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    American Religion Unit 1.2 Notes

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    American Religion Unit 1.2 Notes

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    17 views5 pages

    American Religion Unit 1.2 Notes

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    notreally anyoneatall

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    Protestants and Puritans

    The Protestant Reformation


    ● 16th Century Europe
    ● Martin Luther
    ● John Calvin
    ● Reformation of Symbols

    Protestant Reformers
    ● Rebuked medieval church for adherence to tradition
    ● Reformers had new tradition centered on scripture
    ● Emphasis on sermon as opposed to sacraments
    ● Pulpit is central, most important
    1. Adherence to scripture
    2. Justification through faith, not by works
    3. Priesthood of all believers
    ● Call for more action in the world

    Lutheran Reformation
    ● Proceeded cautiously
    ● Martin Luther
    ○ German Monk
    ○ Liturgical and Theological Conservative
    ○ Held onto ritual
    ○ Signs of new order
    ■ Congregational singing
    ■ Pulpit completed with Altar
    ■ Bible not read in Latin, read in common language
    ■ Occasional Eucharist
    ● John Calvin
    ○ Swiss Lawyer
    ○ Majesty vs. Humanity
    ■ Clean mind needed, God is majesty, humanity is corrupt
    ○ Focus on Law
    ○ Pulpit at Center
    ● Protestant Ethic
    ○ Response to Predestination
    ■ Predestination: Answer of salvation was determined by God before you
    were born - by John Calvin
    ■ Signs of saved faith = endless activity
    ○ Escape anxiety with work
    ○ Sober disciplined life
    ■ Has become an end unto itself. No longer a response to anxiety
    ○ Westminster Confession
    ■ Developed by followers of Calvin
    ■ This doctrine formed protestant ethic
    ■ Secularization of the very purpose of predestination. Entered into our
    culture as a form of moral behavior.

    Anglicans
    ● Act of state in England
    ● Henry VIII wanted divorce
    ● Pope refused
    ● The middle way between Catholicism and Protestantism
    ● Middle Way
    ○ Catholicism and Protestantism
    ○ Renounced Papacy
    ○ Open to Protestant practices
    ○ Older sacramentalism

    Puritans
    ● English Calvinists
    ● Anglicans not enough
    ● Purify the Church
    ● Separatists and Non-separatists

    - Separatists
    ● Complete separation
    ● Baptists
    ● Quakers

    - Non-Separatists
    ● Cleansed from within
    ● Congregationalists
    ● Presbyterians

    Puritans and the Salem Witch Trials

    The Pilgrims
    ● Separatists
    ● Escape oppression
    ● Retain identity
    ● First to Amsterdam
    ● Then to America
    ● Mayflower
    ○ 102 Passengers aboard
    ○ 66 days, 4 deaths later, landed at Cape Cod

    Plymouth Colony
    ● 1630 - A few hundred
    ● 1660 - 2,000 people
    ● 1691 - Absorbed into Massachusetts Bay Colony
    ● Separatists

    Massachusetts Bay Colony


    ● 1660 - 20,000 People
    ● 1700 - 60,000 People
    ● Non-Separatists

    John Winthrop
    ● Mass. Bay Colony Governor
    ● “Model of Christian Charity”
    ● Covenant with God and each other
    ● Social hierarchy
    ● “We shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us”

    Puritans came to create a pure church, but not a freedom a religion for all people

    Church and Town


    ● Utopian religious colony
    ● Town common
    ● Allied civil and religious authority
    ● Theocracy

    Developments in Massachusetts Bay Colony (1690ish)


    ● Colonial Decline
    ○ Fences on common land
    ○ Ministers paid by taxes rather than voluntarily submitted contributions
    ○ Children admitted without covenant
    ○ Thought to be an evil in the midst
    ○ Passing of founders
    ○ Newcomers not joining a church
    ● Explained failures as “God was punishing them for their failures
    ○ Leads into view that created Salem Witch Trials

    Salem Witches
    ● Little girls telling fortunes
    ● Girls behaving strangely
    ● Behavior spreads
    ● Affect children of Thomas Putnam
    ● Arrest of three women blamed with witchcraft by girls
    ○ Sarah Good - Beggar
    ○ Sarah Osborne - Bedridden Older woman
    ○ Tituba - Slave
    ● More Accused
    ○ Prosperous and religious
    ○ Outsiders
    ○ Up the social ladder
    ○ Accusers and accused didn’t know each other
    ○ 2/7 Members of Town Government
    ○ Town Minister
    ○ Prosperous Merchant
    ○ Was not an effort to purge the poor or outcast
    ○ Whatever was motivating the girls was not petty squabbles like previous cases of
    “witchcraft” in New England

    ● Outbreak of 1692
    ○ For years, 600 residents divided into two antagonistic factions
    ○ Salem Village was given partial existence in 1672
    ○ Some, lead by Putnam family, wanted full independence and their own church

    ● Samuel Parris Church


    ○ Small support
    ○ Further separation, not unity
    ○ Daughters overheard bitterness and resent
    ○ Worry for the future - Tried to predict future
    ■ Physical problems set in after future
    ○ Of four accused girls, two lived in the house of Samuel Parris. Third, Ann
    Putnam, was 12-year old daughter of Paris’s most dogged supporter

    ● Deeper Division
    ○ Puritan agricultural utopia is no more
    ○ 1 of 2 ports of entry
    ○ Larger gap in wealth
    ○ Merchants replaced farmers in town council

    ● Social Change
    ○ Puritans vs. Capitalists
    ○ Agrarian to Merchant Economy
    ○ Personal and Societal conflict

    ● Accused
    ○ Many witches in commerce
    ○ Some were peasants the village didn’t help
    ○ Collective expiation
    ○ Tried to offer confessions of sin to save their lives
    ■ Things like Satan coming and offering them gold or french shoes
    ○ Not entirely economic driven
    ■ Sarah Good was poor. A reminder of how far the townspeople had been
    seduced from their traditional moorings. Used excuses to justify behavior

    Witch Trial Underlying


    ● What it appears to have done is compel Salem’s more traditional villagers to face the
    possibility that they, themselves, were being transformed by the forces of change that
    were buffeting their village
    ● Conversely, some of the accused would not confess deeds they knew they had not
    committed. And for their honesty, they died.
    ● The only ones who suffered death were those who remained faithful to the essential
    requirements

    Covenant with God


    ● Changes seen as punishment
    ● Accused others as agents of sin
    ● Kill for peace with God

    After Salem
    ● No more witch trials
    ● Rise of scientific world
    ● Changing world as break with God
    ● Trials as atonement

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