IS 2911 (Part l/Sec 2).

: 2010

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( ~ 't-J tf I ;rRterur)

Indian Standard
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PILE
FOUNDATIONS - CODE OF PRACT1CE
PART 1 CONCRETE PIl,.ES
.Section 2 Bored Cast In-situ Concrete Piles

( Second' Revision)

Ies 91.100.30 : 93.020·

© BIS 2010
B U RE A U 0 FIN D I A N S TAN DA R D S
MA."\JAK BHAVAX, 5). BAHADu"RSHAH. ZAFAR MARG
xEW DELHI 110002

/'o,'[a)' 2011 Price Group 9

 Soil and Foundation Engineering Sectional Commil,ee, CED 43

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard (Part l/Sec 2) (Second Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of In4ian Standards, after
the draft finalized by the Soil and Foundation Engineering Sectional Committee had been approved by the
Civil Engineering Division Council.
Piles find application in foundations to transfer loads from a stmcture to' competent subsurface strata having
adequate load-bearing capacity. The load transfer mechanism from a pile to the surrounding ground is
complicated and is not yet fully understood, although application of piled· foundations is in practice over
many decades. Broadly, piles transfer axial loads either substantially by friction along its shaft and/or by
the end-bearing. Piles are used where either of the above load transfer mechanism is possible depending
upon the subsoil stratification at a particular site. Constmction of pile foundations require a careful choice
'. of piling system depending upon the subsoil conditions, the load characteristics of a structure and the
limitations of total settlement, differential settlement and any other'special requirem~Iit of a project. The
installation of piles demands careful control on position, alignment and depth, and involve specialized skill
and experience.
This standard was originally published in 1964 and included provisions regarding driven 'cast in-situ piles,
precast concrete piles, horedpilcs and undcr-rcamed piles including load testing of piles. Subsequcntly thc
portion pertaining to under-reamed pile foundations was deleted and now covered in IS 2911 (Part 3) : 1980
'Code of practice for design and construction of pile foundations: Part 3 Under-reamed piles (first revision)'.
At that time it was also decided that the provisions regarding other types of piles should also be published
separately for ease of reference and to take into account the recent developments in this field. Consequently
this standard was revised in 1979 into three sections. Later, in 1984, a new section as (Part 1/Sec 4) was
introduced in this part of the standard to cover the provisions of bored precast concrete piles. The portion
relating to load test on piles has been covered in a separate part, namely, IS 2911 (Part 4) : 1984 'Code of
practice for design and construction of pile foundations: Part 4 Load test on piles'. Accordingly IS 2911 has
been published in four parts. '111eother parts of the standard are:
Part 2 Timber piles
Part 3 Under-reamed piles
Part 4 Load test on piles
lJther sections of Part 1 are:
Section] Driven cast in-situ concrete piles
Section J Driven precast concrete piles

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In the present revision following major modifications have been made: . ~;::-,:'
a) Definitions of various terms have been modified as per the prevailing engineering practice.
b) Minimum diameter of pile has been specified.
c) Procedures for calculation of bearing capacity, structural capacity, (actor of safety, lateral load
capacity, overloadi.ng, etc, have also be~nmQclifitXI.to bring'91e~ll at par with the presem practices.

(Continued on third cover)

(Continued/i'olll second cover)

d) Design parameters with respect to adhesion factor, earth pressure coefficient, modulus of subgrade
reaction, ere, have been revised to make them consistence with the outcome of modem research and
consimction practices.
e) ::viinimum grade of concrete to be used in pile foundations has been revised to ::vi25 .
.0 Provisions [or special use of large diameter bored cast in-situ reinforced cement concrete piles in
marine stmctures have been added.
Bored cast in-situ pile is formed within the ground by excavating or boring a hole within it, with or without
the aid of·a temporary casing (to keep the hole stabilized) and subsequently filling it with plain or reinforced
concrete. These piles are particularly applicable in certain subsoil conditions where penetration to a pre

I
detcrmillcd depth is essential.
The recommendations for detailing for earthquake-resistant constmction given in IS 13920: 1993 'Ductile
detailing of reinforced concrete stmcUlres subjected to seismic forces _0. Code of practice' should be taken
into consideration, where applicable (see also IS 4326 : 1993 'Earthquake resistant design and constmction
of buildings· - Code of practice').
The composition of the Committee responsible for that formulation of this standard is given in Annex G.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the final
value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis shall be rounded off in accordance
with IS 2 : 1960 'Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)'. The number of significant places
retained in the rounded off value Sh0111dhe the
I
same as that of the specified value in this standard.
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IS 2911 (Part 1/Scc 2) : 2010

Indian Standard
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTIC)N ()F PILE
FOUNDATIONS - C()I)R ()F PRACTICE
PART 1 CONCRETE PILES

Section 2 Bored Cast In-situ Concrete Piles

( Second Revision)

1 SCOPE 3.6 Diameter of Piles - Piles of 600 mm or less in

diameter are commonly known as small diameter
1.1 This standard {Part 1/Sec 2) covers the design
piles while piles greater than 600 m diameter are
and constmction of hored cast in-situ concrete piles
called large diameter piles. Minimum pile diameter
which transmit the load to the soil by resistance shall be 450 mm.
developed either at the pile tip by end-bearing or
along the surface of the shaft by friction or by both. 3.7 Elastic Displacement - This is the magnitude
of displacement of the. pile head during rebound,on
1.2 This standard is not applicable for use of bored
removal of a given test load. This comprises two
cast in-situ concrete piles for any other purpose, for
components:
example, temporary or pennanent retaining stnlcture.
a) Elastic displacement of the soil participating
2 REFERE~CES in. the load transfer, and
'111estandards listed in Annex A contain provisions b) Elastic displacement of the pile shaft.
,which through reference in this text, constitute 3.8 Factor ofSaf~ty - It is the ratio of the ultimate
provisions of this standard. At thc time of publication, loa(r'c~pacity . of~jlile
the editions indicated were valid. All standards are
-,: ~ to. the safe load on the pile.
...

3.9; Qross Displare,i:l1ent - The total movement of

subject to revision and parties to agreements based
the 'Rile.
..... ,'
top undef~~
,
given load.
on this standard are encouraged to investigate the
possibility of applying the most recent editions of the 3.10 InItuuL;oad Test - A test pile is tested to
standards listed in Annex A. determine -ih~load-carrying capacity of the pile by
loading either to its ultimate load or to twice the
3 TERMINOLOGY estimated safe load.

For the purpose of this standard, the following 3.11 Initial Test Pile - One or more piles, which
definitions shall apply, are not wo~king piles, may be installed if required to
assess the load-carrying capacity of a pile. These
3.1 Allowable Load -,- The load which may hc
piles are tested either to their ultimate load capacity
applied to a pile after taking into account its or to twice the estimated safe load.
ultimate load capacity, group effect, the allowable
settlement, negative skin friction and other relevant 3.12 Load Bearing Pile - A pile formed in the
loading conditions. ground for transmitting the load of a stnlcture tothe
soil by the resistance developed at its tip and/or
3.2 Anchor Pile - An anchor pile means a pile
along its surface. It may be formed either vertically
meant for resisting pull or uplift forces.
or at an inclination (hatter pile) and may he required
3.3 Batter Pile (Raker Pile) - The pile which is to resist uplift forces.
installed at an angle to the vertical using temporary
If the pile supports the load primarily by resistance
casing or permanent liner,
developed at the pile tip or base it is called 'End-
3.4 Bored Cast In-situ Pile - A pile formed by bearing pile' and, if primarily by friction along its
boring a hole in the ground by percussive or rotary surface, then 'Friction pile'.
method with the use of/temporary/permanent casing
3.13 ~et Displacement -- The net vertical
or drilling mud and subsequently filling the hole
with reinforced concrete. movement of the pile top after the pile has been
subjected to a test load and subsequently released.
3.5 Cut-off Level - It is the level where a pile is
3.14 Pile Spacing The spacing of the piles means
cut-off to support the pile caps or beams or any other
the center-to-center distance hetween adjacent piles.
structural componeilts at that level,
S 2911 (Part l/Scc 2) : 2010

1.15 Routine Test Pile - A pile which is selected e) All transient loads due to seismic, wind,
or load testing may form a working pile itself, if water current, etc, are to be indicated
ubjeeted to routine load test up to one and 105 times separately.
lle safe load.
£) In soils susceptible to liquefaction during
i.l6 Safe Load - It is the load derived by applying earthquake, appropriate analysis may be
factor of safety on the ultimate load capacity of the done to determine the depth of liquefaction
,ile or as determined from load test.
and consider the pile depth accordingly_
i.l7 Ultimate Load Capacity - The maximum 4.2 As far as possible all informations given in 4.1
:lad which a pile can carry before failure, that is, shall be made available to the agency responsible
,hen the founding strata fails by shear as evidenced for the design and/or construction 'of piles and/or
rom the 10ad settlement curve or the pile faiis as a foundation work.
tructural member.
The design details of pile foundation shall give the
1.18 Working Load - The load assigned to a pile information necessary for setting out and -layout of
s per design. piles, ctlt-off levels, finished cap level, layout and
1.19Working Pile - A pile forming part of the orientation of pile cap in the foundation plan and
oundation system of a given structure. the safe capacity of 'each type of pile, etc.

NECESSARY INFORMATIO:\" 5 EQUIPMENTS AND ACCESSORIES

.1 For the satisfactory design and construction of 5.1 The equipments and accessories would depend
lored cast in-situ piles the following information upon the type of bored cast in-situ piles chosen for a
muld be necessary: job after giving due considerations to the subsoil
strata, ground water condition, types of founding
a) Site. investigation data as laid down under
material and the required penetration therein.
IS 1892. Sections of trial boring,
supplemented, wherever appropriate, by 5.2 Among the commonly used plants, tools and
penetration tests, should incorporate data! accessories, there exists a large variety; suitability
information down to depth sufficiently of which depends on the subsoil condition and
below the anticipated -level of founding of manner of operation, etc.
piles but this should generally be not less 5.3 Boring' operatiops .are generally done by
than 10 m beyond the pile founding level. percussion type rigs or rotary rigs using direct mud
Adequacy of the bearing strata shollld be circulation or reverse mud circulation methods to
ensured by supplementary tests, if required. bring the cuttings out. In soft layers and loose sands,
bailers and chisel method should be used with
b) The nature of the soil both around and
caution to avoid the effect of suction.
beneath the proposed pile should be
indicated on the basis of appropriate tests of 5.4 For percussion boring using bailer chisel and
strength, compressibility, etc. Ground water for rotary rigs, stabilization of bore holes may be
level and artesian conditions, if any, should done either by circulation or suspended mud.
also be recorded. Results of chemical tests to
ascertain the sulphate, chloride and any 5.5 Kentledge
other deleterious chemical content of soil
Dead \veight used for applying a test load on a pile.
and water should be indicated.
6 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
c) For piling work in water, as in the case of
bridge foundation, data on high flood levels, 6.1 General
water level during the working season,
maximum depth of scour, etc, and in the case Pile foundations shall be designed in such a way that
the load from the structure can be transmitted to the
of marine construction, data on high and low
tide level, corrosive action of chemicals sub-surface with adequate factor of safety against
present and dat!i regarding flow of water shear failure of sub-surface and without causing such
should be provided. settlement (differential or total), which may result in
structural damage and/or. functional distress under
d) The general layout of the structure showing
pennanentltransient loading. The pile shaft should
estimated loads and inomentsat the top of
have adequate structural capacity to withstand all
pile caps but excluding the weight of, the loads (veitk:il. ~X:ial or otherwi.se) and moments
piles and caps should be provided. The top which are to be transmitted to the subsoil and shall
levels of finished pile caps shall also be
indicated. h.:. designed. accordil}.g to IS 456. -

2
 IS 2911 (Part 1/Scc 2) : 2010

6.2 Adjacent Structures (buoyant or total as relevant). The recommended

factor of safety iD.:Qjn the absence of any pullout
6.2.1 When working near eXlstlllg structures care test results and 2.0 with pullout test results. Uplift
shall be taken to avoid damage to such stnIctures.
capacity can be clrtained from static formula (see
IS 2974 (Part 1) may be used as a guide for shIdying
Annex B) by ignoring cnd-bcaring but adding
qualitatively the effect of vibration on persons and \veight of the pile (buoyant or total as relevant).
stmcturcs.
6.2.2 In case of deep excavations adjacent to piles, 6.4 Negative Skin Friction or Dragdown Force
proper shoring or other suitable arrangement shall be
When a soil stratum, through which a pile shaft has
made to guard against undesired lateral movement
penetrated into an underlying hard stratum,
of soil.
compresses as a result of either it being
6.3 Pile Capacity unconsolidated or it being under a newly placed fill
or as a result of remoulding during installation of the
The load-carrying capacity of a pile depends on the pile, a drag down force is generated along the pile
properties of the soil in which it is embedded. Axial shaft up to a point in depth where the surrounding
load from a pile is normally transmitted tQ the soil soil does not move downward relative to the pile
through skin friction along the shaft and end-bearing shaft. Existence of such a phenomenOl~ shall be
at its tip. A horizontal load all a vertical pile is assessed and suitable correction shall be made to the
transmitted to the soil primarily by horizontal allowable load where appropriate.
subgrade reaction generated in the upper part of the
shaft. 1.atcral load capacity of a single pile depends 6.5 Structural Capacity
on the soil reaction developed and the struchIral
The piles shall have necessary stmcturaJ strength to
capacity of the shaft under bending. It would be
transmit the loads imposcd on it, ultimately to the
essential to investigate the lateral load capacity of
soil. Incase of uplift, the structural· capacity of the
the pile using appropriate values of horizontal
pile, that is, under tension should also be considered.
subgrade modulus of the soil.
6.3.1 The ultimate load capacity of a pile should be 6.5.1 Axial Capacity
estimated by .means of static formula based on soil
Where a pile is wholely embedded in the soil
test results. Pile capacity should preferably be
(having an undrained shear strength not less than
eonfinnedby initial load tests lsee IS 2911 (Part 4»).
0.01 N/mm2), its axial load carrying capacity is not
The settlement of pile obtained at safe load/working necessarily limited by its strength as a long column.
load from load-test results on a single pile shall not be Where piles are installed through very weak soils
directly used for estimating the settlement of a structure. (having an undrained shear strength less than
The settlement may be detennined on the basis of
0.01 N/mm2), special ,considerations shall be made
subsoil data and loading details of the structure as a to determine whether the shaft would behave 'as a
whole using the principles of soil mechanics. long column or not. If necessary, suitable reductions
6.3.1.1 Vertical load capacity (using static formula) shallbe made for its structural strength following the
normal structural principles covering the buckling
TIle ultimate loadfapacity of a single pile may be phenomenon.
obtained by using static analysis, the accuracy being
dependent on tlle reliability of the soil properties for When the finished pile projects above ground level
various strata. When <;omputing capacity by static and is not secured against buckling by adequate
bracing, the effective length will be governed by the
formula, thc shcar strcngth parameters obtained from
a limited number of borehole data and laboratory fixity imposed on it by the structure it supports and
by the nature of the soil into which it is installed.
tests should be supplemented, wherever possible, by
in-situ shear strength obtained from field tests. The The depth below the ground surface to the lower
two separate static formulae, commonly applicable point of contraflexure varies with the type of the
for cohesive and non-cohesive soil are indicated in
soillIn
may good soil depth
te ta~a the lower
of J mpoint
helowofground
contraflexure
surface
Annex B. Other formula based on static cone
subject to a minimum of 3 times the diameter of the
penetration test [see IS'4968 (Parts 1, 2 and 3)] and
standard penetration test (see IS 2131) are given shaft. In weak soil (undrained shear strength less than
in B-3 and B-4. 0.01 :\"/mm2), such as, soft clay or soft silt, this point
m;:iy be taken at about half the depth of penetration
~.2 Uplift Capacity into Stich stratum but not more than 3 m or 10 tinles
The uplift capacity of a pile is given by sumof the th~dianleter of the shaft whichever is more. The
frictional resistance and the weight of the pile degree of fixity of the position and inclination of the
-, ~
3
S 2911 (Part l/Scc 2) : 2010

,ile top and the'restraints provided by any bracing deposits, may become laterally loaded owing to the
hall he estimated following accepted structural settlement of the surrounding soil. Tn consolidating
'rinciples. clay, spccial precautions, like provision of
'he penuissible stress sllall be reduced in accordance permanent casing, should be taken for raker piles.
vith similar provision for reinforced concrete
olumns as laid down in IS 456. , 6.6 Spacing of Piles

The minimum centre-to-centre spacing of piles IS

i.5.2 Lateral Load Capacity
considered from three aspects, namely,
\ pile may be subjected to lateral force for a number
a) practical aspects of installing the piles,
,f causes, sueh as, wind, earthquake, water currcnt,
arth pressure, effect of moving vehicles or ships, b) diameter of the pile, and
,lant and equipment, etc. The lateral load capacity c) nature of the load transfer to the soil and
If a single pile depends not only on the horizontal possible reduction in ,he load capacity of
ubgrade modulus of the surrounding soil but also piles group.
,n the stntctural strength of the pile shaft against ."\OTE - In the c·ase of piles of non-circutar cross-
,ending, consequent upon application of a lateral section. diameter of the circumscribing circle shall be
Dad. While considering lateral load on piles, effect adopted.
If other co-existent loads, including the axial load 6.6.1 In case of piles founded on hard stratum and
III the pile, should be taken into consideration for deriving their capacity mainly from end-bearing the
hecking the stiucttlral' capacity of the shaft. A minimuinspacing shall be 2.5 times the diameter of
ecommended method for thc pile analysis undcr the circumscribing circle corresponding to the cross-
ateralload is given in Annex C. section of the pile shaft. In case of piles resting on
~ecause of limited information on horizontal rock, the spacing of two times the said diameter may
ubgrade modulus Q,fsoil, and pending refinements be adoptcd.
11 the theoretical analysis, it is suggested that the 6.6.2 Piles deriving their load-carrying capacity
Idequacy of a design should be checked by an mainly from friction shall be spaced sufficiently
IctUal field load test. In the zone of soil susceptible apart to ensure that the zones of soils from which the
o liquefaction the lateral resistance of the soil shall piles derive their support do not overlap to such an
lot be considered. - extent that their bearing values are reduced.

a.2.1 Fixed and free head conditions

\. group of three or more pile connected by a rigid
-
Geilerally the spacing 'ill such cases shall not be less
than 3 times the diameter of the shaft.

6.7 Pile Groups

lile cap shall be considered to have fixed head
:ondition. Caps for single piles must be 6.7.1 In order to determine the load-carrying
nterconnected by grade beams in two directions and capacity of a group of piles a number of efficiency
or twin piles by grade beams in a line transverse to equations are in use. However, it is difficult to
he common axis of the pair so that the pile head is establish the accuracy of these efficiency equations
'ixed. In all other conditions the.pile shall be taken as the behaviour of pile group is dependent on many
IS free headed.
complex factors. It is desirable to consider each case
separately on its own merits ..
i.5.3 Raker Pil.es
6.7.2 The load-carrying capacity of a pile group
(akcr piles are normally provided where vertical may be equal to or less than the load-carrying
li1es cannot resist the applied horizontal forces. capacity of individllal piles multiplied by the number
:Tenerally the rake will be limited to 1 horizontal to of piles in the group. The fonner holds true in case
) vertical. In the preliminary design, the load on a of friction piles, cast into' progressively stiffer
aker pile is generally considered to be axial. The materials or in end-bearing piles.
listribution of load between raker and vertical piles 6.7.3 In case of piles deriving their support mainly
n a group may be determined by graphical or from friction and connected by a rigid pile cap, thc
malytical methods. 'Where necessary, due group may be visualized as a block with the piles
:onsideration should be made for secondary bending embedded within the soil. The ultimate load
nduced as a result of the pile cap movement, capacity of the group may then be obtained by
larticularlywhen the cap is rigid. Free-standing raker considering plock failure taking into account the
liles are subjected to bending momcnts due to their frictioilal capacity along the perimeter of the block
lwn weight or external forces from other causes. and end~bearing at the bolton:. of the block using the
(aker piles,. enibedded in fill or consolidating accepted pribciples of soil mechanics.

4
 IS 2911 (Part 1/Scc 2) : 2010

6.7.4 When the cap of the pile group is cast directly 6.9 Transient Loading
on reasonably firm stratum which supports the piles,
TIle maximum permissible increase over the safe load
it may contribute to the load-carrying capacity of the
of a pile, as arising out of wind loading, is
group. This additional capacity along with the
25 percen!: In case of loads alldm~ arising oul
individual capacity of the piles multiplied by the
orear:thquake effects, the increase of safe load on a
number of piles in the group shall not be more than
single pile may be limited to the provisions
the capacity worked out according to 6.7.3.
contained in IS 1893 (Part 1). For transient loading
6.7.5 When a pile group is subjected to moment arising out of supcrimposcd loads, no increase is
either from superstruCtllrC or as a consequence of allowed.
inaccuracies of installation, the adequacy of the pile
group in resisting the applied moment should be 6.10 Overloading
checked. In case of a single pile subjected to moment
due to lateral loads or eccentric loading, beams may When a pile in a group, designed for a certain safe
be provided' to restrain the pile effectively from load is found, during or after execution, to fall just
lateral or rotational movement. short of the load required to be carried by it, an
6.7.6 In case of a stmcture supported on single piles/ overload up to 10 percent of the pile capacity may be
allowed on each pile. The total overloading on the
group of piles resulting in large variation in the
number of piles from column-to-column it may result group should not, however, be more than
in large differential settlement. Such differential 10 percent of the capacity of the group subject to the
settlement should be either catered for in the increas~ of the load on any pile being not more than
stmctural design or it may be suitably reduced by 25 percent of the allowable load on a single pile.
judicious choice of variations in the actual pile 6.11 Reinforcement
loading. For example, a single pile cap may be
loaded to a level higher than that of the pile in a 6.11.1 The design of the reinforcing cage varies
group in order to achieve reduced differential depending. upon the installation conditions,' the
settlement between two adjacent pile caps supported nature of the suhsoi1 and the nature of load to he ~,

on a number of piles. transmitted by the shaft-axial, or otherwise. The t

minimum area of longitudinal reinforcement of any
6.8 Factor of Safety type or grade within the pile shaft shall be
6.8.1 Factor of safety should be chosen after 0.4 percent of the cross-sectional area of the pile
considering, shaft. The minimum reinforcement shall be provided
throughout the length of the shaft.
a) the reliability of the calculated value of
6.11.2 TIle curtailment of reinforcement along the
llltimate load capacity of a pile,
depth of the pile, in general, depends on the type of
b) the types of superstructure and the type of
loading and subsoil strata. In case of piles subject to
loading, and
compressive load only, the designed quantity of
e) allowable total/differential settlement of the
reinforcement may be curtailed at appropriate level
stmcture.
according to the design requirements. For piles
6.8.2 When the ultimate load capacity is determined . subjected to uplift load, ~atcral load and Imomcnts,
from static fOrm~llg, the factor of safety would separately or with compressive loads, it would be
depend on the reliability of the formula and the necessary to provide reinforcement for the full depth
reliability of the subsoil parameters used in the Of pile. In soft clays or loose sands, or where there
computation. The minin)um factor of safety on static may be danger to green concrete due to installation
formula shall be 2.5. The final selection of a factor of adjacent piles, the reinforcement should be
of safety shall take into consideration the load provided up to the full pile depth, regardless of
seule:nent characteristics of the stmcture as a whole whether or not it is required from uplift and lateral
at a given site. load considerations. However, in all cases, the
6.8.3 Higher value of factor of safety for minimum reinforcement specified in 6.11.1 shall be
determining the safe load on piles may be adopted, provided throughout the length of the shaft.
where, 6.11.3 Piles shall always be reinforced with a
a) settlement is to be limited or unequal minimum amount of reinforcement as dowels
settlement avoided, keeping the minimum bond length into the pile shaft
b) large impact or vihrating loadsare expected, below its ~ut-off level and with adequate projection
and into the pile cap,irrespective of. design requirements.
c) the properties of tbe soil may deteriorate with 6.11.4C1earcover,to alllTl;lin r6nforcement in pile
time. shaft shall be not less than SO mm. The laterals of a

5
IS 2911 (Part 1/Scc 2) ; 2010

reinforcing cage may be in the form of links or a) 33 Grade ordinary Portland cement
spirals. The diameter and spacing of the same is conforming to IS 269,
chosen to impart adequate rigidity of the reinforcing
b) 43 Grade ordinary Portland cement
cage during its handling and installations. The
conforming to IS 8112,
minimum diameter of the links or spirals shall be
8 mm and the spacing of the links or spirals shall be c) 53 Grade ordinary Portland cement
iiOtless than 150 nUll. Stiffner rings preferably of confollning to IS 12269,
16 mm diameter;rt eve;vT.5 m centre-to-centre d) Rapid hardening Portland cement
should be provided along length of the cage for conforming to IS 8041,
providing rigidity to reinforcement cage. Minimum e) Portland slag cement conforming to IS 455,
6 numbers of vertical bars shall be used for a circular
pile and minimum diaIReter of vertical bar shall be f) Portland pozzolana cement (fly ash based)
12' mm. The clear horizontal spacing between the confonning to IS 1489 (Part 1),
~nt vertical bars shall be four times the g) Portland pozzolana cement (calcined clay
maximum aggregate size in concrete. If required, the based) conforming to IS 1489 (Part 2),
bars can be bundled to maintain such spacing.
h) Hydrophobic cement confonning' to IS 8043,
6.12 Design of Pile Cap j) Low heat Portland cement conforming to
IS 12600, and
6.12.1 The pile caps may be designed by assuming
that the load from column is dispersed at 45° from k) Sulphate resisting Portland cement
the top of the cap to the mid-depth of the pile cap confonning to IS 12330.
from the base of the column or pedestal. The reaction 7.2 Steel
from piles may also be taken to be distributed at 45°
from the edge of the pile, up to the mid-depth of the Reinforcement steel shall be any of the following:
pile cap. On this basis the maximum bending a) Y1ild steel and medium tensile steel bars
moment and shear forces should be worked out at
confonning to IS 432 (Part 1),
critical sections. The method of analysis and
allowable stresses should be in accordance with b) High strength deformed steel bars
IS 456 . conforming to IS 1786, and
....-
6.12.2 Pile cap shall be deep enough to allow for c) Stmctural steel confonping to IS 2062.
necessary anchorage of the column and pile 7.3 Concrete
reillforcemen 1.
6.12.3 '111epile cap should be rigid enough so that 7.3.1 Consistency of concrete to be used for bored
the imposed load could be distributed on the piles cast in-situ piles shall be consistent with the method
in a group equitably. of installation of piles. Concrete shall be so designed
or chosen as to have a homogeneous mix having a
6.12.4 In case of a large cap, where differential
slump/workability consistent with the method of
settlement may.occur between piles under the same
concreting under the given conditions of pile
cap, due consideration for the consequential moment instaliation.
should be given.
7.3.2 The slump should be 150 to 180 mm at the
6.12.5 The clear overhang of the pile cap beyond
time of pouring.
the outermost pile in the group shall be a minimum
of 150 mm. 7.3.3 The minimum gradc of concrete to be used for
6.12.6 The cap is generally cast over a 75 mm thick bored piling shall be ~. For sub aqueous
concrete. the requirements specified in IS 456 shall
levelling course of concrete. The clear cover for
be followep. The minimum cement content shall be
main reinforcement in the cap slab sh<!ll not be less
400 kg/m3• However, with proper mix design and use
t~an 60 mm, of proper admixture the cement content may be
6.12.7 The. embedment of pile into cap should reduced but. in no case the cement content shall be
be 75 mn:s. less than 350 kg/m3.
6.12.8 The design of grade beam if used shall be as 7.3.4 Fo;' the concrete, water and aggregates
given in IS 2911 (Part.3). specifications laid down in IS 456 shall be followed
7 MATERIALS A:\"D STRESSES ingeneraI.
7.3.5 The average compressive stress u-nder working
7.1 Cement
·load should not exceed 25 percent of the specified
The cement used shall be any of the following: works cube strength at 28 days calculated on the
 IS 2911 (Part l/Sce 2) : 2010

total cross-sectional area of the pile Where the different depending upon the dimension of the pile
casing of the pile is pemlanent, of adequate thickness along that direction.
and of suitable shape, the allowable compressive R.1.3 A minimunl1cngth of two metres of temporary
stress may be increased. casing shall be provided for eaeh bored pile.
Additional length of temporary casing may be used
7.4 Drilling Mud (Bentonite)
depending on the condition of the strata, ground
The drillil"'lg mud to be used for stabilizing the water level, etc.
borehole in bored piling work should conform to the 8.1.4 In subsurfaces comprising of loose fill, soft
requirements given in Annex D. marine clay, presence of aggressive ground water,
tidal effect or in adverse subsoil conditions like
8 WORKMANSHIP loose bouldary zones/voids, etc, and in marine
8.1 Control of Riling Installation condition, piles may be formed using permanent
liner upto the firm strata. '
8.1.1 Bored cast in-situ piles should be installed by
8.1.5 For marine piles, see Annex E .
installation technique, covering,
a) the manner of borehole stabilization, that is, 8.2 t:se of Drilling Mud
use of casing and/or use of drilling mud;
8.2.1 In case a borchok is stabilized by use of
b) manner of concreting which shall be by use drilling mud, the specific gravity of the mud
of tremie;and suspension should be determined at regular intervals
c) choice of horing tools in ordcr to permit by a suitable slurry sampler. Consistency of the
satisfactory installation of a pile at a given drilling mud shall be controlled throughout the
site. Detailed information about the subsoil boring as well as concreting operations in order to
conditions is essential to determine the keep the hole stabilized as well as to avoid concrete
installation technique. getting mixed up with the thicker suspension of the
mud.
8.1.2 Control of Alignrnent
Piles shall be installed as accurately as possible 8.2.2 The concreting operations should not be taken
up when the specific gravity of bottom slurry is more
according to the design and drawings either
than 1.12. the slurry should be maintained at 1.5 In
vertically or to the specified batter. Greater care
above the ground water level.
should be exercised in respect of installation of
single piles or piles in two-pile groups. As a guide, 8.3 Cleaning of Borehole
an angular deviation of 1.5 percent in alignment for
vertical piles and a deviation of 4 percent for raker 8.3.1 If a borehole is stabilized by drilling mud, the
piles should not be exceeded. Piles should not bottom of the hole shall be cleaned of an loose and
deviate m0re than 75 mm or D/6 whichever is less undesirable materials before commencement of
(75 mm or D/lO whichever is more in case of piles concreting in the following manner:
having diameter more than 600 mm) from their a) Boring done with normal bailor and chisel
designed positions at the working level. In the case with temporary/permanent liner - First
of single pile under a column the positional heavier material to be removed with
deviation should not be more than 50 mm or D/6
cleaning tools, such as, bailor and then
whichever is less (10 mm in case of piles having reinforcement cage and tremie pipe to be
diameter more than 600 mm). Greater tolerance may lowered. Flushing then to be continued with
be prescribed for piles cast over water and for raking water/drilling fluid under pressure through
piles. For piles to be cut-off at a substantial depth tremie pipe.
below the working level, the design shall provide for
the worst combination of the above tolerances in b) Boring done with Lentonite slurry -
position and inclination. In case of piles deviating Procedure given in (a) above to be followed.
beyond these limits and to such an extent that the However, flushing shall be done with fresh
resulting eccentricity can not be taken care of by bentonite slurry.
redesign of the pile cap or pile ties, the piles shall c) Boring done by rotary drilling rigs --
be replaced or supplemented by additional piles. In Cleaning bucket attached to the kelly shall
case of piles, with non-circular cross-section 'D' be ,used for cleaning, the bore. Wherever
should he taken as the dimensions of pile, along bentoniteslurry is used, after using cleaning
which the deviation is computed. In such cases the bucket, the bore ;;hall be flushed with fresh
permissible deviation· in each direction should. be bentonite slurry.

7
IS 2911 (Part l/Scc 2) : 2010

In case of Hushing with water or bentonite slurry, the shall be placed in the tremie pipe to prevent
pump capacity shall be suitably decided depending direct contact hetween the first charge of
on depth and diameter of bore so that sufficient concrete in the tremie and the bentonite
pressure is built to lift the material up along with the slurry.
fluid. Flushing should be continued till coarse 8.4.1 Normally concreting of the piles should be
materials cease to come out with the overflowing uninterrupted. In exceptional cases of.intelTllption of
fluid. The finer materials will normally remain concreting, it shall be resumed within 1 or 2 h, but
suspended in the fluid but they do not pose any the tremie shall not be taken out of the concrete.
problem. Alternatively, air lift technique may be Instead it shall be raised and lowered from time-to-
used for cleaning of bore bole, if required. time to prevent the concrete. around the tremie from
setting.
8.4 Tremie Concreting
8.4.2 In case of withdrawal of tremie out of the
Concreting for bored piles shall be done by tremie concrete, eitht.r accidentally or to remove a choke
method. The following requirements are particillarly in the tremie, the tremie may be introduced 60cm to
to be followed for tremie cOl1crete work: 100 cm in the old concrete and concreting resumed
as mentioned in 8.4.1. The fresh concrete will
a) The l:ol1l:[ete should be wherent, rich in
cement (not less than 400 kg/m3) and of emerge out of the tremie displacing the laitance and
slump between 150-180 mm; scum and prevent impregnation or laitance of scum
in the fresh concrete.
b) The tremie should be water-tight throughout
its length and have a hopper attached to its 8.4;3 The top of concrete in a pile shall be brought
head by a water-tight connection: above the cut-off level to permit removal of all
laitance and weak concrete before capping and to
c) 'lbe tremie pipe should be large enough in
ensure good concrete at the cut-off level. The
relation to the size of the aggregate. For
reinforcing cages sballbe' left ~ith adequate
25 mm down aggregate, the tremic pipe
should have a diameter not less than protruding length above cut-off level for proper
embedment into the pile cap.
200 1i1m.For 20 mm down aggregate, tremie
pipe should be of diameter not less than 8.4.4 Where cut-off level is less than 2.5 m below
150 mm. All piling above 600 mm diameter the ground level, concrete shall be cast to a minimum
piles, should, however preferably be done of 600 mm above cut~off level. For each additional
with 200 I1l1l} diameter tremie pipe; 0.3 m increase in cut-off level below the working
d) A steel plate or a ball is placed at the bottom level, additional coverage 'of ~llinimum 50 mm shall
be allowed. Higher allowance may be necessary
of the hopper and the hopper is filled with
concrete. The first charge of concrete is sent depending on the length of the pile. When concrete
down the tremie by removal of this plate or is placed by tremie method, concrete shall be cast
ball. Additional concrete is then added into up to the ground. level to permit overflow of
concrete for visual inspection or to a minimum of
the bopper and by surging action is pushed
one metre above cut-off level. In the circumstances
down the tremie and into the pile bore to the
bottom of the pile. Theoretically, a small part where cut-off level is below ground water level, the
need to maintain a pressure on the unset concrcte
of the first dlarge which gets contaminated
equal to or greater than water pressure should be'
is supposed to be the top of the rising
concrete within the bore; observed and accordingly length of extra concrete
above cut-off level shall be determined.
e) The tremie pipe should always be kept full
of concrete and should always remain at least 8.5 Defective Pile
one meter into the concrete in the bore hole
with adequate margin against accidental 8.5.1 In case, defective piles are fonned, they shall
withdrawal of tremie pipes: be left in place. Additional piles as necessary shall
be provided.
f) The pile should be concreted wholly by
tremie and the m,ethod of deposition should 8.5.2 Any deviation from the designed location,
not be changed midway to prevent laitance alignment or load capacity of a pile shall be noted
from being entrapped within the pile; and adequate measures taken well before the
concreting of the pile cap and plinth beams.
g) All tremie pipes should be cleaned before
and after use; and 8.S,3While,rpllloving excess concrete or laitance
h) A sliding plug of polystrene or similar above the bit-off level chipping by manual or
material lighter than water and approved by pneumatic tools shall be permitted seven days after
the Engineer-in··diarge or his representative pile casting: Before, chipping/breaking the pile top,
8
 IS 2911 (Part lIScc 2) : 2010

a 40 111m deep groove shall be made manually all c) Depth bored (i-ncluding depth in soft/hard
round the pile at the required cut-off level. rock);
R.S.4 After concrcting the actual quantity of d) Time taken for boring, concreting and empty
concrete shall be compared with the average boring, chiseling and whether the pile is wet
obtained from observations made in the case of a few or dry;
piles already cast. If the actual quantity is found to e) Cut-off level! working level;
be considerably less, the matter should be
investigated and appropriate measures taken. f) Sample bore log in the initial stage or when
major variation occur;
8.6 Recording of Data g) When drilling mud is used, specific gravity
8.6.1 A daily site record shall be maintained for the of the fresh supply and contaminated mud in
installation of piles and shall essenlially conlain the the bore hole before concreting shall be
recorded regularly: and
following information:
a) Sequence of installation of piles in a group; h) Any other important observation.

b) :\umber and dimension of the pile, including 8.6.2 Typical data sheet for facility of recording
the reinforcement details and mark of the pilling data is shown in Annex F.
pile;

ANNEX A
(Clause 2)
LIST OF REFERRED I~DIA~ STA~DARDS

IS No. Title IS No. Title

269 : 1989 Ordinary Portland cement, 33 2062 : 2006 Hot rolled low, medium and high
grade - Specification (fourth tensile structural steel (sixth
revision) revision)
432 (Part 1) : Specification for mild steel and 2131 : 1981 ~ethod for standard penetration
1982 medium tensile steel bars and test for soils (first revision)
hard-drawn steel wire for concrete 2720 (Part 5) : Method of test for soils: Part 5
reinforcement: Part 1 Mild steel 1985 Determination of liquid and
and medium tensile steel bars plastic limit (second revision)
2911 Code of practice for design and
(third revision)
455 : 1989 constmction of pile foundations:
Portland slag cement -
(part 3) : 1980 Under-reamed piles (first
Specification (fourth revision)
revision)
456': 2000 Plain and reinforced concrete-
(Part 4) : 1985 Load test on piles (first revision)
Code of practice (fourth revision)
2974 (Part 1) : Code of practice for design and
1489 Portl<ind-pozzolana cement - 1982 construction of machine
Specification: foundations: Part 1 Foundation
(part 1) : 1991 Fly aSh,based (third revision) for reciprocating type machines
(Part 2) : 1991 Calcined clay based (third (second revision)
revision). 4651 Code of practice for planning and
1786 : 1985 Specification for high strength design of ports and harbours:
deformed steel bars and wires for
(Part 1) : 1974 Site investigation (first revision)
concrete reinforcement (third
revision) (Part 2) : 1989 Earth pressures (first revision)
1892 : 1979 Code of practice for sub-surface (Part 3) : 1974 Loading (first revision)
investigations for foundations (Part 4) : 1989 General design requirements
(first revision) (second revision)
1893 (Part 1) : Criteria for earthquake resistant (Part 5) : 1980 T .ayollt and functional
2002 design of stnlctures: Part 1 requirements
General provisions and huildings 4968
(fifth revision) Method for sub-snrface sounding
far soils:

9
IS 2911 (Part I/Scc 2) : 2010

IS No. Title IS No. Title

(Part 1) : 1976 Dynamic method using 50 111111 8043 : 1991 Hydrophobic Portland cement
cone without bentonite slurry Specification (second revision)
(first revision) 8112: 1989 43 grade ordinary Portland cement
(Part 2) : 1976 Dynamic method using cone and - Specification (first revision)
bentonite slurry (first revision) 12269 : 1987 Specification fot 53 grade
(Part 3) : 1976 Static cone penetration test (first ordinary Portland cement
revision) 12330 : 1988 Specification for sulphate
6403 : 1981 Code of practice for determination resisting Portland cement
of bearing capacity of shallow 12600 : 1989 Portland cement, low heat···
foundations (first revision) Specification
8041 : 1990 Rapid hardening Portland cement
- Specification (second revision)

A:\":\'EX B
(Clauses 6.3.1.1 and 6.3.2)
LOAD-CARRYI:\'G CAPACITY OF PILES - STATIC ANALYSIS

B-l PILES I:\' GRAXCLAR SOILS P::J, = effective overburden pressure for the ith
layer, in k~/m2;
The ultimate load capacity (QJ of piles, in k..'\, in
granular soils is given by the following fonmlla:' q angle of wall friction between pile and
soil for the ftb layer,;:~~@~::::
Q. =~('hDYNy ~P-;)I/::)~L~=:KJ'-;;;tano,A.: ... (1) A.s: = surface area of p'~l~':Shaftin' the ith layer,
The first term gives end-bearing resistance and the in m2• : '::f ': '. "
second term gives skin friction resistance.
~OTES \~\'" . ,."
where failure
1 !!::L factorto can
accoroing b" taken
IS 6403. 'rQf genei~l ,Sfiear
AI = cross-sectional area of pile tip, in ,
m2;
?
D= 2 Nq factor will depend on the nature of soil, type
'V
diameter of pile shaft, in m; ol"'pile: the VB ratio and its m~lhod of construction.
The values applicable for bored piles are given in
effective unit weight of the soil at pile Fig. 1.,
tip, in lu'i/m3; 3 K" the ~arth pressure coefficient depends on the
nature of soil strata, type of pile, spacing of pile and
Nr = bearing capacity factors depending upon its method of construction. For driven piles in loose
to dense sand with ljl varying between 30' and 40'. K,
and N~ the angle of internal friction, G> at pile tip;
values in the range of ~5 may be used ..
Pl) = effective overburden pressure at pile tip, 4 0, the angle of wall friction may be taken equal tn
in lu'Um2 (see Note 5); the friction angle of the soil aro~nd the pile stem.
S In working oU~le capacity by static formula, the
= summation for l~yers I to n in which pile maximum effective overburden at the pile tip should
is installed and which contribute to
correspond to the critical depth, which may be taken
positive skin friction; as l.2....lliPesthe diameter of the pile shaft for 0 5 30'
and increasing to 20 times for 0 ~ 40' .
K coefficient of earth pressure applicable
for the ith layer (see 1\'ote 3); ~. J/.tor Diles passing----through cohesive strata and
te.rminating in a granular stratum, a pe.netration of at
east twice the diameter of the pile shan should be
gIVen into .the granular stratum.

10
 IS 2911 (Part l/Scc 2) : 2010

/
I

/ ///// .

/
.

3D

F:G. 1 BEA.~G CAPAC::'YFAcrO~ N FORBo3.3DPS2S

, '.

B-2 PILES I:'\ COHESIVE SOILS :\'OTE - The value of adhesion factor, (l, depends
on the undrained shear strength of the clay .and may
The ultimate load <.:apa<.:ity(Qu) of piles, in lc~,in

-- -
be obtained from Fig. 2.
cohesive soils is given by the following formula:
-
Q" = A?NJ? -'-:L7=:a,c,A.: I
I i ,
The fIrst tenngives the i end-bearing resistance and
the se<.:ondtenn gives the skin fri<.;tionresistance.
i
0 l-J:
0
~z
... (2)
~I Ii
11..
I..)
of
UJ
ifJ

!
(I p,.
04
1.1:'
(1 ;;"
OJ! II!

l~
Ii!!I
I 1\ \ "- ~"""

where
Au :::: cross-sectional area of pile. tip, in m2;
/II c :::: bearing capacity factor, may be taken
as 9:
average cohesion at pile tip, in kl'\/m2;
summation for layers 1 to·n in which the
pile is installed and which contribute to
positive skin friction;
adhesion 'factor for the ith layer
depending on .the consistency of soil,
(see :\ote);
c, average cohesion for the ith layer, in I.mOAAI~!::.C)SH~I\R S'REJ<JGT!i' C LlII<f.,[.m:fi
k:\/m?; and 1.;:;{)R C:1 " 4!) kN·ii-~ ! Il.n 0';;:;'" !
A" surface area of pile shaft in the ith layer,
1!1 ITl".

1]
IS 2911 (Part lIScc 2) ; 2010

B-3 CSE OF STATIC CO:\E PE:\"ETRATIO\" B-4 CSE OF STA:\"DARD PEI\ETRATIO.:\

DATA TEST DATA FOR COHESIONLESS SOIL .
B-3.1 When full static cone penetration data are
B-4.1 '111ecorrelation suggested by Meyerhof using
available for the entire depth, the fol1owing standard penetration resistance, N in saturated
correlation may be used as a guide for the
cohesionlcss ~l to estimate the ultim~d
determination of ultimate load capacity of a pile.
capacity of bored pile is given below.- The ultimate
B-3.2 Cltimate end bearing resistance (q), in kl'\i/m2, load capacity of pile (Q), in kl'J, is given as:
may be o]Jtained as:

Q" '-=:13N~A.. -'- N A. ... (3)

B ~ 0.50

where 'lbe first term gives end-bearing resistance and the

second term gives frictional resistance.
q~8 = average static cone resistance over a depth
where
of 2D below the pile tip, in kl'\/m2;
q_ = minimum static cone resistance over the N = average IV value at pile tiE!
" same 2D below the pile tip, in k"\/m2; L = length of penetration of pile in the bearing
q c~ = average of the envelope of minimum static strata, in m;
cone resistance values over the length of B = diameter or minimum widrh of pile in m;
pile of 3D above the pile tip, in k..:'\i/m2;and
A? = cross· sectional area of pile tip, in m2;
D = diameter of pile shaft
N = average N along the pile shaft; and
B-3.3 Cltimate skin friction resistance can be
approximated to local side friction (j~), in kJ.'\/m2, As = surface area of pile shaft, in m2•
obtained from static cone resistance a~ given in Table 1. :'\OTE - Th~ "nd-bearing resistance should nol
Table 1 Side Friction for Different Types of Soil exceed 130 NAp_

B-4.2 For non-plastic ~t or very fine sand the

Sand
SI gCoarse
< j,clay
Silty
less
Clay <
sand
lhan
Type 1(2)
and
q/lDand silty
of000 k."/m'
(3) Sideg/30
gravel
Soil sand
Local q/100
q/IOO<
q/25
q/l00< <
Friction, t,j, f.kN/m'
< q,1l50
2q/25
q/25
<].,/50
equation has been modified as:
L NA
Qu :=lON -,-A_
-- B ~
.-,-_s
0.60
... (4)
The meaning of all tenus is Sall)e as for equation 3_
B-5 FACTOR OF SAFETY
The minimum factor of safety for arriving at the safe
pile capacity from the ultimate load capacity
obtained by using static formulae shall beE:
13\3.4 The Ncorrelation
res}stance, (blows/30 cm)
between
and static
standard
conepenetralion
resistance, B-6 PILES IN STRATIFIED SOIL
1/in kl'\/m2 as given inl'<ibJe 2 maY'be used for woIking
:Slitthe end-bearing resistance and skin friction resistance In stratified soil/Coo soil, the ultimate load capacity
)f piles. This correlation should only be taken as a guide of piles should he determined hy calculating the skin
md should preferably be estal?lished for a given site as friction and end-bearing in different strata by using
:hey can substantially vary with the grain size, Anerberg appropriate expressions given in !t:!. andE·
jmits, water table, etc.
B-7 PILES I\" HARD ROCK
Table 2 Co-relation Between Nand qJor
Different Types of Soil When the crushing strength of the rock is more than
characteristic strength of pile concrete, the rock
SI Clay
Coarse
Clean sand to
fine
000sandy
Sandy
SillS, gravel
Typt' and
and
(2)
silts
of sands
medium
gravel
and
Soil (3)
slightly 800-1
with g!N 500-606
sand 300-400
200-250
150-200
(1)
should be deemed as hard rock. Piles resting directly
on hard rock may be loaded to their safe structural
capacity ..

R-8 PILES IN WEATHERED/SOFT ROCK

For pile founded in weathered/soft rock different
empirical approaches are used to arrive at the socket
length necessary for utilizing the full structural
capacity of the pile.

12
 IS 2911 (Part 1/Scc 2) : 2010

Since it is difficult to collect cores in weathered/soft s Ne ==== bearing capacity factor taken as 9;
rocks, the method suggested hy Cole and Stroud F
factor of safety usually taken as 3;
using '}It .values is more widely used. The allowable
ex, == 0.9 (recommended value);
load on the pile, Q., in 1<..'\, by this approach, is given
by: c", == average shear strength of rock in the
"~ socketed length of pile, in kN/m1 (see
Fig 3);
B == minimum width of pile shaft (diameter in
where
case of circular piles), in m; and
cul == shear strength of rock below the base of L == socket length of pile, in m.
the pile, in kt'\T/m2 (see Fig. 3); NOTE - For N ~ 60, the slratum is to be treated as
weathered rock rather than soil.

Soft Vet)'0Weak ro,

Sh(t;ir
i.J
,-
Hafffi'll'
8~cn
[JiffiClJIC
S'tl~f
E;a~lll'
en;Jk~
8rl:!~
9I'Qk"J1
,.,ppf{j~.
~3o-rt
by
MO<,le"'lt;1Ji'
\}er",l ~y
1t0
4''In
lt:'Gr;:ode
B'.,Isiu-.e
$4r8f1ylh!
;JI~(lin'5f
W
Brertkability
rokm
CDf)S:tS:t8f)o:~i
30 2DD
hand
B
~"r'ling
SIJ'lf
Penetnmoo
Firm
thumb-nail
f<i brik'lk SpillnstmLi;:ln
(In
AF Scrarerll"ild::;ampl\!l
Peneltr.a1ion
knife
PGn(!tia-lil;lr;l
StrenQth
No irtJ
~bCll.1t5
\\1lthSlmng rig
t-mrrm'!l!f
by
501jd~
••••
Mffl
h ittin!il
~il1-snd
k:1~h
~r!
wilh
eEwith
thumb·niilil
~nife.
$i;ralch$d
Gafl aM
Ji t,h
.•• not
&C~h!.'l>-; Can
Ilflilfe
C~ljl,l~be
ft-Cralt:;hed
ktl»e:
Indl\!r'!~
wii.h
Ptn~le<Ji
Essil)l
jv~
~ti1l
ttlumb
b~hamml{!r
'i'J1/!I
bywllh
toilbout f.;y
b"
knll'Et
byknife
ltiUOO
Penel:raoo.d
thumb 'j.5
withmrt'>
1humb-nall
f:fftoo S(;1<'ltd'lt'!d i.;..llh
w.hkmfe
~bOt.it 21't'1l't'i 400 Pene1rated .by
00'
J30e,

;\"OTE - Standard pene.tration tes, may not be. 'practicable for N values greater than 200. In such case.s, design may be
done on the basis of shear slre.ngth of ro(:k.

13
 IS 2911 (Part l/Scc 2) : 2010

ANNEX C
(Clause 6.5.2)
A~ALYSIS OF LATERALLY LOADED PTLES

C-I GE\"ERAL Table 3 Modulus of Su bgrade Reaction for

Granular Soils, 'T1h, in kN/m3
C-l.I The ultimate resistance of a vertical pile to a
(Clause C-2.1)
lateral load and the deflection of the pile as the load
Dense
Loose
Medium
SI Very <2.5-7.5
7.5-20.0
(2) 5.0-12.0
0.4-2.5
0.2-1.4
sand
sand
<
(4)
loose
Soil (5)
Submerged 0.2N..0
sand
(3)
1.4-5
0.4
Type sand10-35
4·10 of ilh x em)
>(Blows/30
35
ki'i"/m' 10'
builds up to its ultimate value are complex matters ~Dry Range 0-4
ii) (1) No.
i)jij)
involving the iv)interaction between a semi-rigid
structural clement and soil which deforms partly
elastically and partly plastically. The failure
mechanisms of an infinitely long pile and that of a
short rigid pile are different. TIle failure mechanisms
also differ for a restrained and unrestrained pile head
conditions.
NOTE - The 11. values may -be interpolated for
Because of the cornplexityof the problem only a intermediate ;;tand~rd· penetration vall1es, N.
procedure for an approximate solution, that is,
C-2.2 Thc latcral soil resistance for prcloaded clays
adequate in most of the cases is presented here.
with constant soil modulus is modelled according to
Situations that need a rigorous analysis shall he the equation:
dealt with accordingly.
C-1.2 TIle first step is to determine, if the pile will
behave as a short rigid unit or as an infinitely long where
flexible member. This is done by calculating the
K :c., k, x 0.3
stiffness factor R or T for the particular combination 1.5 B
of Pile and soil. where k; is Terzaghi's·UlOdulus of subgrade reaction
Having calculated the stiffness factor, the criteria for as determined from load deflection measurements on
behaviour as a short rigid pile or as a long elastic a 30 em square plate and B is the width of the pile
(diameter in case of circular piles). The recommended
pile are related to the embedded length L of the pile.
values of k: arc givcn in Table 4.
The depth from the ground surface to the point of
virtual fixity is then calculated and used in the Table 4 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
conventional elastic analysis for estimating the for Cohesive Soil, kl• in kN/m3
lateral deflection and bending moment. SI Stiff
Soft
Medium
Hard
Vcry (2)
Soil
Consistency 18.0-36.0
36.0-72.0
4.5-9.0
9.0-18.0
>72.0
(4)
Unconfined
stilTstiff >
kJ."1/m' 400
x 10'
(3)200-400
100-200
50-100
25-50
Compression
Range of k,
No. (1) Strength, kN/m'
i) iii)
ii)
iv)
v) q"
C-2 STIFFNESS FACTORS

C-2.I The lateral soil resistance for granular soils

and normally consolidated. clays which han
varying soil modulus is modelled according to the
equation:

where :\'OTE - For qo less than 25, k, may be taken as

zero, which implies that there is no lateral resistance.
p lateral soil reaytion per unit length of pile
C-2.3 Stiffness Factors
z helow ground level;
at depth ~~
C-2.3.I For Piles in Sand and Normally Loaded
y lateral pile deflection; and
Clays
TJ" := modulus of silhgrade reacti.on for which
the recommended values are given in [El
Sti[fness [actor T, in m:= V--ry;
"lhble 3.

14
 IS 2911 (Part l/Scc 2) : 2010

where Table 5 Criteria for Behaviour of Pile

Based on its Embedded Length
/', Young's moduius of pile material, in
\1.\"/m2; (Clause C-3)
moment of inertia of the pile cross- SI Type of Pile Relation of Embedded
"\0. Behaviour Length with
section, in m4; and
Stitl'ness Factor
modulus of subgrade reaction, in M?\/m3 .---/.----.
(see Table 3). Lin~arly Constant
Increasing
C-2.3.2 For Piles in Pre loaded Clays 0) (2) (3) (4)
i) Short (rigid) pile L ~ 2T L ~ 2R

ii) LMg (elastic) pile l. ~ 4T T. ~ 3.5R

.. m =
Stiffness [actor R, III JEI
VKii
NOTE - The intermediate L shall indicate a case
where between rigid pile behaviour and elastic pile
behaviour.
E = Young's modulus of pile material, in
\1?\/m2; C-4 DEFLECTIO~ A::\'D \'IONIE?\TS 1:\
I = moment of inertia of the pile cross- LO:\G ELASTIC PILES
section, in m4; C-4.1 Equivalent cantilever approach gives a
simple procedure for obtaining the deflections and
K = k.
1..:1
OJ
--,::"X-
B
(see Table 4 for values 0f k'.,111
.
. moments due to relatively small lateral loads. This
requires the determination of depth of virtual
\1::-:/m3); and
fixity, z~
B = width bf pile shaft (diameter in case of
TIle depth to the point of fixity may be read from
circular piles), in m.
the plots given in Fig. 4. e is the effective
C~3 CRITERIA FOR SHORT RIGID PILES eccentricity of the point of load application
A~D LO::\'G ELASTIC PILES obtained either by converting the moment to an
equivalent horizontal load or by actual position of
Having calculated the stiffness factor T or R, the the horizontal load application. Rand T are the
criteria for behaviour as a short rigid pile or as a long stiffness factors described earlier.
elastic pile are related to the embedded length L as
given in Table 5.

2.3

\
\

1.7

1.5
i, FOR PILE.S IN t'RELOAOED
:i..' r~1
_·u" (.;:,
••.- ••• ~.

10

t. 1:; e er<l.'l 11 :; 1,
--~ FREE HEAO PILES
o,~ .~~, :;I):ED HE.AD PILES

F:c. 4 D,,?':';: O? F:x:-:-::'

is
IS 2911 (Part 1/See 2) : 2010

C-4.2 '111epile head deflection, y shall be computed e ::: cantilever length above ground/bed to the
using the following equations: point of load application, in m.
C-4.3 The fixed end moment of the pile for the
equivalent cantilever may be determined from the
Deflection, y :::
following expressions:
... for free head pile
Fixed end moment, M? = H ( eC;:. f )
... for free head pile
Deflection, y
H(e-'-7.)
... for fixed head pile
Fix~d end moment, MF= 2 -:
where
H::: lateral load, in k.."; ... for fixed head pile
y ::: deflection of pile head, in ,nm; The fixed head moment, M? of the equivalent
E::: Young's modulus of pile material, 111 cantilever is higher than the actual maximum
k.:\hn"; moment M in the pile. The actual maxirnul11 moment
I::: moment of inertia of the pile cross-section, may be obtained by multiplying the fixed end
mm"; moment of the equivalent cantilever by a reduction
_, ::: depth to point of fixity, in m; and factor, m, given in Fig. 5.

.
I1
i
::l
S a::~a (lJj
•....
E:
..1--•
IrL:
.U IH!
(.,1
"'-
J;;:
u0.4
0.1 ~

l.p.ip,MJ.,.. (
~ OR PI1,l;S IN P',RI;L.OAOEDCiA"'·S
. FOR PI!..E5 !N 5fliNDS A/'40
- NORJMALLY LeJADEOCLAYS

5A For Free Head Pile

fOR P':ILE$ thi PRe.LQADE:O Q",IJ,YS

FOR PILiZS IN ~ANDS AND
}IDRMi\LL Y LOADED CLAYS

58 For Fixed H~a'd Pile

16
 IS 2911 (Part 11Scc 2) ; 2010

A:\SEX n
(Clause 7.4)
REQUIREMENTS OF DRILLING yICD (BE:\"TO:\"lTE)

D-1 PROPERTIES does not pcnctratc into thc soil, but deposits only as
thin film on the surface of hole. Under such condition,
The bentonite sllspension used in bore holes is
stability is derived from the hydrostatic head of the
basically a clay of montmorillonite group having
suspension.
exchangeable sodium cations. Because of the
presence of sodium cations, bentonite on dispersion D-3 REQVIREMEl'iTS
will break down into small plate like particles
having a negative charge on the surfaces and The beJ1tonite powder and bentonite suspension used
positive charge on the edges. When the dispersion for piling work shall satisfy the following
is left to stand undisturbed, the particles become req:Iirements:
oriented building up a mechanical structme of its a) The liquid limit of bentonite when tested in
own. This mechanical structure held hy electrical accordance with IS 2720 (Part 5) shall be
bonds is observed as a thin jelly like mass or 400 percent or more.
membrane. When the jelly is agitated, tbe weak b) The bentonite suspension shall be made by
electrical bonds are broken and the suspension
ni.ixing it with fresh water using a pump for
becomes fluid again.
circulation. The density of the freshly
D-2 FL:\"CTIO:\"S prepared bentonite suspension shall be
D-2.1 The action of bentonite in stabilizing the between l.03 and 1. 1 0 g/ml depending upon
sides of bore holes is primarily due to thixotropic the pile dimensions and the type of soil in
property of bentonite. The thixotropic property of which the pile is to be bored. The density of
bentonite suspension permits the material to have bentonite after contamination with
the consistency of a fluid when introduced into a deleterious material in the bore bole may rise
trcnch or·bole. When left undisturbed it forms a jelly up to 1.25 g/ml. This should be brought
like membrane on the' borehole wall and when down to at least 1.12 glml by flushing before
agitated it becomes a fluid, again. concreting.
D-2.2 In the case of a granular soil, the bentonite c) The marsh viscosity of bentonite suspension
suspension penetrations into sides under positive when tested by a marsh cone shall be
pressure and after a while forms a jelly. The bentonite between 30 to 60 stoke; in special cases it
suspension then gets deposited on the sides of the may be allowed up to 90 s.
hole and makes the surface impervious and imparts a
d) The pH value of the bentonite suspension
plastering '.effect. In impervious clay, the bentonite shall be between 9 andll.5.

ANNEX E
(Clause 8.1.5)
SPECIAL CSE OF LARGE DIAMETER BORED CAST IN-SITU
RCC PILES N
MARIXE STRCCTCRES

E-1 Because of the economy and availability of E-2.2 Piles installed using movable or fixed
easy technology, large diameter bore cast in-situ platform or jack up barge are generally within
piles are widely used in marine structures in India. acceptable tolerance. Special care shall be taken
In similar conditions, steel piles are generally when piles are- installed from floating barge
preferred in westem countries. This cast in-situ piles subjected to tide, waler curreI~t or wave forces.
require certain special attention which are needed to E-2.3 As per present practice, pile holes are bored
be considered in design and construction. with bailer and chisel operated by a winch or using
E-2 CO;-,;STRCCTlON ASPECT rotary rigs. Since bentonite mud solution is used for
the unlined hored depth for stahility, utmost care
E-2.1 Gcncrally, permancnt mild stecl lincr is
shall bc taken about the quality of bentonite (or
provided for the pile cut-off level to certain dept)1.
below bed level. This liner shall be cif sufficient oiher stabilization) shIrry. Bentonite should be of
approved quality and to be mixed with potable
rigidity. This should -be ensured by selecting
water. Mechanical mixing system shall be used.
suitable thickness of plate_ .

17
IS 2911 (Part l/Se.c 2) : 2010

moments and shear. Adequate cover to reinforcement

E.2.4 After completion of boring in d. pile hole,
(75 111111 generally provided) shall he ensured.
Hushing with bentonite fluid or air flushing shall be
done. Time for reinforcement cage lowering shall be E-3.2 Long-term serviceability condition shall be
kept to minimum and early start of concreting shall checked as per provision of IS 4651 (Part 4).
bc cnsurcd. Calculated crack width to be kept as per the provision
E-2.5 High grade concrete (l11inimum M 30 but of IS 4651 (Part 4). For splash zone subjected to tidal
variation special care is to be taken and relevant
preferably higher grades) shall be adopted. Cement
provision of IS 456 shall be adopted. Generally large
content, workability and setting time of concrete
deflection is allowed for such long cantilever marine
shall be maintained as per IS 456 to. ensure good
piles and relevant provision of IS 456 and
hea~th ?f concrete during constrUctlon and also IS 4651 (Parts 1 to 5) are to be followed.
durmg Its serviceability period. Pumped concrete,
transported from au'tomatic batching plant using E-3.3 When piles are subjected to extremely large
transit mixture are preferred in concreting work. horizontal force due to wave and current forces
special design incorporating analysis of pile, model
E-3 DESIG:\' ASPECT analysis, etc, may be adopted.
E-3.1 M!'rinc piles arc subjected to l~rgc .horizontal E-3.4 \Vhen very soft marine clay or loose sand
forces generated from wave, seismIC wmd, water exists at bed level, it should be checked for potential
current, berthing of ship, mooring ~ul1, etc. Pile liquefaction during earthquake.
members are to be designed for aXIal force with

A:\'SEX F
(Clause 8.6.2)
DATASIIEET

Site , .
Title ., .
Date of enquiry , 000 ••••••••••

Date piling cOlnmenced : .

Actual or anticipated date for co11lpletion of piling work ....•...... : ::::::::::::::::::::::::::

::\umber of pile ~ '" .

TEST PILE DATA

Pile: Pile test commenced .

.............................................................................................. ::::::::.
Pile test cOltlpleted .
••.••••••.•..••.••.•.••..••••.••••••••.••..•••••••.•• u .•••••.•• _ ••.•••••••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••••..•.•••••.•••••• ~ •••. __ •
Pile type: ...............

(Mention proprietary system, if any) .

Shape _ Round/Square

Pile 'pedfie,rioll' I Size _ SMft ,

1 Reinforcelnent ~o Tip
dia for ".' (depth).

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• D •••••

Sequence of piling: From centre towards the periphery or from periphery towards the centre
(for Groups)
-------------------
-----------------

1"
, ,
 IS 2911 (Part 1/See 2) : 2010

Concrete :Y1ixrillio I: ..........•.................................................................... by volume/weight or

strength after days 00 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• :":/1111111

Qmmtity of cement/m3; ....••..••.........•...•.••......................................... 00 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Extra cement added, if any: ., 00 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Details of drilling mud used: 000 •••••••••••••••••• • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Time taken for concreting: '" ., '" .

Quantity of concrete - Actual: .

Theoretical: ., 00'

Test loading:

.Maintained load/eye! ic loading/C .R.P .

•• ,_ •••• ~ ••••••••••• _ •••••••••••• _••••••••• _•••••• c •• eo ,", ••••••••• _•••• _ •••••• _•••• _ •••••••••••••••• _ ••••••••••••••••••• ,._ •• ,._. _ ••••• eo.

Capacity of jack .

If anchor piles used, give Ko., Length .

Distance of test pile from nearest anchor pile o •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Test pile and anchor piles were/were not working piles .

.Method of Taking Observations:

Dial gauges/Engineers level ; ~ .

Reduced level of pile tip .

General Remarks:

Special Difficulties t;ncountered:

Results:

Working load specified for the test pile w ••••...•••...•...•...•..•...•.••........•..

Settlement specified for the test pile 000 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Settlement specified for the structure c •..••.••••••••••••••..•••••.••.•••...••.••..••..•.••••••••.••••.•..•....•...•..••.........•

Working load accepted for a single pile as a result of the test.. .

•• •• _~ ••••••••••• _ •• ah •••••• _ ••• n' co _"00 ••••••••• '" ••••••••••• ~ •• _•• ~••••••••• '•••••••••• 0••••• "G.' •• -••••• ~_ ••• '.oe •• _ •••••••••••• ".>o._ ••• _ ••••• _ •• 0'0 •• ,. •••••••••••••

19
 IS 2911 (Part l/Scc 2) : 2010

A:\:\EX G
(1'0 rewo I'd)
COYlyIITTEE-COMPOSITlON

Soil and Foundation Engineering Sedional Cornmitlee, CED 43

Organization Representative( s)

In personal capacity (188/90. Priru:e Anwar Shah Road, D:< )i. Soy, (Chairman)
Kolkatta 700045)
A.P. Engineering Research Laboratories, Hyderabad S",,-= P. S:VAK.'\'l,'THA.Y.
S;,3.: P. JOHN VICTO:< (Alternate)
AFCONS Infrastructure Limited, Mumbai S",:<:A. D. Lol'.'DHE

SL'l.: V. S. KvLKARNl (Alternate)

Central Board of Irrigation & Power, );ew Delhi
Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee S:-;:<:Y. P AX;)"Y
S",,-= R. DHAR~RA.-J (Alternate)

Central Electricity Authority, );ew Delhi D:R:oCOR (TeD)

D:?:.r:"f DJRECTOR (TCD) (Altemale)
Central Public Works Department, l':ew Delhi S":?='\~:l::J(CE",Cl:N'ER (DEslGN)
E:\.'EC'~-::Y:OE,c:u'\'EE (DEslCN- V) (Alternate)
Central Road Research Institute, )iew Delhi S;,3.: S:::lH:R YiA::-ilJ}t
S,;:;.: V ASA.Y' G. HAYA~Cl (Alternn/e)
Central Soil & Matcrials Rcsearch Station. )icw Delhi S",,-= S. K. BA33A.'l.

SH:<: D. )i. B:RA (Altemnte)

Engineer-in-Chief's Branch, );ew Delhi S",,-= J. B. S"'AR.'~

S"'R, )i. K. JA::-; (AI/una/e)

Engineers India Limited, l':ew Delhi S;,;:<: T. BA:..'<A:
S",,-= S. D:S3NAT.d (Alternate)
F. S. Engineers Pvt Limited, Chennai DR A. VSCh"ES5 C-"JMW.A.'l.

Gammon India Limited, Yiumbai DR X. V. XAYAX

S;,3.: S. PA7:':WA.'l. (.1Iternate)
Ground -Engincering Limited, ~ew Delhi S;,;:<: AS:-ioX Kvy.A.'l. JAlN

S;,3: )iESAJ Kvh'.A.'l. JAJN (Altemate)

Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, Vadodara D3.=OR
S;iR; J. K. PATEl.. (A.I/ernate)
Indian Geotechnical Society, ::-.rew Delhi S:OC<.E:ARY

Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore ho" A. SlL-:JHAll.A;;;

Indian Institute of Technology, Chennai ho" S. R. GH"'l'.'DI
Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi DJ!. A. V ARADA.<A!A.'1
DJ!. R. KANlRA: (Altemate)
Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai S];:<: G. V:;;;KATAC.".AlAy'

Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee ho" M. )i. VJ.:.A:)KA.<

DR MAE"";):<A SlKOH (Altemate)

Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, ntaranchal R~:=_~~A~

lTD Cementation India Ltd, Kolkata S;,3.: P. S. S:s."'Cc.T.A

S= MA:":snKvMA.'l. (Alternate)
:\1.=". Dastur & Company (P) Ltd, Kolkata D=OR -C:vrr.-Sn :JCT'v'Jl.AL
SElll S. K. PAL (Altemate)
MIs Cengrs Geotechnical Pyt Limited, New Delhi S:~,,-= SAl'lAY UliPTA

SE.'l.: RAv: SnmARA1.: (Altemate)

Ministry of Surface Transport, ~ew Delhi $;,3.: A. K. BAXSJEE
S,,-:;.: SA::SE KvMAR (Altemate)
Mllmbai Pori Trust, Mllmbai $;;R;~:."'r: R. S. HA.'U1KAj{
SE:;': A. J. LOXHAJC" (Alternate)
Nagadi Consultants Pyt Limited, )iew Delhi Dll V. V. S. RAo
S:m l\. S.•••
,TOSH RAo (Alterllate)
:\'"tional Thermal Power Corporation Limited. :\'oida DR D. )i. X.•RES::
S:IR: B. V. R_ S:JMCv.A (Alternate)

21