Machine Tool - Student Material

Hanoi University of Science and Technology
Hanoi University of science and Technology

School of mechanical engineering
Department of machine tool & tribology
Machine tool
& cnc machine tool
Lecturer: Nguyen Manh Toan

Office: Room 104 – C10
Tel: 04 3868 0073
Email: andyntut@gmail.com
10/28/2021 Machine-tool and Tribology 1
Course syllabus
 Course Units:
 Lecture: 30 hours
 Seminar: 15 hours
 Lab: 2 x 2 hours
 Student Duties
 Class attendance: ≥ 80%
 Homework:
 Lab work:
 ...
 Assessment
 Mid-term grade: 0.3 (70%)
 Home work grading
 Project
 Lab work and reports:
 Mid-tem test
 Final exam (multichoice and writing): 0.7 (70%)
 Textbook: TC 9-524 - Fundamentals of Machine Tools -
Headquarters, Department of the army - 1996
Course topics
1. General introduction of machine tools
2. Typical part and the mechanisms of machine tool
3. Kinetics of lathes and milling machines
4. Basic structures of Computer Numerical
Controlled Machine Tool (CNC machine Tool)
5. CNC Systems in Machine Tool
6. Programming and Operation of CNC machines
(basic)
Machine Tool 1
References
 “Mechatronics and Machine Tool”, HMT Limited, McGraw-Hill, 1999.
 “Mechanical Engineering handbook”, Frank Kreith, CRC Press,
1999
 “Handbook of Machine foundations”, P. Srinivasulu, G. V.
Vaidyanathan, McGraw-Hill, 1990
 “Mechatronics an introduction”, Robert H. Bishop, CRC Press -
Taylor & Francis Group, 2006
 “Introduction to Computer Numerical Control”, Prentice Hall, Inc,
1995.
 “Computer numerical control programming”’, Prentice Hall, Inc,
1990.
 “CNC Machining Handbook”, Industrial Press Inc. NewYork,
NY.10016, 1996
Some rules in class

 No mobile phone ringing in class, all mobile
phones must be in silence status
 No chatting
 If someone is late, just come in, don’t make
noise
 No cheating in exam
 Writing exam can be open book or close book
PREFACE
 Machine tools are metal cutting machine tools,
factory equipments for producing machines,
instruments, and tools of all kinds
 Metal part manufacturing
 Definite form, dimension
 History:
 In Vietnam:
Machine Tool 2
1K62- Engine Lathe

Chuck Tailstock Electrical
Speed gearbox
box
Tool post
Feed gearbox
Lead screw
Machine Frame Gear Bar Carriage Shaft

Chip pan
Machine Frame
Milling Machines
Vertical knee type MM, model Ram head knee type MM

CNCtoMachine
§1. Introduction Tool Tool
CNC Machine
1.2. CNC machines
 1947: J.Parson began experimenting for 3 – axis curvature date to
control. machine tool motion for the production of aircraft
components
 1949: Parson awarded a US Air Force contract to build the first NC
machine
 1951: MIT was involved in the project
 1952: NC achieved when MIT demonstrated that simultaneous 3 –
axis movements were possible using a laboratory – build
controller and a Cincinnati HYDROTEL vertical spindle
 1955: after refinements NC become available to industry.
Machine Tool 3
CNC Machine Tool

§1. Introduction to CNC Machine Tool
1.2. CNC machines
components
machine
10
Chapter I
Introduction of machine tools
1.1 Metal cutting theory
1.2 Machine tool Classification
1.3 Auxiliary Motions in Machine tools
11
1.1 Metal cutting theory

 Forming by geometric method
Example:
- Machining general cylindrical
surfaces.
Q T
- Machining shaped cylindrical surfaces
T
Q Q
T1
T T2
12
Machine Tool 4
1.1. Metal cutting theory

 Surfaces used in machining technology:
 Circular baseline surfaces
 cylinder, cone, threads …
§Baseline §öêng sinh
öêng chuÈn (C) Generator line(S)(S) C1 C2 S
a) -Cylinder
(a) H×nh trô b) Cone
(b) - H×nh c«n
C S S
a)
(c)- H×nh tang trèng
Shaped (d)
b) Thread
- H×nh d¹ng ren
13

 Straight baseline surfaces
Generator line: straight line; curve line, spline , ...
C S
C
S
S C
a. b. c.
 Special surfaces:
Cam, balding, involutes curve… C
S
C
a) b)
* To define generator line and baseline is relative.
* Choose generator line, baseline  kinematic diagram of the machine is completely
different
14

 Forming surface in machine using two generator
types
 Generator:
 Need movement: rotating and straight reciprocating.
 Generator:
 Need movements: un-uniform rotary and straight

motions.
 To make the process of surfaces  to make baseline
and generator  Forming motions
15
Machine Tool 5
1.2 Part surface forming methods

2.1 Surface forming motions on Machine tools: the way to create generator and
baseline
 Definition:
 Classification:
 Simple surface forming I
I Q
motions:
a. b. II
II
T
Q t Q
 Complicated surface
I I
forming motion: Sd
II II
ST
S Sng
Machine-tool and Tribology
a. b. 16
10/28/2021
16
1.2 Part surface forming methods

 Simple and complicated integrated forming motions :
Example: cone forming motions
Q1: Simple motion, T1 & T2: Complicated forming motions
 Forming motions can be performed by cutting tool or work piece  need

to well arrange the mechanisms which perform the surface forming
motions, let the mechanisms are simplest and get highest accuracy
17
1.3 Surface forming on machine tool

3.1 Surface copy method:
Cutting edge is the same as generator line and always tangle with
part
Shaving cutting disk
Dao ®Þnhcutting
Shaped h×nh tool Indexing
Cutting edge is also generator line, creating the part surface when moving
base on the baseline
18
Machine Tool 6
1.3 Surface forming on machine tool

3.3 Surface generation cutting method :
Note: With the same cutting method, cutting tool, but different relative
position between cutting tool and work piece will result different surface
a. b. c.
19
1.2. Machine tool Classification

 Base on accuracy: five classes
 Class N _normal accuracy, covering the majority of general
purpose machines
 Class P _ higher accuracy
 Class B _ precision machines
 Class A _ high precision machines
 Class C _ super high precision machines (master machine tools)
 Base on weight, derive in to:
 Light: up to one ton
 Medium: up to ten tons
 Heavy: over ten tons
20
1.2. Machine tool Classification

 A machine tool is a machine for making articles of given
shape, size and accuracy.
 Machine tool can be divided according to their
specialization into the following categories:
 General _ purpose machines: used to work a wide
range of parts.
 Specialized machines used for articles similar in
shape but different in size.
 Limited _ purpose machines: capable of a narrow
range of operations
 Special_ machines: for making parts of one type
and size.
21
Machine Tool 7
1.3 Basic motions in Machine tool

 Basic motions in machine tool include the following
 Cutting motions:
 Auxiliary motions:
22
1.3 Basic motions in Machine tool

 Cutting motions:
 Primary cutting motion: provides cutting speed for
removing the chip
 Lather, grind, drill...The cutting speed of a rotary cutting
motion is
V= dn/1000 (m/ min)
 Plane, broach, mortise...The cutting speed of
translational motion is
V=2.l.nhtk /1000 (m/ min)
 Feeding motion
 Lather: l(m), s (mm/v), time _ T
n.T=l/s  s=l / (n.T)
 Longitudinal (traverse), cross, radial etc...
 Auxiliary motions: indexing, differential, motions at fix or

release, control motions, setting up motions...
23
1.4. Gearing diagrams of machine tools

 Principal conventional symbols used in
gearing diagrams
Turning
Spindle Chain drive
Losen
Milling Spindle
cylindrical gear
Floating
Lead srew
cylindrical gear
Stationary
Flat belt drive
cylindrical gear
24
Machine Tool 8
1.4 Gearing diagrams of machine tools

 Lathe kinematic diagram
§C 1
tp
2
iv Ph«i
3
4
5
ô ®éng
is V Dao
6 Bµn dao
7 VÝt me
tx
 Speed chain: Motor -1-2-iv-3-4-5-part
 Feed chain: Part-4-5-is-6-7-8-lead screw
25
1.4 Gearing diagrams of machine tools

 Chain equation: is equation of transmission calculation beginning
the first chain to the end chain:
 Speed chain equation: n®c.i12.iv.i34.k=ntc
 Feed chain equation: 1revtc.i45.is.i67.tx=Sm
 i12,, i34, const
 k, correction index
 tx, lead screw pitch
 n®c, ntc,1revtc, Sm: change
 Adjusting:
 Adjustment device: iv , is
 Formula:
 Iv= ntc / (n®c.i12.i34.k)

 Is= S / (i45.i67.tx)
26
Chapter two
Typical parts and the mechanisms of machine tool
§1 Drive systems of machine tool

§2 Kinematics calculation of
speed gearboxes
§3 Feed Boxes
27
Machine Tool 9
Chapter two
typical parts and the mechanisms of machine tool
§4 Mechanisms for Straight

Movement
§5 Ratchet and Geneva type
Gearings
§6 Shaft couplings
§7 Planetary Transmissions
28
2.1 Drive systems of machine tool

 Function:
29
2.1 Drive systems of machine tool

 Example:
 Kinematic chain equation:
n®c . i® . ibr = nTC
Z1 Z2 Z3 Ii
The transmission ratio
nB § D2
i Iii
nC §
i® = D 1 / D 2 I
ibr= ZC® / ZB® D1
Z'1 Z'2 Z'3
30
Machine Tool 10
2.2 Actuating mechanisms

2.1 Classification:
31

2.2 Mechanisms in the GEAR-box
1. Infinitely Variable - Speed Transmission
a. Variable –pitch sheave drive: (Variable speed belt drive)
32

2.2 Mechanisms in the speed-box
1. Infinitely Variable - Speed Transmission
b. A toroidal stepless transmission:
33
Machine Tool 11

4 5
c. Hydraulic system V
d. Using Servo Motor

1

§éng c¬ Servo
34

2. Stepping mechanisms.
a. Step pulley transmission:
I
i2
Z4
i1 Z1 nTC
Ii
n§C
Z2
Iii
Z3
35

b. Sliding – gear transmissions:
Z1 Z2
I Z4
nI Z3 Z5
Ii
nTC
Z'1 Z'2
Iii
Z'4
Z'3 Z'5
36
Machine Tool 12

C. Changing – gear
To provide for the appropriate i®ai
mesh of pick - off gears.
ic«n nTC
n®c . i® . a/b . ic = nTC
b a
37
2.3 Feed boxes

a. Norton gearboxes:
b c
C¬ cÊu
Norton
38
2.3 Feed boxes

A Zi
Z2
Z1
I
B¸nh r¨ng
®Öm Z0
Z0
A0
Ii i
Ii
A Za
39
Machine Tool 13
2.3 Feed boxes Z1 Z2

Z3
b. Sliding key mechanism : nIi
Z4 Sliding key
Then kÐo
1 - Sliding key Ii
1 2 3 4
2 - Gear nI
3 - Space i
Z'1 Z'2
Z'3 Z'4
3 1
40
2.3 Feed boxes Z1 Z2
c. Meander – type mechanism

Z1 Z2 (I )
(I )
(II )
Z4
(II ) Z3
Z0
Z4
(III )
Z3
(III )
Z5
Z5
Type 1:
Type 2:
41
2.3 Feed boxes

d. Changing – gear quadrant as a feed gearbox
B
3
a a 1
B
I 4
c b b A c
R
2
II
A0
A
d d
III
AA BB
6
b c 1
1 8 8
3
2
7 2
42
Machine Tool 14
2.3 Feed boxes
e. Using Servo motor
Machine table
Servo motor Ball screw
43
2.4 Special mechanisms B
1. Reversing Mechanisms C
Z1
I Z1 Z2
Z1 Z2
I
Z2 M
Z3
Z0 Ii I
Z4 Tay g¹t
Ii Z'1
Z'2
Z3
Ii
b.
c.
a.
44
2.4 Mechanisms for Straight Movement

Rack and pinion transmissions
l2
l1+l0 = l1/ (z.t) + l2 / (z.t) T2
= (l1+l2)) / (z.t) t
T3
l1
Rack Gear
Pinion
45
Machine Tool 15

b. Worm and pinion transmissions,
46

b. Lead screw and nut assembly
c. Ball screw and nut transmissions
47

Cam mechanism:
- Converting rotating movement into straight movement
- There are disc cams and cylindrical cams...……
48
Machine Tool 16
2.5 Ratchet and Geneva_type Gearings
49
2.5 Ratchet and Geneva-stop

Geneva – stop
50
2.7 Planetary Transmissions
51
Machine Tool 17
Chapter Three
kinetics of lathes and milling machines
§1 Engine Lathes
§2 Milling machines
§3 Some types of Gear - cutting machines
52
3.1 Engine Lathes

1.1 The Engine Lathe Purpose
53
3.1 Engine Lathes

Main Unit of the Engine Lathe
54
Machine Tool 18
3.2 1K62 - Engine Lathe

Chuck Tailstock Electrical
Speed gearbox
Tool post box
Feed gearbox
Lead screw
Machine Frame Gear Bar Carriage Shaft

Chip pan
Machine Frame
55

2.1 Specifications:
 Maximum diameter of work piece: 400mm.
 Number of spindle speeds 23: speed range,
12,5  2000 rpm.
 Feed range:
Longitudinal: 0,07  4,16 mm per rev
Cross traverse: 0,035  2,08 mm per rev.
 Pitch of screw threads cut:
Metric: tp= 1  192 mm.
Inch thread: 24  2 revolutions per inch.
Module thread: 0,5  48 mm.
Pitch thread: 96  1
 Driver: N= 10kW; n= 1450 rpm.
56

2.2 Kinematics machine:
 Speed chain: from motor to the spindle.
 Feed chain: - From the spindle to the lead screw
57
Machine Tool 19
Kinematic diagram of 1K62 engine lathe

58

1. The speed chain:
iv
ii
i ii v
Low speeds
Motor vi
High speed
There are two kinematic chains:
Low speeds
High speeds
59

 To cut the left thread:
From VII  though gear train: i®c = 35/28 x 28/35 VIII
 The kinematic diagram:
1rev tp
i®c
tp
iTT
tx
ics igb
60
Machine Tool 20

 Equation of thread cutting in general
1 rev x i®c x itt x ics (OR 1/ ics) x igb x tx = tp
 Metric threads: standard pitch tp; itt = 42/50; The Norton is driver
tp = KQT.Zn.igb  tp ~ Zn, igb

 Module threads: m = tp/ - itt= 64/97; the Norton is driver
tp = K1.Zn.igb  m.= K1.Zn.igb  m= Km. Zn. Igb; Km= K1/

61

 Inch thread: K: 1 inch - 25,4 mm.
K=25,4/tp  tp=25,4/K - itt= 42/50; the Norton is driven.
K2.igb/Zn = tp = 25,4/K  K = KA.Zn/igb
 Diametrical – Pitch Thread: Dp: is a calculated value in toothed gearing.

 Dp=25,4/m, m=tp/   Dp=25,4./tp  tp= 25,4./Dp
 itt= 64/97; the Norton is driven.
K3.igb/Zn = tp = 25,4./Dp  Dp = KP.Zn/igb
62

 Extra- coarse screw thread: machining thread with huge step
 Enlarge 4 standard thread types up to 2, 8, 32 times.
 Motion chain: spindle VIV III VI VII Enlarge module
 High accurate thread cutting: Requiring the shortest motion chain (used directly
change-gear box as feed gear box): spindleVIIVIIIittIX  C2XI
C3XIV C5 Lead screw
 Plane thread: machining plane-Acsimet on the 3 jaw chuck:
Feed cutting motion chain is the same as cutting normal thread, however from
CX to XIV  28/56 (Skip friction clutch) XV (shaft) Tool carriage crossing
lead screw (tx=5)
63
Machine Tool 21

b. Transmitting rotation:
NThe same cutting thread, to XIV (C5 disengaged)  Overrunning
clutch(C0) - 28/56  (feed shaft)  27/20.20/28 worm gearing
4/20Shaft XIX
 the cross traverse feed: Engaging clutches C8, C9, to the cross
slide feed screw though 40/61.61/20 xix
k=4
Z=20
x ii i
 the longitudinal feed
Z=40 Z=45
Engaging clutches C6, C7, though 14/66
to XXI and pinion z10
Z=37
Z=37 Lång kh«ng
xx xxii
Z=45
xxii
xx
Z=37
Z=37 xix

Z=40
64

2.3 Special Mechanisms.
1. Overrunning Clutch.
To one shaft two diverse motions:
A slow working motion, A rapid idle motion
Figure presents a roll –type overrunning clutch
 Body 1 keyed on a shaft, Outer ring 2
 Several rolls 3 placed in recesses of body 1
 Pins 4 (up to 3), Springs 5
28
From rapid
xiv
motor
From
feed box
xv xvii The feed shaft
56
Overrunning clutch
Machine-tool and Tribology

N=1KW 65
10/28/2021
n=1410 v/p
65

2.Half-nut.
The movements of the saddle and the cross slide .
Carriage
(2) (4) (6)
(4)
(1)
(5)
 There are two halves 1 and 2 of a split nut

 Power feed is engaged by closing half nuts
66
Machine Tool 22

3. Overload Protection
Devices
Safety friction clutches
Drop- worm devices,

T630 (1A62)
Ratchet tooth claw clutches:

T616
67
3.3 Milling Machines

2.1 General Purpose:
68
3.2 Milling Machines
Vertical knee type MM, model Ram head knee type MM

69
Machine Tool 23
3.3 6M82 Milling Machines

Specifications
 Horizontal Spindle axis
 Spindle speed: 18 level (from 30 - 1500 rpm)
 Feed rates: 18 level (SL,a = 23,5-1800mm/min)
 Working table: 320 x 1250 mm
 Maximum table travel:
 Longitudinal : 700 mm
 Cross : 240 - 260 mm
 Vertical : 380 mm
 Maximum angle of table swivel:  450
 Spindle motor: N = 7 kW , n = 1440 rpm
 Feed motor: N = 1,7 kW, n = 1420 rpm
70

38 82 71
v
26 37 47 30 15 M7 t=6x1 t2=6x1 xii
t1=6x1 t=6x1
18 xi
iv 33 M5
22 33 22 16 18 x 13
39 36 19 ix 37 20
40 M2 44 M4 vii Viii
iii M3 33 M6 26
28 33 18 vi 35 18
ii 13 M1 34 28
37
v 43
54 16 22 19 21
N= 7 kW iv 40 57
i
n=1440 27
vg/ph 36 18
26 iii 64
45 18 40 24 18 27 44
36 ii
t=6x1 t=6x1 24
i
t 3=6x1 26
N= 17 kW
n=1420 rpm
The kinematic diagram

71

The kinematic machines
 Primary movement chain:
72
Machine Tool 24

 The feed movement chain:
 The longitudinal, cross and vertical feeds:
(Right) (Left)
(Right)
axial
axial
cross
cross

vertical
73

40
M3
4 2
13
40 M1 1
45 2 3 1
18
a) b) c)
a. Idle position
b. Indirect transmission: 1234
c. Direct transmission: 12
74

 Rapid traverse: 3 axis
axial
cross
vertical
Special Mechanisms
 Clutches on output shaft VI:
+ Ball type safety clutch M2 (1)
+ Claw clutch M3 (7)
+ Disk friction clutch M4 (6)
75
Machine Tool 25

A single handwheel pre-selector control mechanism
disk
disc Dial
handwheel
stop sleeve lock
76
Chapter four
basic structures of computer numerical controlled machine tool
(CNC machine tool)
§1. Introduction of CNC Machine Tool

§2. Basic elements of a CNC Machine Tool
§3. Working and Auxiliary Motions in CNC Machine Tool
§4. Work part clamping devices and
automatic tool change
§5. Driving systems
§6. Guide ways and Lead ball screw – nut
§7. Measuring Systems
77
4.1. Introduction of CNC Machine

CNC machines: Computer Numerical Control machines
1.1.The history of CNC

control machine tool motions for the producing aircraft
components.
 1949: Parson was awarded a US Air Force to build the first NC
machine
 1952: MIT demonstrated simultaneous 3 – axis movements were
possible using a laboratory – built controller and a Cincinnati
HYDROTEL vertical spindle
 1955: NC become available to industry.
78
Machine Tool 26
4.1. Introduction of CNC Machine Tool

 1970: appearance the computer numerical control
(CNC) .
 Advantages of CNC machines:
79
80
Introductionto
4.1.Introduction
§1. ofCNC
CNCMachine
MachineTool
Tool
1.2. CNC machines
components
machine
81
Machine Tool 27
4.1.Introduction
§1. Introductionto
ofCNC
CNCMachine
MachineTool
Tool
1.2. CNC machines
components
machine
82

1.2. COMPARISSIONS BETWEEN GENERAL PURPOSE MACHINE
TOOL AND CNC MACHINE TOOL
a. Structure:
83
4.1. Introduction of CNC Machine

Featu
Machine tool NC CNC
re
Change clamp, NC program input NC program read to
blank, tool by controler by hole controller via keyboard,
Input
hand paper band disk, communicated port
then saved to memory
Technology Controller processes Computer processes all
index of the information of the input data and
Contr manufacturing motion of the cutting feedback signals to
ol process (v,s,t) tool then give control actuators (may
was controlled controlled signal to use error analysis and
by hand wheels actuators compensative software)
Offline manual Automatic online Automatic online
measuring, measure and feedback measure and feedback to
Inspec
checking (if to controller to online controller, integrated
tion
error, adjust manufacturing online tool wear detection
remanufacture) process and tool wear adaptive
84
Machine Tool 28
4.2. Basic elements of a CNC machine

Machine structure
85

Machine structure
 Principle:
86

Machine structure – motion transmission
1. Spindle and feed rate motions:
 CNC Turning machine:

There are at least two feed rate motions always be controlled: X and Z
 Beside that there may have more motions such as A, B, C

rotation along X, Y, Z axes
87
Machine Tool 29

 CNC Milling machine
88

2. Spindle and feed rate motions:
 Motion transmission mechanism:
 Spindle motion:
89

 Feed rate motions:
90
Machine Tool 30

Work piece clamp and Tool changer
1. Work piece clamp:
 Functions:
 Position:
 CNC Turning machine:
91

Work piece clamp and Tool changer
 CNC Milling machine:
 Integrated robot and chuck, automatic hydraulic fastener

(fastening force depend on weight, material, dimension and
cutting depth, etc)
92
Work piece clamp – Tool changer

2. Tool changer (device):
a) Turret:
Illustration of Turret on
Lathe CNC machine
93
Machine Tool 31
Turret ATC
Lathe CNC machine
94

b) Tool magazine (Often used for
more than 48 cutting tools)
95

 Tool change robot arm
96
Machine Tool 32
Work piece holder – Tool changer

 Self operated magazine:
97
98
Spindle and guide ways

1. Spindle:
 Lathe CNC machine:
 Milling CNC machine:
99
Machine Tool 33
2. Guide ways: using rolling friction instead of sliding

friction
100

3. Ball screw – Nut: transmitting motions “without”
backlash, high responsibility
101
102
Machine Tool 34
Measuring system
1. Functions and classification:

 Function:
 Classification:
103
Measuring system
2. Direct and indirect measuring system:
 Direct measuring system
104
Measuring system
 Incremental:
105
Machine Tool 35
Measuring system
3. Absolute and Incremental measurements:
106
Measuring system
 Incremental measuring system:
Current Sensor at
Position reference point
Grid ruler
Zero point Reference point

107
Measuring system
Twin raws Light source

window
Sensor Sensor
(photodiode) (photodiode)
108
Machine Tool 36

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Hanoi University of Science and Technology

Hanoi University of science and Technology

Lecturer: Nguyen Manh Toan

10/28/2021 Machine-tool and Tribology 3

10/28/2021 Machine-tool and Tribology 4

Some rules in class

10/28/2021 Machine-tool and Tribology 5

 Definite form, dimension

10/28/2021 Machine-tool and Tribology 6

1K62- Engine Lathe

Machine Frame Gear Bar Carriage Shaft

10/28/2021 Machine-tool and Tribology 7

Vertical knee type MM, model Ram head knee type MM

10/28/2021 Machine-tool and Tribology 9

CNC Machine Tool

10/28/2021 Machine-tool and Tribology 10

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1.1 Metal cutting theory

1.1. Metal cutting theory

1.1. Metal cutting theory

1.1. Metal cutting theory

 Need movements: un-uniform rotary and straight

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1.2 Part surface forming methods

1.2 Part surface forming methods

 Forming motions can be performed by cutting tool or work piece  need

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1.3 Surface forming on machine tool

1.3 Surface forming on machine tool

1.2. Machine tool Classification

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1.2. Machine tool Classification

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1.3 Basic motions in Machine tool

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1.3 Basic motions in Machine tool

 Auxiliary motions: indexing, differential, motions at fix or

1.4. Gearing diagrams of machine tools

1.4 Gearing diagrams of machine tools

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1.4 Gearing diagrams of machine tools

 Iv= ntc / (n®c.i12.i34.k)

§1 Drive systems of machine tool

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§4 Mechanisms for Straight

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2.1 Drive systems of machine tool

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2.1 Drive systems of machine tool

Z'1 Z'2 Z'3

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2.2 Actuating mechanisms

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2.2 Actuating mechanisms

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2.2 Actuating mechanisms

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2.2 Actuating mechanisms

d. Using Servo Motor

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