PAKISTAN STUDIES

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SUBMITTED TO Ms. TANZEELA NAAZ

was started by the Muslim of India alliance with the Indian Nationalist Movement. The

purpose of this movement was to restore the Glory of Muslims of Ottoman Empire and

not handing over the control of Muslim’s Holy Places to non-Muslims. Before the

division, Tukey was considered as the center for the Muslims and Ottoman Caliphate a

symbol of unity for Ummah. The British ruled over sub-continent in that time. Gandhi’s

non-cooperation movement but fell apart in after the abolition of the Caliphate in 1924.

 INTRODUCTION
Important incidents of Khilafat Movements are descried in detail below.

 World War I

The First World War was starter in 1914 after the assassination of Archduke Franz

Ferdinand who was the heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire . The two great alliances;

Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman Empire who fought against Britain, France,

Russia and United States. The war continued for four years and ended in late 1918.

Germany and its alliance were defeated badly in the war. On both sides, millions of

troops were killed and both alliances suffered great economic loss. The danger ahead was

that the victorious alliance will divide the conquered land into parts. Which includes

Turkey, the hub of Muslim Ummah will also be distributed. The Ummah always had a

great emotional attachment with the of the Caliphates of Turkey. This was the main

reason of Khilafat Movement.

Muslims launched a movement called the Khilafat Movement in 1919 to save

Ottoman Caliphate. The British Government promised that feelings of Muslims of India

should be considered and no harm should be done to the Holy Places of Muslims. In

Khilafat movement; Shaukat Ali, Mohammad Ali Johar, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Abdul

Kalam Azad and many Muslim leaders made it to the newspaper and the magazines,

performing their duties towards the restoration of the Ottoman Caliphate, who were

considered the leader of Sunni Muslims. They protested against the sanctions placed on

the Caliphs and the Ottoman Empire.

 Treat of Sevres

An agreement was signed between the allied forces which decided, that Syria,

Iraq and Jordan would not be separated from the Turkish Empire. But they were

determined to destroy the Turkish homeland too. This agreement was called ‘Treaty of

Sevres’.

 Khilafat Committee

Indian Muslims were utterly disappointed by the distribution of Turkey among the

victorious allies. In this distribution the institution of Caliphate was also to be distributed.

Indian Muslims were betrayed by the British Government despite the promise and

launched a movement in support of Caliphate. The first meeting was held on 23 rd

November 1919 in the leadership of Maulana Fazal-ul-Haq.

In Khilafat Conference at Delhi, Congress leaders like Gandhi and Nehru aroused

the Hindus to fully support the movement. The Gandhi announced some valuable steps in

support of movement and British Government.

 None of the Muslims or Hindus shall participate in the victory celebrations of war.

 All Indians will boycott the British goods.

 No Indian will be allowed to cooperate with the Government.

 Indians will reject all the Government titles.

 Indians will resign from all jobs, from police and military also which will cause

heavy damage to the Government.

 Indian refused to pay taxes

Police arrested Gandhi and Ali Brothers.

 Khilafat Delegation

In March,1919, Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar led a delegation to Lloyd George

the Viceroy, in England who as anti-Muslim to apprise the sentiments of Indians. He

reminded them of the promise the Government made about the Caliphate in Turkey. But

the Viceroy didn’t respond and the effort was all in vain.

 Incident of Chauri Chaura

In this village, a conflict erupted between police and protestors. The protester set

the police station on fire, in which twenty-two policemen were burnt alive. This made

Gandhi upset and he called of the non-cooperation movement doing great damage to
 khilafat movement. It this would not have happened the Government would have been

compelled to make major concessions.

 Turkish National Movement

The Muslims was betrayed on the eve of victory. A secular nationalist movement

arose in Turkey known as Turkish National Movement. The institution of Caliphate was

demolished none other than by their own people. The Turkish war leader, Mustafa Kamal

Ataturk on 1st November, 1922 imposed nationalist government. The last Caliph Sultan

Abdul Majeed was banished from Turkey in 1924.

 End of Khilafat Movement

Mustafa Kamal destroyed the institution of Caliphate. The Turks decide to make a

new start. The sacrifices of the people were doomed. The khilafat movement ended

without achieving its goal. Both Hindus and Muslims entered new era started doing

things as before. Their traditionally narrow mind set were as usual before khilafat

movement.

 Shuddhi Movement

At that time another movement was started by Arya Samaj whose purpose was to

convert Muslims to Hinduism forcefully.

 Hijrat Movement

When Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar was released from jail in 1924, he was

greatly disappointed. The India was declared as ‘Dar-ul-Harb’ and forced Muslims to

migrate to a safer place for their religion and national image. Allama Abdul Bari issued a
 Fatwa that Muslims should leave India. Many Muslim migrated to Afghanistan. The

Afghanistan government first welcome them, when the number increased, they refused

the entry. The Muslims returned from Afghanistan in huge numbers and were homeless

& doomed. This migration to Afghanistan is known as ‘Hijrat Movement’.

 Analysis of Khilafat Movement

Here are the key points of Khilafat Movement.

 The Khilafat Movement was a great Muslim struggle which provided dynamic

leadership to the Muslims and established foundations

 It confirmed the Muslims that the Hindu mind can never be sincere to the Muslims.

 The Khilafat Movement effectively demonstrated the religious enthusiasm of the

Muslims to the British.

 The Khilafat Movement also cultivated a new outlook amongst the Muslims not to

rely on others support and to wholly depend on self-determination.

 The Khilafat Movement developed a sense of awareness about their future.

 The Khilafat Movement greatly strengthened the Two-Nation Theory which became

the basis of establishment of Pakistan.

 The Khilafat Movement added much to the economic miseries of the Muslims who

resigned their jobs. 

 Reason for the Failure of Khilafat Movement

 Gandhi’s action of calling off the non-cooperation was as major set back to the
movement when the Government was about to make concessions.
  The Government arrested all important Muslim leaders which left the Muslims
wandering in the streets aimlessly.

 The Turkish leader Mustafa Kamal Ataturk abolished the institution of

Caliphate and banished last Caliph Sultan Abdul Majeed.

 The Chaura Chauri incident, police station accident killed twenty-two

police men.

 The extremist Hindu Shuddhi Movement, converting Muslims to

Hinduism.

 The collective clashes and disturbances erupted in the country which

adversely affected the political conditions of India.

 Conclusions

 The Khilafat Movement was of considerable importance in the history of Muslims

and India.

 It served the important purpose of awakening of Muslims.

 Its failure led them to believe Muslims that if they want to survive in sub-continent.

They should depend on their own strength and work.

 The movement aroused the motivation to struggle for independence and for a separate

homeland for the Muslims.

 Hijrat movement was a disaster because Muslims scattered among the Afghanistan.

 Experience was gained in mass migration and to rely upon themselves than running to

Hindus for help.

 Esposito, J. (2009). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World: Creeds-Intercession.

Oxford University Press.

 Kazmi, M. R. (2007). Pakistan Studies. Lahore: Oxford University Press.

 Rabbani, M. I., Smith, N., & Khan, A. Q. (2007). New millennium introduction to

Pakistan Studies. Karachi: The Caravan Book House, Lahore.

 Bamford, P. C. Histories of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements (1925).

Reprint. Delhi: Deep Publications, 1974.

Kazmi, M. R. (2007). Pakistan Studies. Lahore: Oxford University Press