Mce 513

MCE 513
Chapter 1
Fluid machines may be broadly classified as either positive displacement or rotodynamic.
In positive-displacement machines, energy transfer is accomplished by volume changes that

occur due to movement of the boundary in which the fluid is confined.
This includes piston-cylinder arrangements, gear pumps
Dynamic fluid-handling devices that direct the flow with blades or vanes attached to a rotating
member are termed turbomachines (rotodynamics).
In contrast to positive displacement machinery, there is no closed volume in a turbomachine
Turbo-Machinery
• Turbo-machines are devices in which energy is transferred either to or from a
continuously flowing fluid by the dynamic action of one or more moving blade rows
• In a compressor or pump, the energy is imparted to the fluid by a rotor.
• In a turbine, the energy is extracted from the fluid
Turbo machinery is a major component in
 (a) aircraft, marine, space (liquid rockets), and land propulsion systems,
 (b) hydraulic, gas, and steam turbines,
 (c) industrial pipeline and processing equipment such as gas, petroleum, and water
pumping plants, and
 (d) a wide variety of other applications (e.g., heart-assist pumps, industrial compressors,
and refrigeration plants).
Turbo-machinery without a shroud or annulus wall near the tip is termed extended
 Examples of this are aircraft and ship propellers, wind turbines, etc.
On the other hand, enclosed machines are accommodated in a casing so that a finite quantity of
fluid passes through the machine per unit of time.
 Examples of this are jet engine compressors, turbines, and pumps.
Classification of Turbo-Machinery
I Two main categories of turbomachine are identified:
 Firstly, those that absorb power to increase the fluid pressure or head (ducted fans,
compressors and pumps);
 secondly, those that produce power by expanding fluid to a lower pressure or head
(hydraulic, steam and gas turbines)
II Turbomachines are further categorised according to the nature of the flow path through the
passages of the rotor.
 When the path of the through-flow is wholly or mainly parallel to the axis of rotation, the
device is termed an axial flow turbomachine
 When the path of the through-flow is wholly or mainly in a plane perpendicular to the
rotation axis, the device is termed a radial flow turbomachine
 If the flow path is partially axial and partially radial, the device is called mixed-flow
turbomachinery
III one further category is either impulse or reaction machines according to whether pressure
changes are absent or present respectively in the flow through the rotor.
 In an impulse machine all the pressure change takes place in one or more nozzles, the
fluid being directed onto the rotor.
IV Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
Machines that add energy to a fluid by performing work on it are called:
 Pumps when the flow is liquid or slurry, and
 Fans, blowers, or compressors for gas- or vapour handling units
V Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid
Machines that extract energy from a fluid in the form of work (or power) are called turbines.
• In a turbine, a stage normally consists of an element to accelerate the flow, converting
some of its pressure energy to kinetic energy, followed by a rotor, wheel, or runner
extracts the kinetic energy from the flow via a set of vanes, blades, or buckets mounted
on the wheel.
Applications of Turbo machinery

Some typical examples of turbomachinery used in various applications are listed below.
• Aerospace Vehicle Application. Compressors and turbines are used in gas turbines for
power and propulsion of aircraft, helicopters, unmanned aerospace vehicles, V/STOL
aircraft, missiles, and so on. Turbines and pumps are used in liquid rocket engines
utilized for the propulsion of space vehicles.
• Marine Vehicle Application. Turbomachinery components are used in (a) power plants
for submarines, hydrofoil boats, Naval surface ships, hovercraft, and so on and (b)
propeller and propulsion plants used in ships, underwater vehicles, hydrofoil boats, and
so on.
• Land Vehicle Application. Turbomachinery is an important component in the gas
turbines used in trucks, cars, and high-speed train systems. An automotive gas turbine
which utilizes a centrifugal compressor and a radial turbine
• Energy Application. Steam turbines are used in steam, nuclear, and coal power plants;
hydraulic turbines are used in hydropower plants; gas turbines are used in gas turbine
power plants; wind turbines also belong to this class. A large Francis turbine used in
hydropower applications is shown in Fig. below.
• Industrial Applications. Compressors and pumping machinery are used in gas and
petroleum transmissions and other industrial and processing applications; pumping
machinery is used in fire fighting, water purification, and pumping plants; high-speed
miniature turbo expanders are used in refrigeration equipment; compressors are used in
refrigeration plants (industrial and other uses).
• Miscellaneous. Pumps are used in heart-assist devices, automotive torque converters,
swimming pools, and hydraulic brakes. One of the interesting applications of
turbomachinery is in the medical field, the artificial heart pump.
Chapter 2
Basic Governing equations for turbo machines
• The Continuity Equation.
• The Steady Flow Energy Equation (which is in fact a statement of the First Law of
Thermodynamics for steady flow systems).
• Newton's Second Law of Motion.
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics.
• The laws of Aerodynamics or Hydrodynamics.
• Dimensional analysis
Formulas specified in the note on page 1
Velocity vector
Formula calculated in the note
• For axial machines the radial component of velocity is small and can be ignored, making
the meridional velocity equal to the axial velocity.
• Similarly, at the outlet of a centrifugal compressor, or a radial pump, the axial velocity
vanishes and the meridional velocity then equals the radial velocity.
Formulas defined on page 1 and page 2
Worked example defined on page 2
Chapter 3
One Dimensional Theory
The real flow through an impeller is three dimensional. That is to say the velocity of the fluid is a
function of three positional coordinates, thus there is a variation of the velocity on three axes.
Basic Assumptions
The one-dimensional theory simplifies the problem very considerably by making the following
assumptions:
 The blades are infinitely thin and the pressure difference across them is replaced by
imaginary body forces acting on the fluid and producing torque.
 The number of blades is infinitely large, so that the variation of velocity across blade
passages is reduced and tends to zero.
Thus
 There is no variation of velocity in the meridional plane, i.e. across the width of the
impeller.
Thus

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MCE 513

In positive-displacement machines, energy transfer is accomplished by volume changes that

Applications of Turbo machinery

Formulas specified in the note on page 1

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