Introduction

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Reading Test
65 MINUTES, 52 QUESTIONS
Turn to Section 1 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

DIRECTIONS
Each passage or pair of passages below is followed by a number of questions. After reading each passage
or pair, choose the best answer to each question based on what is stated or implied in the passage or
passages and in any accompanying graphics (such as a table or graph).

Questions 1-10 are based on the following 25 introduced myself. “I knew your brother at
passage. Weequahic.”
"You're Zuckerman?” he replied, vigorously
This passage is adapted from Philip Roth, American shaking my hand. “The author?”
Pastoral. ©1997 by Philip Roth. “The Swede" was “I’m Zuckerman the author.”
the nickname of Seymour Levov, a talented athlete 30 “Sure, you were Jerry's great pal.” “I don't think
from the narrator's hometown. Jerry had great pals. He was too brilliant for pals. He
just used to beat my pants off at Ping-Pong down in
One night in the summer of 1985, while visiting your basement. Beating me at Ping-Pong was very
New York, I went out to see the Mets play the important to Jerry."
Astros, and while circling the stadium with my 35 “So you're the guy. My mother says, 'And he
friends, looking for the gate to our seats, I saw the was such a nice, quiet child when he came to the
5 Swede, Thirty-six years older than when I’d watched house.’ You know who this is?" the Swede said to
him play baseball for Upsala. He wore a white shirt, the boy. “The guy who wrote those books. Nathan
a striped tie, and a charcoal-gray summer suit, and he Zuckerman.”
was still terrifically handsome. The golden hair was a 40 Mystified, the boy shrugged and muttered, “Hi”
shade or two darker but not any thinner; no longer “This is my son Chris.”
10 was it cut short but fell rather fully over his ears and 'These are friends,” I said, sweeping an arm out
down to his collar. In this suit that fit him so to introduce the three people with me. “And this
exquisitely he seemed even taller and leaner than I man.” I said to them, “is the greatest athlete in the
remembered him in the uniform of one sport or 45 history Weequahic High. A real artist in three sports.
another. The woman with us noticed him first. “Who Played first base like Hernandez1—thinking. A line -
15 is that? That’s—that’s... Is that Mayor Lindsay?" she drive doubles hitter. Do you know that?” I said to his
asked. “No,” I said. “My God. You know who that son “Your dad was our Hernandez.”
is? It’s Swede Levov.” I told my friends, “That’s the “Hernandez is left-handed” he replied.
Swede!” 50 “Well, that's the only difference,” I said to the
A skinny, fair-haired boy of about seven or eight little literalist, and put out my hand again to his
20 was walking alongside the Swede, a kid under a Mets father. “Nice to see you, Swede.”
cap pounding away at a first basemen’s mitt that “You bet. Take it easy, Skip.”
dangled, as had the Swede's, from his left hand. The “Remember me to your brother,” 1 said.
two, clearly a father and his son, were laughing about 55 He laughed, we parted, and someone was saying
something together when I approached and to me, "Well, well, the greatest athlete in the history

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of Weequahic High called you ‘Skip.’”
“I know, I can’t believe it,” And I did feel 4
almost as wonderfully singled out as I had the one Which choice best supports the conclusion that Chris,
60 time before，at the age of ten, when the Swede had the swede’s son, reminds the narrator of the Swede?
got so personal as to recognize me by the A) Lines 18-21(“A skinny…hand”)
playground nickname I’d acquired because of two B) Lines 46-47(Do you…Hernandez”)
grades I skipped in grade school. C) Lines 48(“Hernandez…replied”)
Midway through the first inning, the woman D) Lines 49-51(“Well…father”)
65 with us turned to me and said, “You should have
seen your face-you might as well have told us he was
Zeus.2 I saw just what you looked like as a boy.”
5
1 First baseman for the New York Mets in the mid-1980s A meaningful irony in the passage is that, while the
70 2 In Greed mythology, the ruler of the gods narrator had admired the young Swede's
accomplishments, the Swede
1 A) Had trained his son to follow in his footsteps.
The main purpose of the passage is to B) Appreciated the narrator s accomplishments as an
A) show how an event forced the narrator to adult.
reevaluate his perspective on his childhood. C) Had failed to achieve his promise as the years went
B) Analyze how past experiences shaped the by.
narrator’s and another character’s future. D) Envied the achievements of his more scholarly
C) reflect upon the changes that people go through classmates.
as they give up on their childhood dreams.
D) describe an accidental meeting that reveals the
narrator’s relationship with a character.
6
2 Which choice provides the best evidence for the
A main theme of the passage is that answer to the previous question?
A) Friends who get back in touch after many years A) Lines 22-24(''The two ,.. myself”)
often find that everything has changed. B) Lines 34-38 ("So you're ... Zuckerman”)
B) Encountering a memorable person from the past C) Line 52 ("You bet... Skip”)
can make an adult feel like a child again. D) Line 54-56 (“He laughed ... Skip")
C) Plying sports together is an experience that
connects people for the rest of their lives.
D) Older people lend to remember the past as being
better than it really was. 7
Chris, the Swede's son, responds to the narrator's
3 comparison of his father to another baseball player by
As used in line 11, “exquisitely “most nearly means A) Comparing his lather to a different player.
A) Skillfully. B) Revealing his admiration for his lather.
B) Perfectly. C) Pointing out a problem with the comparison.
C) Primly. D) Showing his gratitude to the narrator.
D) Formally.

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8
When someone repeats the narrator’s phrase “the Questions 11-20 are based on the following
greatest athlete in the history of Weequahic High” passage.
(lines 55-56), the main effect is to
This passages adapted from wechat kangkanglaoshi,
A) admit that the narrator was right about the
A Letter to the Women of England on the Injustice of
Swede.
Mental Subordination. Originally published in 1799
B) show appreciation for the Swede's
under the pseudonym Anne Frances Randall.
accomplishments.
A) tease the narrator for his enthusiasm in meeting Woman is destined to pursue no path in which
the Swede. she does not find an enemy. If she is liberal, generous
B) help the narrator remember an incident involving careless of wealth, friendly to the unfortunate, and
the Swede. bountiful to persecuted merit, she is deemed
5 prodigal, and over much profuse, all the good she
docs, every tear she steals from the downcast eye of
modest worth, every sigh she converts into a throb of
9 joy, in grateful bosoms, is, by the world, forgotten；
Based on the passage, the reason the narrator was while the ingenuous liberality of her soul excites the
amazed that the Swede had called him ''Skip” was 10 imputation of folly and extravagance. If, on the
most probably that the narrator contrary, she is wary, shrewd, thrifty, economical,
A) thought adults should refer to each other by their and eager to procure and to preserve the advantages
formal names. of independence; she is condemned as narrow-
B) still felt lucky to receive personal attention from minded, mean, unfeeling, artful, mercenary, and
the Swede. 15 base: in either case she is exposed to censure. If
C) had not been called “Skip” since he was ten. liberal, unpitied; if sordid, execrated! In a few words,
D) was not aware that the Swede had ever known a generous woman is termed a fool; a prudent one, a
his nickname. prodigal.
If WOMAN is not permitted to assert a majesty
20 of mind, why fatigue her faculties with the labours of
any species of education? Why give her books, if she
10 is not to profit by the wisdom they inculcate? The
The reference to “Zeus” in line 66 mainly serves to parent, or the preceptress, who enlightened her
A) emphasize that the narrator held the Swede in understanding, like the dark lantern, to spread its rays
high regard. 25 internally only, puts into her grasp a weapon of
B) show that the Swede intimidated those around defence against the perils of existence; and at the
him. same moment commands her not to use it. Man says
C) suggest that the narrator was surprised that the you may read, and you will think, but you shall not
Swede had recognized him. evince your knowledge, or employ your thoughts,
D) indicate the narrator's shock at seeing a man 30 beyond the boundaries which we have set up around
from his past. you. Then wherefore burthen the young mind with a
gaudy outline which man darkens with shades
indelible? Why expand the female heart, merely to
render it more conscious that it is, by the tyranny of
35 custom, rendered vulnerable? Let man remember,
that
“A little learning is a dangerous thing.”
Let him not hope for a luxurious mental harvest,
where the sun of cultivation is obscured by

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40 impenetrable prejudice; that cloud which has too 13
long spread over the mind of woman a desolating Which choice best supports the idea that women, if
darkness. So situated, woman is taught to they choose, are entitled to act as men do?
discriminate just sufficiently to know her own A) Lines 33-35 (“Why expand …vulnerable”）
unhappiness. She, like Tantalus, is placed in a B) Lines 38-40 (“Let him …prejudice”）
45 situation where the intellectual blessing she sighs for C) Lines 46-49 (“but she ... creature”）
is within her view; but she is not permitted to attain
D) Lines 63-65 (“and there …man”）
it: she is conscious of possessing equally strong
14
mental powers; but she is obliged to yield, as the
weaker creature. Man says, “you shall be initiated in 14
50 all the arts of pleasing; but you shall, in vain, hope As used in line 20, “faculties” most nearly means
that we will contribute to your happiness one iota A) natural instincts.
beyond the principle which constitutes our own.” B) intellectual abilities.
Sensual Egotists! Woman is absolutely necessary to C) practical capabilities.
your felicity; nay, even to your existence: yet she D) granted privileges.
55 must not arrogate to herself the power to interest 15
your actions. You idolize her personal attractions, as
long as they influence your senses; when they begin 15
to pall, the magick is dissolved; and prejudice is ever The purpose of the adage in line 37 is to
eager to condemn what passion has degraded.... A) suggest an innovative way of analyzing a
60 Supposing women were to act upon the same pervasive challenge.
principle of egotism, consulting their own B) deride a viewpoint that has been gaining
inclinations, interest, and amusement only,(and there popularity.
is no law of Nature which forbids them; none of any C) summarize an old-fashioned belief that is often
species but that which is framed by man;) what overlooked.
65 would be the consequences? The annihilation of all D) warn that a situation may have negative
moral and religious order. So that every good which consequences.
cements the bonds of civilized society, originates 16
wholly in the forbearance, and conscientiousness of
woman. 16
11 As used in line 45, “sighs for” most nearly means
The main purpose of the passage is to A) dismisses.
A) analyze a series of historical events. B) craves.
B) persuade readers to support an unusual practice C) exhales.
C) alert readers to an urgent societal problem. D) suffers.
D) describe the underlying causes of a political
change.
12
The author’s central claim in the passage is that
A) women have as much right to a rigorous
education as men have.
B) women are hindered from fully developing and
using their intellectual capabilities.
C) education has prevented women from realizing
their goals rather than helping meet them.
D) methods of education need to be developed that
appeal equally to men and to women.

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17
17
What does the author suggest primarily motivates
men’s behavior toward women? 19
A) A selfish desire to deprive women of even the In line 53, the author includes the exclamation most
smallest joy likely to
B) A pragmatic impulse to maximize contentment A) express contempt about the excessive regard of
C) A cruel tendency to afford and then withhold men for their presumed privileges.
affections B) show anger about the failure of men to provide
D) A well meaning but ultimately ineffectual intent women with useful educations
to act fairly C) emphasize disappointment about the fact that
18 men always put their own needs of those of
their loved ones.
18 D) indicate frustration about the unwillingness of
Which choice provides the best evidence for the men to demonstrate openly their sensitivity.
answer to the previous question? 20
A) Lines 19-21 ("If WOMAN ... education") 20
B) Lines 44-46 ("She ... view"") The passage indicates that compared to men, women
C) Lines 49-52 ("Man ... own") behave in ways that are typically more
D) Lines 53-56("Woman , . . .actions”) A) suggestive of general dissatisfaction.
E) If you need answers of this test, please contact B) enhanced by a desire for independence.
wechat kangkanglaoshi C) beneficial to the functioning of society.
1 D) focused on the achievement of future goals.

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Questions 21-30 are based on the following Theorists think such planets formed farther from the
passage. star and later barreled inward, clearing away any
This passage is adapted from wechat kangkanglaoshi, potential wobble-inducing companions.
"Star-Crossing Planets Literally Strut Their Stuff." The technique became practical thanks to the Kepler
©2014 by American Association for the Advancement 45 spacecraft, which until 2013 was monitoring the
of Science. Exoplanets are planets outside of our solar brightness of 160,000 nearby stars for the telltale
system. dimming due to transiting planets. Kepler began
delivering data on dozens of planetary systems, many
When exoplanet hunters announced in January of
of them consisting of multiple planets. In 2010,
2014 that they had found a tribe of “mini-Neptunes”
50 astronomers began making TTV detections. Their
and the lightest planet ever detected outside our solar
expertise has been growing ever since.
system, they highlighted more than just the diversity
David Kipping, an astronomer at the Harvard-
5 of exoplanets. The results, announced at a meeting of
Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in
the American Astronomical Society, also show the
Cambridge, Massachusetts, and his colleagues came
power of an up-and-coming method of calculating the
55 across KOI-314c while combing Kepler data for TTV
masses of alien worlds from the way they eclipse their
signatures due to exomoons, which should cause
stars.
transiting exoplanets to wobble and change their transit
10 The new technique, called transit timing variation
timing. But the transits seen around the star
(TTV), is enabling astronomers to fill out their picture
KOI-314, a red dwarf some 200 light-years from Earth,
of dozens of exoplanets detected by NASA’s Kepler
60 pointed instead to the presence of two planets. Their
spacecraft. The eclipses, or “transits,” that Kepler
transit times were varying in lockstep: when one planet
detected reveal only a planet's size and orbital
slowed down in its orbit around the star, the other
15 period. To know whether it is rocky, gaseous, or some
would speed up, and vice versa. “We saw the same
mixture of the two, astronomers also need its mass.
TTV signature, just in opposite phase to each other,”
Traditionally, they have resorted to
65 Kipping says. “It was obvious that these two planets
ground-based telescopes to determine it, by measuring
must be interacting."
the wobble of the star as the planet tugs
By simulating the dance on a computer, the
20 on it. But TTY can determine masses from transit data
researchers worked out the masses of the two planets.
alone.
They found that the outer, KOI-314c, which orbits the
The technique was the brainchild of Matthew
70 star every 23 days, has the same mass as Earth,
Holman, an astrophysicist at Harvard University, and
although it is about 60% larger than Earth in radius.
others. If two or more planets happened to be
Kipping and his colleagues infer that the planet—the
25 orbiting a star in close proximity, they reasoned, their
lightest exoplanet so far discovered—has a rocky core
gravitational tugs on each other would alter their orbital
and a thick, gaseous atmosphere. The inner planet,
periods. If one of them was a transiting planet—
75 KOI-314c, is similar in size but about four times as
dimming the light of its parent star as it passed between
massive.
the star and Earth—astronomers would see its transit
Meanwhile, researchers led by Yoram Lithwick, an
30 timing vary over multiple orbits, betraying the presence
astronomer at Northwestern University in
of a companion planet. If both planets were transiting,
Evanston, Illinois, were looking at the TTV
astronomers could measure the perturbations in both
80 signatures of 163 exoplanets found by Kepler.
their orbits and work out the planets' masses.
The team determined that about 60 of them occupy a
Holman and a colleague published the idea in
mass range between Earth and Neptune and are larger
35 2005, and Eric Agol of the University of Washington,
than expected for a rocky planet of that mass,
Seattle, and colleagues put forward a similar scheme
suggesting they are blanketed by thick, extended
almost simultaneously. For years afterward, however,
astronomers failed to detect transit timing variations
85 atmospheres. They also found a pattern： as the planets

because almost all known exoplanets were gas giants grew bigger in radius, their density declined.“If you
40 spinning around their stars in tight orbits. make something twice as big, it becomes four times less

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dense,” Lithwick says. “So from going from a less than
two Earth radii to four Earth radii, the density goes 24
90 from rock-like all the way to gas.” Lithwick predicts the Based on the passage, which question are astronomers
surprising finding “will have big implications for unable to answer unless they know a particular
understanding planet formation.” exoplanet’s mass?
A) How similar to Earth is that planet in its ratio of rock
to gas?
21 B) Was that planet formed at about the same time that
The main purpose of the passage is to Earth was?
A) discuss the use of a new astronomical technique. C) What is the size of the parent star that planet orbits?
B) provide preliminary data about certain planets. D) Does that planet orbit a parent star in conjunction
C) argue in favor of a controversial experiment. with a companion planet?
D) suggest an innovative alternative to an established 25
scientific procedure.
25
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
22 answer to the previous question?
The author s central claim in the passage is that A) Lines 5-9 (“The results ... stars”）
A) TTV has enabled astronomers to determine more B) Lines 15-17 (“To know... mass”）
accurately than before the mass of certain planets C) Lines 31-34 (“If both ... masses”)
outside of our solar system. D) Lines 70-72 (“They... radius”）
B) NASA's Kepler spacecraft provided richer data 26
about exoplanets than had been anticipated by the
astronomical community.
C) there are more planets outside of our solar system 26
with an atmosphere similar to that of Earth than had As used in line 17, “traditionally” most nearly means
previously been hypothesized. A) authentically.
D) astronomers have gradually become more and more B) properly.
skilled in using TTV to calculate the composition of C) historically.
planets. D) conservatively.
23

23
Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts
from a
A) summary of the results of several experiments to a
chronicle of the process used in one of those
experiments.
B) reflection regarding the traditional difficulties of a
scientific problem to a consideration of a new
technique rendering that problem obsolete.
C) description of an innovative procedure to an account
of some specific applications of that procedure.
D) defense of a controversial scientific practice to a
demonstration of that practiced ultimate usefulness.

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27
27
According to the passage, why was the TTV technique 29
difficult to implement before the data from the Kepler What would be the effect on Lithwick’s findings of the
spacecraft became available? (If you need answers of discovery of a planet with a radius four times greater
this test, please contact wechat kangkanglaoshi) than Earth’s and a density similar to Earth’s?
A) TTV requires the existence of companion planets, A) Such a discovery would have no effect on
and most known exoplanets prior to Kepler did not Lithwick’s findings, because Lithwick’s research
show evidence of companions. was restricted to planets with gaseous atmospheres.
B) TTV requires several different sets of data for B) Such a discovery would bolster Lithwick's findings,
confirmation, and prior to Kepler only a single set of because such a planet would have a proportionate
data was available. size and density.
C) TTV requires that a planet orbit a parent star, and C) Such a discovery would bolster Lithwick’s findings,
prior to Kepler the location of the parent stars of because human beings would be likely to survive
exoplanets was difficult to determine. on such a planet.
D) TTV requires that the mass of a planet be known, D) Such a discovery would challenge Lithwick's
and prior to Kepler the masses of exoplanets were findings, because such a planet would not conform
impossible to ascertain. to his expectations.30
28
28
As used in line 45, “practical” most nearly means 30
A) ordinary. Which choice provides the best evidence for the
B) workable. answer to the previous question?
C) systematic. A) Lines 68-69 (“By simulating ... planets”）
D) qualified. B) Lines 73-75 (“Kipping... atmosphere”）
29 C) Lines 78-81 (“Meanwhile ... Kepler”）
D) Lines 86-89 (“They... says”）

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Questions 31-41 are based on the following molecular anthropologist Marie Lacan reports work
passage and supplementary material. on ancient DNA 一 both mitochondrial and Y-

This passage is adapted from Michael Balter, "Farming

40 chromosomal—from more than two dozen skeletons
found in the 1930s in a cave called Treilles in southern
Conquered Europe at Least Twice.” ©2011 by
France. Archaeologists think Treilles is a communal
American Association for the Advancement of Science.
grave site because the bones add up to
The rise of agriculture in the Middle East, nearly 149 individuals. The team took DNA in such a way as
11,000 years ago, was a momentous event in human 45 to ensure that each individual was sampled only once
prehistory. But just how farming spread from there into (using teeth that were still attached to a lower jaw) and
Europe has been a matter of intense research. was able to obtain ancient DNA from
5 A new study of ancient DNA from 5,000-year-old 29 people.
skeletons found in a French cave suggests that early The team found that the female and male
farmers entered the European continent by at least two 50 lineages seemed to have different origins.
different routes and reveals new details about the social The mtDNA showed genetic markers previously
structures and dairying practices of some of identified as having deep roots in ancient European
10 their societies. hunter-gatherer populations, but the
Scientists studying the spread of farming into Y chromosomes showed the closest affinities to
Europe have numerous questions： Was agriculture 55 Europeans currently living along the Mediterranean
brought in primarily by Middle Eastern farmers who regions of southern Europe, such as Turkey, Cyprus,
replaced the resident hunter-gatherers? Or did Portugal, and Italy. The team concludes that, in addition
15 agriculture advance through the spread of technology to the spread of farming into central Europe
and ideas rather than people? And was there just one suggested by the German studies, there appears to have
wave of farming into the continent or multiple waves 60 been at least one additional route via southern
and routes? Europe.
Until recently, researchers had to rely on the The communal grave also yielded additional
20 genetic profiles of modern-day Europeans and Middle intriguing details about these ancient Europeans.
Easterners for clues. Numerous such studies, especially Most of the skeletons were males, and many appeared
of Y chromosomes, which are transmitted via the 65 to be very closely related: At least two pairs of
paternal line, suggest that actual farmers, not just their individuals were almost certainly father and son, and
ideas, spread westward over the millennia, another pair were brothers. That suggests that the
25 eventually reaching the British Isles. Yet other studies, incoming male farmers established a so-called
based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is patrilocal society, in which the men stay put on their
inherited maternally, have come to the opposite 70 land but mate with women who come in from
conclusion, suggesting that farmers had local European surrounding regions, the team concludes.
ancestry. The study also showed that, in contrast to ancient
30 In recent years, studies have begun to resolve these DNA findings from central Europe, the people from
issues by sequencing the DNA of the prehistoric farmers Treilles lacked a key genetic variant that allows the
themselves. Some of this research, most notably in 75 body to digest lactose [a type of sugar found in milk]
Germany, suggests that male farmers entering central into adulthood. That’s consistent with other
Europe mated with local female hunter-gatherers—thus archaeological evidence that central European farmers
35 possibly resolving the contradiction between the Y herded dairy cows, whereas Mediterranean farmers
chromosome and mtDNA results. herded sheep and goats and drank fermented milk,
The new study backs up that idea. A team led by 80 which has much lower lactose levels.
.

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The map shows the Y lineages shared between Treilles individuals and current European populations. The gray
gradient indicates the percentage of shared lineages between Treilles individuals and current European
populations. Wechat kangkanglaoshi

Adapted from Marie Lacan et al, "Ancient DNA Reveals Male Diffusion through the Neolithic
Mediterranean Route. 2011 by National Academy of Sciences.
31

31 32
The main purpose of the passage is to The main purpose of lines 12-18(“Was ...routes")
A) discuss research into the origins of ancient is to pose questions that
European farmers. A) remain largely unaddressed by researchers
B) resolve a debate about when farming first appeared other than Lacan.
in Europe. B) were presumed to have been answered prior
C) consider a study of the farming methods of ancient to Lacan's work.
Europeans. C) motivated the research of Lacan and other
D) explain the conflict between archaeological and scientists.
genetic evidence about the first European farmers. D) have become more difficult to answer
32 following Lacan's study.
3

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33
DNA evidence discussed in the passage most strongly 36
suggests that modern Europeans Which choice provides the best evidence for the
A) show more diversity in their mtDNA than in their answer to the previous question?
Y chromosomes. A) Lines 25-29 (“Yet other ... ancestry”）
B) can trace their ancestry primarily to people from B) Lines 30-32 (“In recent... themselves”）
ancient southern Europe. C) Lines 38-43 (“A team ... France”)
C) descended at least in part from people who D) Lines 51-54 (“The mtDNA ... populations”)
originated further east. 37
D) have hereditary links to hunter-gatherers who
migrated westward across Europe.
34
37
As used in line 31，“resolve” most nearly means
34 A) reduce.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer
B) dispel.
to the previous question?
C) settle.
A) Lines 21-25 (“Numerous ... Isles”)
D) declare.
B) Lines 32-35 (“Some …hunter-gatherers”)
38
C) Lines 50-51 (“The team …origins”）
D) Lines 65-66 (“Most …related”)
35
38
As used in line 63, “yielded” most nearly means
A) relinquished.
B) submitted.
35 C) cultivated.
According to the passage, seemingly contradictory
D） furnished.
findings about the spread of farming in ancient
Europe began to be reconciled once scientists 39
A) analyzed the genetic makeup of prehistoric
farmers.
B) unearthed a large number of skeletons from the
Treilles cave.
C) sequenced Y-chromosomal DNA from modern
Europeans.
D) examined mtDNA apart from other genetic
materials.
36

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39 40
It can most reasonably be inferred that the “archaeological According to the map, the population of which of the
evidence” referred to in line 78 following regions has the highest percentage of
A) introduces an unresolved complication into an evolving shared Y lineages with Treilles individuals?
theory about the spread of farming in ancient Europe. A) Southern Portugal
B) confirms an earlier hypothesis about the use of B) The British Isles
fermented milk by farmers living in southern Europe. C) Southern Germany
C) highlights a genetic factor that likely influenced the D) Northern Italy
settlement patterns of Middle Eastern immigrants in 41
Europe.
D) bolsters a conclusion about the spread of farming in
Europe that Lacan's team members drew from their 41
analysis of DNA. Data presented on the map most strongly support
40 Lacan’s view that ancient European farmers
A) had local European ancestry.
B) traveled as far as the British Isles.
C) arrived via a southern European route.
D) established patrilocal societies in central Europe.

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 1 1
Questions 42-52 are based on the following The enemy release hypothesis attributes the
passages and supplementary material. 40 success of exotic species to their escape from
diseases and herbivores upon moving to a new
Passage 1 is adapted from Dana Blumenthal,
range. This gives them an advantage when
"Interrelated Causes of Plant Invasion." ©2005 by
competing with native species still burdened
American Association for the Advancement of
by enemies. Not only are enemies missing in
Science. Passage 2 relates to the information and
45 exotic species’ new ranges, but the absence of
ideas discussed in Passage 1.
enemies is correlated with invasiveness.
Passage 1 Enemy release provides the greatest benefit to
An occasional stem of leafy spurge in the prairie exotic species that are highly susceptible
would not threaten native species. Nor would it enemies in their native range.
bother ranchers. But the millions of hectares of this 50 The resource hypothesis suggests that
Eurasian species that inhabit western North America plant invasion is caused by availability of
5 have displaced native plant species and reduced resources such light, water, and soil nutrients.
forage for both wild and domestic animals, costing Resources become available when resource
hundreds of millions of dollars annually. The supply increases, as with atmospheric nitrogen
problems caused by such invasive species are the 55 deposition, or when resource capture by other
direct result of their success in colonizing new plants decreases, as with disturbances such as
10 habitats, and understanding why they are so fire or plowing. High resource availability
successful is essential to controlling their spread. benefits fast-growing native or exotic species.
Although there are many competing ideas to explain Passage 2
invasion, it is possible that two of the most important Erodium cicutarium, an invasive species
are interrelated: The plant species that benefit the 60 commonly known as pinweed, has been slowly
15 most from high resource availability may also gain replacing the native species Erodium texanum,
the most from escaping enemies upon moving to a or heronbill, in North America's Sonoran
new range. Desert. Biologist Sarah Kimball conducted a
Due to the enormous variety of invasive plants, series of experiments to understand how
attempts to explain invasion have led to an array of 65 pinweed plants are overtaking heronbill plants.
20 partially overlapping hypotheses. Hypotheses At the beginning of a growing season,
explaining the exceptional success of exotic species Kimball located a region of the desert in which
are based upon ways in which a species’ new range both pinweed and heronbill had established
differs from its native range: fewer insects and growth. She divided the region into sixteen
diseases, less competitive environments, and 70 control plots and sixteen experimental plots.
25 competitors that are more susceptible to chemicals The experimental plots were sprayed weekly
produced by the invader. Hypotheses explaining with insecticides to eliminate insect that feed
colonization in general, irrespective of whether the on plants, while control plots were left
colonizing species are native or exotic, rely on unsprayed. At the end of the growing season,
characteristics of the colonizer or the colonized 75 Kimball determined, for each plot, the number
30 plant community. For example, fast-growing of each species of plant, the number of fruits on
species with high seed production make good each plant, and the mass of each plant. The
colonizers. Plant communities with lots of results were not significantly different between
disturbance, high resource availability, or reduced the control and experimental plots, indicating
species diversity tend to be easily colonized. 80 that insects were not a determining factor in
35 Of primary interest are two mechanisms of pinweed’s mechanism of invasion.
invasion that are particularly well supported by Additional studies by Kimball in the same
existing studies of plant invasions: release from region measured the growth rates of the two
natural enemies and increased resource availability. plant species during two growing seasons. She

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 1 1
85 found that the growth rates of the two species were
nearly the same in the season (2007-2008) with
close to average annual rainfall but that the invasive
pinweed plants exhibited a greater growth rate than
did the native heronbill plants in the season (2004- 43
90 2005) when there was much more rainfall than in a Based on the information in Passage 1, which
typical year. She also found that the invasive plants area would be LEAST likely to be colonized by
lost less water each day through the pores in their a fast-growing invasive plant species?
leaves than the native plants did regardless of the A) A wetland area that was recently converted
growing season. This water conservation along with to farmland but now commonly experiences
95 the higher growth rate when water is abundant flooding and soil erosion
seems to account for the invasive plants' ability to B) A forested area that has numerous species of
outcompete the native plants. plants and has received a nearly normal
amount of rainfall over the last five years
Growth Rates of Native and Invasive
C) A previously forested area that experienced
100 Plants in the Sonoran Desert during Two
a fire within the last year and currently has
Growing Seasons
few species of grasses and herbaceous
plants growing
D) A plains area that has experienced drought
over the last seven years and has fewer
species of plants than before the drought
began
44

44
Which choice provides the best evidence for the
answer to the previous question?
A) Lines 7-11 (“The problems... spread”)
Adapted from Sarah Kimball et al., "High Water-Use
Efficiency and Growth Contribute to Success of Non-Native B) Lines 12-17 (“Although ... range”)
Erodium cicutarium in a Sonoran Desert Winter Annual
C) Lines 21-26 (“Hypotheses …invader”）
Community." ©2014 by Sarah Kimball et al
D) Lines 32-34 (“Plant …colonized”）45

42
As used in line 16, “gain” most nearly means 45
A) profit. As used in line 36, “supported” most nearly
B) increase. means

C) traverse. A) championed.

D) reach. B) assisted.
C) braced.
43 D) Substantiated.
46

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1 1
46 49
Which choice provides the best evidence from An idea central to both Passage 1 and Passage 2
Passage 2 that plant growth in Kimball’s is that
experimental plots and control plots was similar over A) competition for the acquisition of space
the growing season? exists between native and normative plant
A) Lines 69-72 (“The experimental ..unsprayed”） B) a hypothesis should not be tested without
the proper use of experimental and control
B) Lines 72-75 (“At the …mass of each plant")
groups
C) Lines 75-79 (“The results ... invasion”)
C) efforts to control the spread of invasive
D) Lines 82-88 (“She found ... year”） plants in North America have been
47 unsuccessful.
D) natural events such as fires and hurricanes
47 can have a devastating effect on plant life,
In Passage 2, the main purpose of the information in 50
lines 89-91 (“She …season”）is to

A) provide background information about leaf 50

Which choice best states the relationship
structure in desert plants.
between the two passages?
B) refute the claim made by the author of Passage 1
A) Passage 2 expands on the research study
about the resource hypothesis.
discussed in Passage 1.
C) refute the claim presented in Passage 2 that B) Passage 2 presents support for a
pinweed plants are overtaking heronbill plants in controversial policy presented in Passage 1.
the Sonoran Desert. C) Passage 2 questions the conclusions drawn
D) support the conclusion that water availability is by the author of Passage 1.
essential to pinweed’s mechanism of invasion. D) Passage 2 presents a specific example of
48 the general topic discussed in Passage 1

48
According to the graph, the relative growth rate in the
2007-2008 season, in mg of growth per day/mg of
plant mass, of the heronbill plants in Kimball’s study
was closest to which of the following?
A) 0.045
B) 0.050
C) 0.060
D) 0.065
49

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 1 1
51 52
Which claim from Passage I about an area colonized Based on information in the passages, do the
by an invasive species was directly tested in the data in the graph better support the enemy
experiment described in the second paragraph of release hypothesis or the resource hypothesis?
Passage 2 (lines 65-79)? A) The enemy release hypothesis in the 2007-
2008 growing season, the growth rates of
A) Native plants are susceptible to chemicals
the pinweed plants and the heronbill plants
produced by an invasive species.
were the same
B) An invasive species’ colonization of a new range
B) The enemy release hypothesis, because the
is facilitated by having fewer insects that feed on
growth rate of the pinweed plants was
it.
greater in a growing season that was free of
C) Fast-growing native plants can effectively insects were present.
colonize areas with abundant resources. C) The resource hypothesis, because the
D) High resource availability benefits fast-growing pinweed plants had a greater relative
invasive species growth rate than the heronbill plants did in
a season with greater than average rainfall.
D) The resource, because the mass of the fruits
on the pinweed plants was the same as the
mass of the fruits on the heronbill plants in
the 2007-2008 growing season.

STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this section only.
Do not turn to any other section.

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 2 2
Writing and Language Test
35 MINUTES, 44 QUESTIONS
Turn to Section 2 of your answer sheet to answer the questions in this section.

DIRECTION
S
Each passage below is accompanied by a number of questions. For some questions, you
will consider how the passage might be revised to improve the expression of ideas. For
other questions, you will consider how the passage might be edited to correct errors in
sentence structure, usage, or punctuation. A passage or a question may be accompanied
by one or more graphics (such as a table or graph) that you will consider as you make
revising and editing decisions.

Some questions will direct you to an underlined portion of a passage. Other questions will
direct you to a location in a passage or ask you to think about the passage as a whole.

After reading each passage, choose the answer to each question that most effectively
improves the quality of writing in the passage or that makes the passage conform to the
conventions of standard written English. Many questions include a “NO CHANGE” option.
Choose that option if you think the best choice is to leave the relevant portion of the
passage as it is.

Questions 1-11 are based on the following passage 1

and supplementary material. A) NO CHANGE
B) for its having
New National Parks C) that has
Under the Antiquities Act of 1906, the Organic D) for it has
Act of 1916, and other federal laws, the US 2
government has the power to take custody of land 1
when having historical significance or great natural
beauty. The designation of a territory as a national 2
park, national monument, or other 2 types of A) NO CHANGE
protected area can limit activities such as oil drilling B) type of protected area
and logging and provide funding for staff to work on C) type of protected areas
preservation, maintenance, and visitor assistance. D) protected area types
Federally protected lands are
1

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 2 2
extremely popular, 3 with 270 million visitors each
year to national parks alone, but in recent years 3
critics have complained that these public lands are a A) NO CHANGE
burden on the federal budget that limits economic B) being
development. In fact, however, maintaining and C) to have
expanding the land under public protection would be D) some
an economic benefit to many parts of the United
States. 4
Some commentators claim that there 4 is an 4
excess of too many pressing constraints on the
federal budget to commit funds to federal land A) NO CHANGE
protection. But the 2014 budgets of the National Park B) is too much of an excess of
Service, Fish and Wildlife Service, Forest Service, C) are, in abundance, too many
and Bureau of Land Management totaled D) are too many
significantly less than 1 percent of the national 5
budget—hardly enough to make a considerable
difference in overall government spending. Where 5
protection does have a major economic impact is in
local 5 communities visitors to protected lands need A) NO CHANGE
food, fuel, and lodging, and businesses that cater to B) communities; while visitors
these needs provide job opportunities in the C) communities, visitors
surrounding communities. D) communities. Visitors

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 2 2
6 In the western United States, federal control of 6
large areas of land has been a source of political Which choice provides the best introduction to the
controversy. According to a report from Headwaters paragraph?
Economics, a research group that studies land A) NO CHANGE
management in the West, rural counties with more than B) The influx of money from tourism is particularly
30 percent of their land under federal protection 7 saw important in areas such as the western United States,
job growth of more than 300 percent from 1970 to where most federally protected lands are located.
2010. Rural counties with no protected land saw
C) The national park that has the most dramatic
smaller increases in employment than did counties with
economic impact on the surrounding area is
protected land. A look at the economic effects of
Yellowstone National Park, which is spread across
Yellowstone National Park reveals the profound impact
parts of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho.
6
D) It is often a challenge to balance the interests of
local industries with those of visitors to federally
protected lands.
7
7
Which choice provides accurate and relevant information
from the graph?
A) NO CHANGE
B) saw slightly less job growth than those with less
than 10 percent of lands under federal protection
C) had rates of job growth that were considerably
higher than those of rural counties in the eastern
United States
D) saw job growth decline from nearly 350 percent to
just under 300 percent

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 2 2
protected lands can have in a rural region. In 2013， 8
Yellowstone had more than 3 million 8 tourists. They Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at
spent a total of nearly 5380 million in and around the the underlined portion?
park. 9 A) tourist, the ones who spent
B) tourists; spent was
C) tourists, who spent
D) tourists, but they spent
9

9
At this point, the writer wants to use information from
the table below.
Economic Contribution of Tourists to
the Region of Yellowstone National Park
Park Park visitor Jobs
visitors spending created
Total 3,188,030 $381,763,000 5,300
From
3,090,679 $379,900,000 5,277
tourists
Adapted from Headwaters Economics, “West is Percent
Best: How Public Lands in the West Create a from 96.95% 99.51% 99.57%
Competitive Economic Advantage.” ©2012 by tourists
Headwaters Economics Adapted from Catherine Cullinane Thomas, Christopher Huber,
and Lynne Koontz. 2013 National Park Visitor Spending Effects：

8 Economic Contributions to Local Communities, States, and the

Nation. Published in 2014 by the National Park Service.

Which choice provides accurate and relevant evidence

from the table to support the paragraph’s claim? (If you
need answers of this test, please contact wechat
kangkanglaoshi)
A) These tourists made up nearly 97 percent of all the
visitors to the park in that year.
B) This incoming money was enough to support more
than 5,000 jobs in the Yellowstone region.
C) Residents of the region tended to spend less money
in and around the park than tourists did.
D) As per-visitor spending in the park shows, visiting
Yellowstone is a relatively economical vacation.

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 2 2
Many communities in the United States could gain 10
significant tourist 10 revenue: if sites of natural beauty A) NO CHANGE
or historical significance—such as Idaho’s Boulder- B) revenue, if sites of natural beauty,
White Clouds and Utah’s Cedar Mesa Plateau—were C) revenue if sites of natural beauty,
granted national park status. Given the economic D) revenue if sites of natural beauty
benefits of protecting these and other proposed 11
wilderness areas around the country,11 additional laws
are needed to ensure that the natural and historical 11
legacy of the United States is preserved for future Which choice most logically concludes the passage?
generations. A) NO CHANGE
10 B) national parks would provide more economic
gains if they were managed more like
businesses
C) It is time for the federal government to consider
an additional investment in protected lands.
D) Protected lands should be extended to more
urban parts of the country as well.

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 2 2
Questons12-22 are based on the following passage. 12
Going into Historical Detail Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at
Many films depict a historical figure, event, or time the underlined portion?
period. Take, for example, Steven Spielberg’s 2012 A) projects, while others assign tasks
historical drama Lincoln, a film focused on the life of B) projects, but some historical consultants have
former president Abraham Lincoln, or Steve McQueen’s filmmakers give them tasks
2013 film 12 Years a Slave, based on an 1853 memoir by
C) projects; meanwhile, other filmmakers give
former American slave Solomon Northup. Both
historical consultants other tasks
Spielberg and McQueen hired historical consultants to
D) projects; there are also tasks given by filmmakers
provide expert opinion on the costumes, props, and
dialogue used in these films.
13
Some filmmakers expect historical consultants to
13
commit to long-term 12 projects. Other filmmakers give
Which choice gives a second example that best supports
historical consultants tasks that can be completed in a
the point the writer is making in this paragraph?
short period of time. In the 2003 historical film Master
A) NO CHANGE
and Commander, a team of consultants was tasked with
re-creating life aboard an 1805 warship. One of these B) even wrote the film’s concluding credits about the

consultants spent months training actors to operate mystery surrounding Northup’s disappearance in
cannons. Regardless of a project’s scope, however, the 1857.
task of a historical consultant is always the same: to C) has also authored numerous books on African
enhance the accuracy of a film. Henry Louis Gates Jr., a American literature and culture.
prominent scholar of African American history, vetted D) played a large role in discovering and disseminating
the script of 12 Years a Slave and 13 serves as the the earliest novels written by African Americans in
director of Harvard University’s Hutchins Center for the 1850s.
African and African American Research.

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 2 2
While historical integrity is important, 14 some 14
directors spend too much time worrying about it. For Which choice most effectively sets up the example
instance, a historical consultant for Muster and discussed in this paragraph?
Commander 15 will say the director's desire to emphasize A) NO CHANGE
the camaraderie of the ship's officers meant 16 dumping B) many actors struggle with finding a balance
the period's formal social protocol. Duncan Henderson, between being historically accurate and conveying
the film’s producer, acknowledged this tension between emotion.
the competing demands of accuracy and 17 art: “The C) audiences often don't realize when there are errors
more real it is, the more the movie moves effortlessly in a historical film.
forward because people are quickly taken into that world. D) other concerns may take precedence.
[But] you don't want to give up the drama of the story 15
just to be technically correct."
This deliberate decision to forgo accuracy for 15
cinematic effect, 18 however, may be met with public A) NO CHANGE
criticism. When Tony Kushner, the screenwriter tor B) said
Lincoln, portrayed two Connecticut congressmen as C) had been saying
voting against the Thirteenth Amendment to the D) will have said
14
16
16
A) NO CHANGE
B) ditching
C) scrapping
D) disregarding
17

17
A) NO CHANGE
B) art— “The
C) art; the
D) art, the
18

18
A) NO CHANGE
B) therefore,
C) likewise,
D) particularly,

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 2 2
US Constitution, a current Connecticut congressman 19
wrote a letter to the movie studio urging it to correct this A) NO CHANGE
error. Kushner responded by stating Lincoln upheld the B) consultant, who defended
expectations of a dramatic film because it illustrated the C) consultant, defended
amendment's narrow vote, and Doris Kearns Goodwin, D) consultant to defend
the film's historical 19 consultant, defending Kushner’s 20
script.
20 Why, then, is historical accuracy important in 20
films? Kate Williams, a British 21 historian—believes Which choice provides the most effective transition from
that ''filmmakers have a great responsibility. How they the previous paragraph?
present the past is how it gets remembered.” Historical A) NO CHANGE
consultants must 22 assure that filmmakers take this B) What about directors who are less concerned about
responsibility seriously. As films continue to engage with historical accuracy?
history, historical consultants will continue to preserve C) Consequently, do movies that take place in the very
history’s intricacies. recent past require historical consultants?
19 D) What sources should filmmakers consult to ensure
historical accuracy in their films?
2

21
A) NO CHANGE
B) historian
C) historian,
D) historian;
22

22
A) NO CHANGE
B) ensure that
C) ensure for
D) insure for

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2 2
Questions 23-33 are based on the following 23
passage. The writer is considering adding following sentence.
More than any of Brancusi’s other works, the 1926
Legal Nonrepresentation sculpture Bird in Space manages to achieve that
“All my life,” the sculptor Constantin Brancusi aim.
remarked, “I have been seeking to capture the essence of Should the writer make this addition here?
flight.” 23 Bird in Space is a work of abstract art: it is not A) Yes, because it helps explain why the US
a readily recognizable representation of the bird in its government would eventually recognize Bird in
title but rather a polished arc of bronze that calls to mind Space as a work of art.
the animal’s graceful airborne motion. With 24 it’s end’s B) Yes, because it provides an effective transition
tapering into points, much of the slender 53-inch curve between the presentation of Brancusi's goal and the
25 appear suspended in the air above its marble base. discussion of Bird in Space.
More than just a visually arresting sculpture,, 26 then,
C) No, because it presents information about Bird in
Bird in Space was responsible for changing how the US
Space that is repeated later in the paragraph.
government recognizes art.
D) No, because it interrupts the explanation of the
23
nature of abstract art.
2

24
A) NO CHANGE
B) it’s ends
C) its’ ends
D) its ends
25

25
A) NO CHANGE
B) is appearing
C) has appeared
D) appears
26

26
A) NO CHANGE
B) at any rate,
C) though,
D) therefore,

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 2 2
In the 1920s, abstract art like Brancusi’s was a 27
new phenomenon, a sharp contrast to more Which choice gives a second supporting example
traditionally representational paintings and statues, so that is most similar to the example already in the
it is perhaps unsurprising that Bird in Space received a sentence?
mixed reception. The general public struggled to find A) NO CHANGE
artistic value in the sculpture; indeed, many struggled B) another mocked it as an “expensive potato
to see it as a work of art at all. One newspaper likened masher.”
it to “half an airplane propeller,'' while 27 also calling C) Brancusi considered it symbol of flight liberating
it "a tall, slender, highly polished object.” Within the man from the narrow confines of lifeless matter."
art world, however, Bird in Space was recognized as a D) art critic Frank Crowninshield stated that it had
beautiful and innovative work of modern sculpture. “the suggestion of flight"
Such recognition led the art collector Edward Steichen 2
to buy the piece and have it shipped to his New York 8
City home from Brancusi's Paris studio. 28
The importation of the sculpture brought it to the A) NO CHANGE
attention of the US Customs Bureau. The agency's B) art—could
view reflected that of the general public: when Bird in C) art could
Space came to the United States from France, the D) art could,
Customs Bureau classified it not as a work of art but 29
as an industrial object. That classification carried with
it substantial consequences. Works of 28 art, could be 29
imported to the United States duty-free, but industrial A) NO CHANGE
materials were taxed at rates of up to 40 percent of 29 B) its
their purchase value. As a result, Bird in Space faced C) one’s
an import tax of $229.35—more than a third of the D) his
$600 Steichen paid for it.

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2 2
Brancusi, in turn, sued the US government, aiming 30
to 30 score recognition of his sculpture as art. The A) NO CHANGE
resultant 1927 court case, Brancusi v. United States, B) secure
attempted to answer for the American public the
C) land
question of whether abstract works like Brancusi's
D) gather up
should be considered art. After hearing a lineup of 31
31
well-known, famous art critics testify to the aesthetic
value and originality of nonrepresentational art like Bird
31
in Space, 32 the courts ruling was in favor of Brancusi.
A) NO CHANGE
The decision 33 meant that the public had finally come
to recognize the artistic value of nonrepresentational art. B) well-known and famous
30 C) famously well-known
D) famous
32

32
A) NO CHANGE
B) the ruling of the court was in favor of Brancusi.
C) the court ruled in favor of Brancusi.
D) Brancusi was the favorable receiver of the court’s
ruling.

33
33
The writer wants a conclusion that reiterates the main
idea expressed in the passage. Which choice best
accomplishes this goal?
A) NO CHANGE
B) was a great victory for art collectors like Steichen: a
major impediment to their ability to import
artworks from Europe had been eliminated.
C) would forever broaden the range of art
acknowledged by the US government: from then
on, customs law would recognize both abstract and
traditional works within the category of art
D) concerning the value of abstract works such as Bird
in Space would take many more years to be made
in the court of public opinion, however.

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 2 2
Questions 34-44 are based on the following 34
passage. A) NO CHANGE
B) approximately two thousand thunderstorms
Petrified Lightning C) right around two thousand thunderstorms
Scientists estimate that 34 two thousand is D) two thousand is approximately how many
roughly the number of thunderstorms that rage over thunderstorms
Earth at any given time and that lightning strikes the 35
ground twenty times every second. Lightning bolts
can be up to five times hotter than the surface of the 35
35 Sun. This is far hotter than the melting point of Which choice most effectively combines the sentences
silica, the compound that is the primary constituent of at the underlined portion?
sand and most types of rock. (Silica is also the A) Sun; this temperature of the lightning bolts is
essential ingredient used in making glass.) Under B) Sun, and this temperature is
certain circumstances, when lightning strikes sand or C) Sun; however, this is
rock, evidence of the strike is left behind in the form
D) Sun—
of a fulgurite, sometimes called petrified lightning.
34

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2 2
[1] First discovered in 1706, these formations are 36
found in two varieties; sand fulgurites and the much A) NO CHANGE
less common rock fulgurites. [2] As it cools, the silica B) a plant’s root system,
lining forms a glass-walled cavity that may look like C) a plant’s toot systems’.
36 a plants’ root system.[3] Sand that adhered to the D) plants root system’s
molten silica as it solidified forms a casing around the
fragile glassy structure. [4] Sand fulgurites form when 37
the intense energy of a lightning bolt rapidly heats 37
moist air trapped in sandy soil and the resulting A) NO CHANGE
explosive expansion creates a void lined with melted B) the rocky surface
silica. [5] Rock fulgurites, found almost exclusively C) a rock’s surface
on the peaks of mountains, appear as a thin, glassy D) the surface of rocks
crust on 37 the surface of a rock or along fractures 38
within them.38
Because glass is very resistant to weathering, 38
fulgurites may last a very long 39 time; the oldest To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 4
example is estimated to be 250 million years old—and should be placed
give scientists a unique window into the past. The A) where it is now,
formation of a fulgurite occurs in only a fraction of a B) after sentence 1.
3 C) after sentence 2.
D) after sentence 5.

39
39
A) NO CHANGE
B) time. The
C) time, the
D) time—the

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 2 2
second, so air bubbles are often trapped in the 40
cooling glass and can be analyzed to reveal the At this point, the writer is considering adding the
atmospheric composition at the time the fulgurite following sentence.
was created..40 Gases trapped 15,000 years ago in fulgurites from
There is also a practical reason for studying the Sahara desert, for example, demonstrate that
fulgurites. 41 When researchers dig them up very the region was once much wetter and prone to
carefully, fulgurites can remain intact alter they are thunderstorms.
extracted from the ground. Aboveground power Should the writer make this addition here?
lines are often struck by lightning, causing power A) Yes, because it provides an example of the
outages, but the 42 affects of lightning on buried paragraph's pint about the uses of fulgurites in
power lines wore not investigated until the 1990s. research.
Research at the University of Florida has shown that B) Yes, because it continues the passage's
lightning can also disable explanation of how fulgurites are formed.
40 C) No, because it blurs the paragraph's focus by
introducing a discussion of changing climates
D) NO, because it undermines the paragraph's
claim about how quickly fulgurites form.
41

41
Which choice best introduces the information that
follows?
A) NO CHANGE
B) Lightning plays a major role in power
distribution system failures in areas where
thunderstorm activity is high.
C) One project conducted in 1996 excavated the
world's longest known fulgurite, which has
three branches measuring eight, fourteen, and
sixteen feet.
D) Seasonal variations in storms mean that certain
times of the year are best for collecting data on
lightning.
42V

42
A) NO CHANGE
B) affects from
C) effects of
D) effects by

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2 2
underground power systems because the strikes keep 43
moving below ground. Examination of fulgurites A) NO CHANGE
around buried power systems 43 help scientists B) have helped
determine the most effective shielding materials for C) are helping
power lines. Florida averages about twenty-five to D) is helping
forty lightning strikes per square mile each 44 year, 44
so the scientists hope their work can help mitigate 44
the damage caused by so many strikes. Which choice most effectively completes the
43 paragraph?
A) NO CHANGE
B) year, and lightning strikes are dangerous to
residents of the state as well as damaging to its
infrastructure.
C) year, but it is difficult to determine precisely
how many of those strikes leave behind
fulgurites.
D) year.

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