account.
 BoQ helps create a low cost and low risk for tendering environment, which encourages the
submission of competitive bids since the risk is better understood and defined.

 TRADITIONAL ABSTRACT AND BILLING

 This is the main method of producing bills of quantities and for this type of billing the work is taken
off then squared and checked. The taking off is then transferred/ written onto abstract sheets/
dimension paper than checked again.
 CUT AND SHUFFLE
 The cut and shuffle method is a semi-mechanical method of producing bills of quantities that help
to save time with abstracting and billing. For this method, the paperwork is taken off using cut and
shuffled into the correct order (trade or element), which can then be used to collate a draft bill that
can be checked again until the final bill is produced.
 DIRECT BILLING
 This method of bill production is produced directly from the take-off, without the need to abstract
and bill or cut and shuffle. The work is taken off as usual then squared and checked but the
dimensions and their quantities are reduced and only checked on the taking of sheets. The draft bill
is then written directly from the reduced dimension sheets.
 COMPUTER SYSTEM
 This process can be used either for a full or particular process for producing bills of quantities.

Units of Measurement
 The units of measurements for components of work can be either one of the following:
 Volume: Voluminous and mass components are measured in volume basis (viz. cubic metre)
 Area: Thin, shallow and surface works are measured in square unit, or over area. The thickness is
specified in the description of the item and the measurement of length and breadth or projection
shall be taken to calculate the area (viz. square metre)
 Length: Components, which are long and unidirectional in nature, are quantified in linear or running
unit (viz. running metre)
 Number: Pieces of material in a finished state are quantified in numbers. The following are the
conventional units of dimensions used while specifying l describing materials and works
PURPOSE OF APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE

Also known as preliminaries estimates

The primary function is to produce a forecast of the probable cost of a future project, before the building has
been designed in detail and contract particulars prepared. An estimate is necessary to give the owner a
reasonably accurate idea of the cost to help him decide whether the work can be undertaken as proposed or
needs to be curtailed or abandoned, depending upon the availability of funds and prospective direct and indirect
benefits. For government works proper sanction has to be obtained for allocating the required amount. Works
are often let out on a lump sum basis, in which case the estimator must be in a position to know exactly how
much expenditure he is going to incur on them From the estimate of a work it is possible to determine what
materials and in what quantities will be required for the work so that the arrangements to procure them can be
made. The number and kind of workers of different categories who will have to be employed to complete the
work in the specified time can be found out from the estimate. An estimate will help in determining amount
and kind od equipment needed to complete the work. The estimate of a work and the past experience enable
one to estimate quite closely the length of time required to complete an item of work or the work as a whole.

BAY METHOD OF ESTIMATION

Bay method: This bay method is applicable in garages, factory, and railway platform where identical structures
are visible. Bay in a construction term means a compartment of a building. The cost of one room is calculated
first and it is multiplied by the number of bays.

Then, the approximate cost of building = Number of bays in the building x cost of one bay.

Suitable correction factors may have to be used to take into account the dissimilarities in end-bay (and in
different floors, if applied to multi storied construction).

BID DOCUMENT

 A Bid Document is an output of the Plan Procurement Management process. This document is used
when requesting proposals from potential suppliers to the project. The document will contain a
description of the products or services that are to be procured. The same document can be issued to
several potential suppliers so that responses can be compared in order to select the best supplier for
the products or services that are being requested. The Bid Document can have different forms
depending on the nature of the products and services that are being requested.
 The difference between bid and contract documents.
 The bid document applies to before the contract is signed, whereas the contract document applies to
after the contract agreement is signed by the owner and contractor.
 The bid documents consist of
 The invitation to bid.
 Bid forms.
 Drawings.
 Specifications.
 Requirements of bonds and insurance.
 Addenda.
 Why we need to bid documents?
 The contractor used it in prepare an estimate
and submit a bid.
 Its legal documents for construction and
completion of the project.
 Contract Requirements: 1) Competitive contract. 2) Negotiated.
 In most municipal, state, and federal projects are awarded by competitive bidding. -- Competitive
bidding involves: _ Advertisement for bids in public media. _ Bid opening is performed in the open public.
_ Contractor performs a detailed estimate and submits a bid price accordance with the contract
documents. _ The owner and engineer perform the evaluation of bids at later date. _ Most governments
award contract to the lowest bidder, provided all conditions of the contract have been met. _ Private
owners are not required to award the contract to the lowest bidder but may select to the contractor
 deemed most desirable for the project. -2- Negotiated contracts: Award of the contract is made to the
contractor the owner feels can provide the best total performance, which may or may not be lowest
initial cost.
 Arrangement of contract documents: • Legal matters: - Bid forms. - Bond requirements. - Insurance
requirements. - General condition. - Supplementary conditions of the contract.
 2) Technical matters: - Plans (drawings). - Specifications that describe the material, workmanship, and
methods of construction that are required to build the project. * where conflicts exist between the
drawings and written specifications, it is common practice that the written specifications govern.
 Building Construction Specifications: It’s defined: 1) The quality of material. 2) Performance rating of
equipment. 3) Level of workmanship. 4) Warranty requirements. • Construction Specification Institute
(CSI) Master format organizes project information into major divisions.

WATER PROOFING OVER ROOF

Semi flexible polymer coating system

 Providing and applying 2 coat waterproofing coating system for protecting concrete and masonry on
RCC roof top, basements slabs, terrace and sunken slabs area over the entire surface including surface
preparation, pipe lines and other joints 2 coat shall be applied by brush at the ratio of 1:2 (Perma Bond
AR / Shield liquid/ tapecrete P 151 and fresh grey cement powder) or as approved by site engineer
according to respective manufacturers specification
 Materials: Approved polymer materials from manufacturer (Tapecret P 151, Perma Bond AR/ Perma
Shield or equivalent) as approved by site engineer shall be applied. Technical specification from
manufacturer and the warranty provision / document shall be submitted to the site engineer by the
contractor.
 Mixing: - The polymer shall be mixed with neat cement in the ratio of 2-part cement: 1-part polymer by
weight. The mixture has to be stirred thoroughly until no air bubbles remain in the mix. Any lump found
in the mix should be removed.
 Surface preparation: The surface shall be cleaned to remove all dust, foreign matters, loose materials
and any deposits of contamination which could affect the bond between the surface and the
waterproofing coating. By scarifying, grinding, water blasting, sand blasting, acid washing or other
approved method. New flat surface like sub base concrete shall be made reasonably smooth so as not
to impede the application of the waterproofing coating and to avoid sharp projection. All concrete shall
be thoroughly pre-wetted for at least prior to the application of the coating by pouring water on flat
surface or by vigorously spraying water on vertical/ inclined surfaces. Depressions shall be filled and
levelled after engineer’s approval
 Application: - The mix shall be applied in 2 coats by brush on rendered and / or prepared surface. First
coat should be allowed to stir dry for 5-6 hours. The coatings shall be applied in uniform thickness to
horizontal and vertical surfaces. The surface should be made wet before application in case of porous
structure.
 Curing and Protection The surface after application shall be kept moist for a period of 2-3 days. Curing
shall be started as soon as the chemical has hardened sufficiently so as not to be damaged by a fine
water spray. After application of final coat, initial air drying shall be done for 2-6 hours. During this
period no water is to be used for curing. In case of high temperature and low humidity combined with
high wind condition, the coating shall be covered with polythene sheet to avoid rapid drying of the
coating. After maximum period of 6 hours of the final application, moist curing shall be done for next
24 hours by way of spraying water on the coating. During the period at no point of time should the
coating be left completely dry or submerged in water. During the first 12 hours of curing, the work shall
be protected from abrasion, rain, and other adverse conditions. After moist curing, the coating shall be
allowed to air dry for 3 days before submersion in water if required for use. The finished coat shall be
tough, hard-wearing surface with waterproofing and shall allow trapped vapour to escape preventing
1. Lump sum item (pg.no: 11)
2. S.I. units (pg.no: 3)
3. Overhead cost: (pg.no. :472)
4. Task or out turn work: (pg. .no: 473)
5. Main items of work in residence and their units (chapter 14)
6. Contract documents (pg.no. 697 and notes)
7. Sinking fund (pg.no: 624)
8. General or brief specification (pg.no.: 563)
9. General rules of measurements (pg. No.: 602)
10. Earnest money (notes) ( pg.no: 687)
11. Principles of units of measurement(pg.no: 603)
12. Work order (pg. 694 and notes)
13. Importance of measurements (pg. No.: 602)
14. Schedule of rates(pg.no.: 458)
15. Bill of quantities(pg.no. 459)
16. Method of preparing estimate of electrical, sanitary ad water supply (pg.no.: 617,618,665)
17. Administrative approval and technical sanction (notes, pg.no: 459)
18. Abstract of cost ( pg.no. : 453)
19. Contingencies ( pg.no: 454)
20. Muster roll ( pg.no: 690 and 691)
21. Framed structures (pg.no. 217)
22. Contingencies ( pg.no.: 454)
23. Tender ( pg.no: 687)
24. Plinth area rate( pg.no: 627,462,451,229)
25. General of brief specification ( pg.no.563)
26. Quotation notice ( notes)
27. Detailed specifications( pg.no: 565)