SATURACIÓN IEC 61869-100. Ejemplo 5.2.

Lcable ≔ 200 m VA ≔ V ⋅ A f ≔ 50 Cable longitud

Ifmax_pri ≔ 10 kA RMS magnitude primary fault current

Irated_pri ≔ 500 ⋅ A Irated_sec ≔ 1 ⋅ A IFrame ≔ 500 A CT rated current

Irated_pri
VA'Frame ≔ 2.5 VA VA'Frame ⋅ ――― CT rated at terminal. Power factor = 0.5 (IEEE)
IFrame
Z´RAT ≔ ――――――― = 2.5 Ω
Irated_sec 2

Tipodefalla ≔ “M” T: trifásico ; M: monofásico

ALF ≔ 20 Err ≔ 5% Nominal Accuracy limit Factor(ALF) and error of the CT

Irated_pri
N ≔ ―――= 500 CT turns ratio
Irated_sec

Xpos ≔ Ω Rpos ≔ Ω Power system reactance and resistance component of X/R

1
XoverR ≔ 15.72 Tp ≔ ――― ⋅ XoverR ⋅ s = 50.038 ms
2 π⋅f

Ifmax_pri
Ifmax_sec ≔ ―――= 20 A RMS magnitude of CT secundary current
N

Ω Ω
Rcable ≔ 2 ――― Xcable ≔ 0.068i ――― #12AWG cable inductive reactance and resistance
1000 ft 1000 ft

RCT ≔ 2 Ω CT interna resistance (interpolation)

Rem ≔ 0 Per Unit Remnant Flux

| ⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞ |
ZRAT ≔ |RCT + ⎝Z´RAT ⋅ 0.5 + Z´RAT ⋅ ⎝ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
1 - 0.5 2 ⎠ ⋅ 1i⎠ ⋅ ((1 + Err))| = 4.018 Ω

VRAT ≔ ZRAT ⋅ ((1 - Rem)) ⋅ ALF ⋅ Irated_sec

VRAT = 80.351 V CT Saturation Voltage

Srele ≔ 0.5 VA Rele VA @ In (Typical)

Srele
Rrele ≔ ―――― = 0.5 Ω
Irated_sec 2
Total Burden

ZB_phase ≔ Rrele + ⎛⎝Rcable + Xcable⎞⎠ ⋅ Lcable ||ZB_phase|| = 1.813 Ω PFB_phase ≔ cos ⎛⎝arg ⎛⎝ZB_phase⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 0.9997

ZB_ground ≔ Rrele + 2 ⋅ ⎛⎝Rcable + Xcable⎞⎠ ⋅ Lcable ||ZB_ground|| = 3.126 Ω PFB_graound ≔ cos ⎛⎝arg ⎛⎝ZB_ground⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 0.9996

ZB_ground ≔ Z´RAT = 2.5 Ω

ZB ≔ if Tipodefalla ＝ “T” = 2.5 Ω
‖
CY ≔ 10 Length of simulation in cycles ‖ ZB_phase
else
‖
Frequency (leave units out so plotting works) ‖ ZB_ground
IEEE C57.13
NEC

ARTECHE
Régimen permanente (>200ms )

ZRAT Ifmax_sec
―――― = 0.893 ―――= 20
||ZB + RCT|| Irated_sec

Ifmax_sec ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ALF ⋅ Irated_sec Ifmax_sec 1

―――⋅ ――――――――= 22.402 ――――――― = 22.402
Irated_sec VRAT Irated_sec ZRAT
――――
||ZB + RCT||

Nota: este valor debe ser menor a 20

Régimen transitorio (0-200ms)

Ifmax_sec ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ALF ⋅ Irated_sec

(1 + XoverR) ⋅ ――― ⋅ ――――――――= 374.558
Irated_sec VRAT

Nota: este valor debe ser menor a 20

MODELO PARA EVALUACIÓN DE SATURACIÓN:

The paper: Juergen Holbach, "Modern Solutions to Stabilize Numerical Differential Relays for
Current Transformer Saturation during External Faults", 2006 Power Systems Conference:
Advanced Metering, Protection, Control, Communication, and Distributed Resources, gives the
following three equations for estimating the time to saturation for a CT:

ω ≔ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ f ⋅ Hz

XoverR
Tp ≔ ――― Tp = 50.038 ms
ω

||ZB + RCT|| = 4.5 Ω

Vknee ≔ VRAT

⎛ ⎛ ――
-ts ⎞ ⎞
vsat1 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ≔ Ifmax_sec ⋅ ⎛⎝||ZB + RCT||⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎝((-XoverR)) ⋅ ⎝e p - 1⎟⎠ + 1⎟⎠
⎜ ⎜ T
Saturation free > 12 ms

⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ――
-ts ⎞ ⎞⎞
vsat2 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ≔ ⎝Ifmax_sec ⋅ ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ⎝((-XoverR)) ⋅ ⎝e p - 1⎟⎠ - sin ⎛⎝ω ⋅ ts⎞⎠⎟⎠⎟⎠
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ T
Saturation free 7-12 ms

vsat3 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ≔ Ifmax_sec ⋅ ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ⎛⎝1 - cos ⎛⎝ω ⋅ ts⎞⎠⎞⎠ Saturation free < 7ms

ts ≔ 0 ⋅ ms , 0.1 ⋅ ms ‥ 100 ⋅ ms

2⋅10³

1.8⋅10³

1.6⋅10³

1.4⋅10³

vsat1 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V))1.2⋅10³

1⋅10³
vsat2 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V))
800

vsat3 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V)) 600

400

Vknee ((V)) 200

-200

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
ts ((s))
 1⋅10³

900

800

700

vsat1 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V)) 600

500
vsat2 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V))
400

vsat3 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V)) 300

200

Vknee ((V)) 100

-100

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
ts ((s))

⎛ ⎛ ―――
-tsat1 ⎞ ⎞
vsat1 ⎛⎝tsat1⎞⎠ ≔ Ifmax_sec ⋅ ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ⎝((-XoverR)) ⋅ ⎝e p - 1⎟⎠ + 1⎟⎠
⎜ ⎜ T

⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ―――
-tsat2 ⎞ ⎞⎞
⎛ ⎞ ⎜ | | ⎜ ( ) ⎜
vsat2 ⎝tsat2⎠ ≔ ⎝Ifmax_sec ⋅ |ZB + RCT| ⋅ ⎝(-XoverR) ⋅ ⎝e
Tp
- 1⎠ - sin ⎝ω ⋅ tsat2⎠⎟⎠⎟⎠
⎟ ⎛ ⎞

vsat3 ⎛⎝tsat3⎞⎠ ≔ Ifmax_sec ⋅ ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ⎛⎝1 - cos ⎛⎝ω ⋅ tsat3⎞⎠⎞⎠

Saturación en:

Saturation free > 12 ms Saturation free 7-12 ms Saturation free < 7ms

tsat1 = -0.34 ms tsat2 = 6.176 ms tsat3 = 4.658 ms

Vknee = 80.351 V

vsat1 ⎛⎝tsat1⎞⎠ = 80.351 V vsat2 ⎛⎝tsat2⎞⎠ = 80.351 V vsat3 ⎛⎝tsat3⎞⎠ = 80.351 V

"Computer Simulation of Current Transformers and Relays For Performance Analysis" by
R.Garrett, W.C. Kotheimer, and S.E. Zocholl, presented before the 14th Annual Western
Protective Relay Conference, October 20-23, 1987.

R.W. Folkers
May 7, 2003
Modified by B.K. Johnson

59.5

51

42.5

34

25.5
IS
17 i

8.5

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
I
i
-8.5
―
-17 N
-25.5

-34

t
i

39

32.5

26

19.5

13

6.5

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 IS
-6.5 i

-13

-19.5

-26

-32.5

t
i
 CT Magnetizing Current

52.5

45

37.5

30

22.5

15
IM 7.5
i
0

-7.5

-15

-22.5

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

t
i

2.1
1.75
1.4
1.05
0.7
0.35
0
B ⎛⎝IP⎞⎠
-0.35
-0.7
-1.05
-1.4
-1.75
B ⎛N ⋅ IM ⎞ -2.1
⎜⎝ i⎟
⎠ -3⋅10⁴ -2.5⋅10⁴ -2⋅10⁴ -1.5⋅10⁴ -1⋅10⁴ -5⋅10³ 0 5⋅10³ 1⋅10⁴ 1.5⋅10⁴ 2⋅10⁴ 2.5⋅10⁴ 3⋅10⁴

IP

N ⋅ IM
i

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
L ⎛⎛⎝N ⋅ IM⎞⎠ ⎞ 0.6
⎜⎝ i⎟
⎠ 0.4
0.2
0

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05

t
i

2.1
1.75
1.4
1.05
0.7
0.35
0
B ⎛N ⋅ IM ⎞ -0.35
-0.7
⎜⎝ i⎟
⎠ -1.05
-1.4
-1.75
-2.1

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05

t
i
 Relay response

32.5

26

19.5

13

6.5 |Icpx |
| iv|
0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
Ia
-6.5 iv

-13
Ifmax_sec
―――
-19.5 1⋅A

-26

-32.5

iv
――
RS ⋅ f
SATURACIÓN IEC 61869-100. Ejemplo 11.5.4.3

Lcable ≔ 200 m VA ≔ V ⋅ A f ≔ 50 Cable longitud

Ifmax_pri ≔ 40 kA RMS magnitude primary fault current

Irated_pri ≔ 500 ⋅ A Irated_sec ≔ 1 ⋅ A IFrame ≔ 500 A CT rated current

Irated_pri
VA'Frame ≔ 2.5 VA VA'Frame ⋅ ――― CT rated at terminal. Power factor = 0.5 (IEEE)
IFrame
Z´RAT ≔ ――――――― = 2.5 Ω
Irated_sec 2

Tipodefalla ≔ “M” T: trifásico ; M: monofásico

ALF ≔ 20 Err ≔ 5% Nominal Accuracy limit Factor(ALF) and error of the CT

Irated_pri
N ≔ ―――= 500 CT turns ratio
Irated_sec

Xpos ≔ Ω Rpos ≔ Ω Power system reactance and resistance component of X/R

1
XoverR ≔ 15.72 Tp ≔ ――― ⋅ XoverR ⋅ 1 s = 50.038 ms
2 π⋅f

Ifmax_pri
Ifmax_sec ≔ ―――= 80 A RMS magnitude of CT secundary current
N

Ω Ω
Rcable ≔ 2 ――― Xcable ≔ 0.068i ――― #12AWG cable inductive reactance and resistance
1000 ft 1000 ft

RCT ≔ 1.2 Ω CT interna resistance (interpolation)

Rem ≔ 0 Per Unit Remnant Flux

| ⎛ ⎛ ⎞ ⎞ |
ZRAT ≔ |RCT + ⎝Z´RAT ⋅ 0.5 + Z´RAT ⋅ ⎝ ‾‾‾‾‾‾‾
1 - 0.5 2 ⎠ ⋅ 1i⎠ ⋅ ((1 + Err))| = 3.388 Ω

VRAT ≔ ZRAT ⋅ ((1 - Rem)) ⋅ ALF ⋅ Irated_sec

VRAT = 67.766 V CT Saturation Voltage

Srele ≔ 0.5 VA Rele VA @ In (Typical)

Srele
Rrele ≔ ―――― = 0.5 Ω
Irated_sec 2
Total Burden

ZB_phase ≔ Rrele + ⎛⎝Rcable + Xcable⎞⎠ ⋅ Lcable ||ZB_phase|| = 1.813 Ω PFB_phase ≔ cos ⎛⎝arg ⎛⎝ZB_phase⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 0.9997

ZB_ground ≔ Rrele + 2 ⋅ ⎛⎝Rcable + Xcable⎞⎠ ⋅ Lcable ||ZB_ground|| = 3.126 Ω PFB_graound ≔ cos ⎛⎝arg ⎛⎝ZB_ground⎞⎠⎞⎠ = 0.9996

ZB_ground ≔ Z´RAT = 2.5 Ω

ZB ≔ if Tipodefalla ＝ “T” = 2.5 Ω
‖
CY ≔ 10 Length of simulation in cycles ‖ ZB_phase
else
‖
Frequency (leave units out so plotting works) ‖ ZB_ground
IEEE C57.13
NEC

ARTECHE
Régimen permanente (>200ms )

ZRAT Ifmax_sec
―――― = 0.916 ―――= 80
||ZB + RCT|| Irated_sec

Ifmax_sec ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ALF ⋅ Irated_sec Ifmax_sec 1

―――⋅ ――――――――= 87.359 ――――――― = 87.359
Irated_sec VRAT Irated_sec ZRAT
――――
||ZB + RCT||

Nota: este valor debe ser menor a 20

Régimen transitorio (0-200ms)

Ifmax_sec ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ALF ⋅ Irated_sec

(1 + XoverR) ⋅ ――― ⋅ ――――――――= 1460.647
Irated_sec VRAT

Nota: este valor debe ser menor a 20

MODELO PARA EVALUACIÓN DE SATURACIÓN:

The paper: Juergen Holbach, "Modern Solutions to Stabilize Numerical Differential Relays for
Current Transformer Saturation during External Faults", 2006 Power Systems Conference:
Advanced Metering, Protection, Control, Communication, and Distributed Resources, gives the
following three equations for estimating the time to saturation for a CT:

ω ≔ 2 ⋅ π ⋅ f ⋅ Hz

XoverR
Tp ≔ ――― Tp = 50.038 ms
ω

||ZB + RCT|| = 3.7 Ω

Vknee ≔ VRAT

⎛ ⎛ ――
-ts ⎞ ⎞
vsat1 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ≔ Ifmax_sec ⋅ ⎛⎝||ZB + RCT||⎞⎠ ⋅ ⎝((-XoverR)) ⋅ ⎝e p - 1⎟⎠ + 1⎟⎠
⎜ ⎜ T
Saturation free > 12 ms

⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ――
-ts ⎞ ⎞⎞
vsat2 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ≔ ⎝Ifmax_sec ⋅ ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ⎝((-XoverR)) ⋅ ⎝e p - 1⎟⎠ - sin ⎛⎝ω ⋅ ts⎞⎠⎟⎠⎟⎠
⎜ ⎜ ⎜ T
Saturation free 7-12 ms

vsat3 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ≔ Ifmax_sec ⋅ ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ⎛⎝1 - cos ⎛⎝ω ⋅ ts⎞⎠⎞⎠ Saturation free < 7ms

ts ≔ 0 ⋅ ms , 0.1 ⋅ ms ‥ 100 ⋅ ms

2⋅10³

1.8⋅10³

1.6⋅10³

1.4⋅10³

vsat1 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V))1.2⋅10³

1⋅10³
vsat2 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V))
800

vsat3 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V)) 600

400

Vknee ((V)) 200

-200

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
ts ((s))
 1⋅10³

900

800

700

vsat1 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V)) 600

500
vsat2 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V))
400

vsat3 ⎛⎝ts⎞⎠ ((V)) 300

200

Vknee ((V)) 100

-100

0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.018 0.02
ts ((s))

⎛ ⎛ ―――
-tsat1 ⎞ ⎞
vsat1 ⎛⎝tsat1⎞⎠ ≔ Ifmax_sec ⋅ ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ⎝((-XoverR)) ⋅ ⎝e p - 1⎟⎠ + 1⎟⎠
⎜ ⎜ T

⎛ ⎛ ⎛ ―――
-tsat2 ⎞ ⎞⎞
⎛ ⎞ ⎜ | | ⎜ ( ) ⎜
vsat2 ⎝tsat2⎠ ≔ ⎝Ifmax_sec ⋅ |ZB + RCT| ⋅ ⎝(-XoverR) ⋅ ⎝e
Tp
- 1⎠ - sin ⎝ω ⋅ tsat2⎠⎟⎠⎟⎠
⎟ ⎛ ⎞

vsat3 ⎛⎝tsat3⎞⎠ ≔ Ifmax_sec ⋅ ||ZB + RCT|| ⋅ ⎛⎝1 - cos ⎛⎝ω ⋅ tsat3⎞⎠⎞⎠

Saturación en:

Saturation free > 12 ms Saturation free 7-12 ms Saturation free < 7ms

tsat1 = -2.396 ms tsat2 = 3.851 ms tsat3 = 2.197 ms

Vknee = 67.766 V

vsat1 ⎛⎝tsat1⎞⎠ = 67.766 V vsat2 ⎛⎝tsat2⎞⎠ = 67.766 V vsat3 ⎛⎝tsat3⎞⎠ = 67.766 V

"Computer Simulation of Current Transformers and Relays For Performance Analysis" by
R.Garrett, W.C. Kotheimer, and S.E. Zocholl, presented before the 14th Annual Western
Protective Relay Conference, October 20-23, 1987.

R.W. Folkers
May 7, 2003
Modified by B.K. Johnson

210

175

140

105

70 IS
i
35

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 I
-35 i
―
-70 N
-105

-140

t
i

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2
-20
IS
i
-40

-60

-80

-100

t
i
 CT Magnetizing Current

210

175

140

105

70

35
IM 0
i
-35

-70

-105

-140

0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

t
i

2.1
1.75
1.4
1.05
0.7
0.35
0
B ⎛⎝IP⎞⎠
-0.35
-0.7
-1.05
-1.4
-1.75
B ⎛N ⋅ IM ⎞ -2.1
⎜⎝ i⎟
⎠ -1.2⋅10⁵ -1⋅10⁵ -8⋅10⁴ -6⋅10⁴ -4⋅10⁴ -2⋅10⁴ 0 2⋅10⁴ 4⋅10⁴ 6⋅10⁴ 8⋅10⁴ 1⋅10⁵ 1.2⋅10⁵

IP

N ⋅ IM
i

1.65
1.5
1.35
1.2
1.05
0.9
0.75
L ⎛⎛⎝N ⋅ IM⎞⎠ ⎞ 0.6
⎜⎝ i⎟
⎠ 0.45
0.3
0.15
0

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05

t
i

2.1
1.75
1.4
1.05
0.7
0.35
0
B ⎛N ⋅ IM ⎞ -0.35
-0.7
⎜⎝ i⎟
⎠ -1.05
-1.4
-1.75
-2.1

0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04 0.045 0.05

t
i
 Relay response

90

75

60

45

30
|Icpx |
15 | iv|

0
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2 Ia
iv
-15

-30 Ifmax_sec
―――
-45
1⋅A

-60

-75

iv
――
RS ⋅ f