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Special Crime Investigation

SPECIAL CRIME INVESTIGATION


Sensational Crimes refer to crimes directed against politicians, elected
government officials, government officials appointed by the President, judges,
prosecutors, IBP lawyers, media practitioners, militant party list
members/leftist activists, foreign nationals, and other persons through
shooting, bombing, strafing, assault, and other violent overt acts resulting in
their death or incapacitation that attract national/international public
attention/scrutiny.

WHAT IS CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION?


 Is the collection and analysis of facts about persons, things and places,
subject of the crime to identify the guilty party, locate the whereabouts of
the guilty party, and provide admissible evidence to establish the guilty
party involve in a crime.
 It involves a legal search for people and things that can be used to
reconstruct a crime and the mental state of the offender. The primary
objective is to determine the truth as far as it can be discovered in any
POST-FACTUM INQUIRY.
 This is done by gathering facts that can be used to elucidate questions
relating to a crime or involving a criminal case (Weston and Wells, 1999).

QUESTION:
1. Why criminal investigation is considered as an ART and as a SCIENCE?
2. Enumerate and explain the five elements of criminal investigation.

GOALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS


The goal of criminal investigation would seem to be to solve cases, to
discover “whodunit”. In reality, the goals of criminal investigation are not quite
so simple. To hold offenders to account, criminal investigation has several
important goals:
 Determine whether a crime has been committed.
 Legally obtain information and evidence to identify the responsible
person.
 Arrest the suspect.
 Recover stolen property.
 Present the best possible case to the prosecutor.

Investigation is the collection of facts to accomplish a three-fold aim:


a. to identify the suspect;
b. to locate the suspect; and
c. to provide evidence of his guilt.

In the performance of his duties, the investigator must seek to establish


the six (6) cardinal points of investigation, namely: what specific offense has

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been committed; how the offense was committed; who committed it; where the
offense was committed; when it was committed; and why it was committed.

QUESTION:
1. What are the Three I’s of criminal investigation?
2. What are the different sketch methods?
3. What are the different search patterns?

WHAT IS CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION (CSI)?


 A process of recognizing, searching, collecting, preserving and
documenting physical evidence at the crime scene.
 In the Philippines, CSI is better known as SOCO.
 This is an investigation performed by law enforcement bodies for crimes
in which the evidence encountered needs special processing due to
significant or sensational cases.

CASES TO BEING INVESTIGATED BY SOCO


 Murder
 Homicide
 Robbery
 Rape with homicide
 Arson
 Other heinous crime as requested by the higher HQ

COMPOSITION OF THE SOCO TEAM


 SOCO Team Leader
 Specialists/Technicians
o Chemist
o Fingerprint examiner
o Photographer
o Medico-legal officer
o Firearms examiner
o QD examiner
o Measurer
o Sketcher
 (To include: polygraphist)
 Driver/Evidence Custodian

STANDARD OPERATIONS IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION


Investigation Procedure at the Crime Scene
a. Upon arrival at the crime scene
1. Receive the crime scene from the first responder.
2. Record time/date of arrival at the crime scene, location of the scene,
condition of the weather, condition and type of lighting, direction of wind
and visibility.
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3. Photograph and/or video the entire crime scene.


4. Before entering the crime scene, all investigators must put on surgical
gloves.
5. Before touching or moving any object at the crime scene in a homicide
or murder case, determine first the status of the victim, whether he
is still alive or already dead. If the victim is alive, the investigator should
exert effort to gather information from the victim himself regarding
the circumstances of the crime, while a member of the team or
someone must call an ambulance from the nearest hospital. Before
removing the victim, mark, sketch and photograph his/her relative
position. Only a coroner or a medical examiner shall remove the dead
body unless unusual circumstances justify its immediate removal.
6. Designate a member of the team or ask other policemen or
responsible persons to stand watch and secure the scene, and permit
only authorized persons to enter the same.
7. Identify and retain for questioning the person who first notified the
police, and other possible witnesses.
8. Determine the assailant through inquiry or observe him if his
identity is immediately apparent. Arrest him if he is still in the vicinity.
9. Separate witnesses in order to get independent statements.

b. Recording
The investigator begins the process of recording pertinent facts and
details of the investigation the moment he arrives at the crime scene. (He
should record the time when he was initially notified prior to his arrival).
He also writes down the identification of persons involved and what
he initially saw. He also draws a basic sketch of the crime scene
and takes the initial photograph (if a photographer is available, avail
his services). This is to ensure that an image of the crime scene is
recorded before any occurrence that disturbs the scene. As a rule, do not
touch, alter or remove anything at the crime scene until the evidence has
been processed through notes, sketches and photograph, with
proper measurements.

c. Searching for evidence


1. Each crime is different, according to the physical nature of the
scene and the crime or offense involved. Consequently, the
scene is processed in accordance with the prevailing physical
characteristics of the scene and with the need to develop
essential evidentiary facts peculiar to the offense. A
general survey of the scene is always made, however, to
note the locations of obvious traces of action, the probable
entry and exit points used by the offender(s) and the size and
shape of the area involved.
2. In rooms, buildings, and small outdoor areas, a systematic
search of evidence is initiated (In the interest of uniformity, it is
recommended that the clockwise movement be used.) The
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investigator examines each item encountered on the floor,


walls, and ceiling to locate anything that may be of evidentiary
value.
3. You should give particular attention to fragile evidence
that may be destroyed or contaminated if it is not collected
when discovered.
4. If any doubt exists as to the value of an item, treat it as
evidence until proven otherwise.
5. Ensure that the item or area where latent fingerprints may be
present is closely examined and that action is taken to develop
the prints.
6. Carefully protect any impression of evidentiary value in
surfaces conducive to making casts or molds. If possible,
photograph the impression and make a cast or mold.
7. Note stains, spots and pools of liquid within the scene
and treat them as evidence.
8. Treat as evidence all other items, such as hairs, fibers,
and earth particles foreign to the area in which they are found;
for example, matter found under the victim‟s fingerprints.
9. Proceed systematically and uninterruptedly to the
conclusion of the processing of the scene. The search for
evidence is initially completed when, after a thorough
examination of the scene, the rough sketch, necessary
photograph and investigative notes have been c ompleted and
the investigator has returned to the point from which the search
began.
10. Further search may be necessary after the evidence and
the statements obtained have been evaluated.
11. In large outdoor areas, it is advisable to divide the
area into strips about four (4) feet wide. The policeman may
first search the strip on his left as he faces the scene and
then the adjoining strips.
12. It may be advisable to make a search beyond the ar ea
considered to be the immediate scene of the incident or crime.
For example, evidence may indicate that a weapon or tool
used in the crime was discarded or hidden by the
offender somewhere within a square-mile area near the scene.
13. After completing the search of the scene, the
investigator examines the object or person actually attacked
by the offender. For example, a ripped safe, a desk drawer that
has been pried open or a room from which items has been
stolen, would be processed after the remainder of the scene has
been examined for traces of the offender.
14. In a homicide case, the position of the victim should
be outlined with a chalk or any other suitable material before
the body is removed from the scene. If the victim has
been pronounced dead by a doctor or is obviously dead, it is
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usually advisable to examine the body, the clothing and


the area under the body after the remainder of the scene
has been searched. This is to enable the
policeman/investigator to evaluate all objects of special
interest in the light of all other evidence found at the scene.

d. Collection of Evidence
This is accomplished after the search is completed, the rough
sketch finished and photographs taken. Fragile evidence should be
collected as they are found. All firearms (FAs) found to have tampered
serial numbers (SNs) shall be automatically subjected to macro
etching at the Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory (PNP-CL). A
corresponding request to the Firearms and Explosive Office (FEO) must
be made for verification purposes.

The investigator places his initials, the date and time of


discovery on each item of evidence for proper identification. Items that
could not be marked should be placed in a suitable container and sealed.

e. Markings of Evidence
Any physical evidence obtained must be marked or tagged before
its submission to the evidence custodian. These are information to
ensure that the items can be identified by the collector at any time in the
future. This precaution will help immeasurably to establish the
credibility of the collector’s report or testimony and will effectively
avoid any suggestions that the item has been misidentified.

Markings on the specimen must at least contain the following:


1. Exhibit Case Number
2. Initials and or signature of the collecting officer.
3. Time and date of collection.

NOTE: It is also important to note the place or location


where the evidence was collected.

f. Evaluation of Evidence
Each item of evidence must be evaluated in relation to all
the evidence, individually and collectively. If necessary, these pieces
of evidence must be subjected to crime laboratory examination.
Example: firearms for ballistic examination, hair strands etc.

g. Preservation of Evidence
It is the investigator’s responsibility to ensure that every
precaution is exercised to preserve physical evidence in the state in
which it was recovered/ obtained until it is released to the evidence
custodian.

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h. Releasing of Evidence
All collected evidence can only be released upon order of the court
or prosecutor, as the case maybe.

i. Chain of Custody
A list of all persons who came into possession of an item of
evidence, continuity of possession, or the chain of custody, must be
established whenever evidence is presented in court as an exhibit.
Adherence to standard procedures in recording the location of evidence,
marking it for identification, and properly completing evidence
submission forms for laboratory analysis is critical to chain of custody.
Every person who handled or examined the evidence and where it is
at all times must be accounted for.

As a rule, all seized evidence must be in the custody of the


evidence custodian and deposited in the evidence room or designated
place for safekeeping.

j. Transmittal of Evidence to Crime Laboratory


Proper handling of physical evidence is necessary to obtain
the maximum possible information upon which scientific examination
shall be based, and to prevent exclusion as evidence in court. Specimens
which truly represent the material found at the scene, unaltered,
unspoiled or otherwise unchanged in handling will provide more and
better information upon examination. Legal requirements make it
necessary to account for all physical pieces of evidence from the
time it is collected until it is presented in court. With these in mind, the
following principles should be observed in handling all types of evidence:
1. The evidence should reach the laboratory in same
condition as when it was found, as much as possible.
2. The quantity of specimen should be adequate. Even with the
best equipment available, good results cannot be obtained
from insufficient specimens.
3. Submit a known or standard specimen for comparison
purposes.
4. Keep each specimen separate from others so there will be no
intermingling or mixing of known and unknown material. Wrap
and seal in individual packages when necessary.
5. Mark or label each of evidence for positive identification as the
evidence taken from a particular location in connection
with the crime under investigation.
6. The chain of custody of evidence must be maintained.
Account for evidence from the time it is collected until it
is produced in court. Any break in this chain of custody
may make the material inadmissible as evidence in court.

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Part I: Initial Response to the Crime Scene (“The Golden Hour”)


Part 1 deals with the initial response to a crime scene and the initial
investigation undertaken, including the conduct of interviews and profiling.
For the First Responder/s, this handbook provides a guide and checklist of
the actions to be taken to ensure that the crime scene is not contaminated and
that records of all activities and information gathered are maintained.

The four main tasks of the first officer on the scene are:
o To give first aid;
o To apprehend the suspected offender;
o To protect and if necessary collect and preserve evidence; and
o To cordon off and protect the area.

1.1 First Officer on The Scene


a. Give first aid. Immediately request for assistance from medical experts.
b. Decide whether a crime has been committed.
c. Apprehend the suspected offender. Take into account possible entry
points, route of escape or hiding place of perpetrator.
d. Write down the names of all the persons at the crime scene and where
they can be contacted in the next few hours. Remove them from the
scene.
e. Do not let anyone enter the crime scene area. This applies to police
officers too unless they have some special reason for being there.
Exception: First aid measures.
f. Inform the police officer responsible for deciding (COP/PD) on who
is to carry out the investigation and call in reinforcements to the scene.
g. If shots have been fired, secure any evidence of primer particles
(gunpowder residue) on the hands.
h. If any person has been taken to hospital, see to it that a police officer is
sent to the hospital to take the necessary measures.
i. Cordon off a sufficiently large area around the crime scene while
waiting for reinforcements.
j. Protect the crime scene from alteration.
k. Make a note of the measures that are taken and the persons who enter
the crime scene. Also make a note of the times of important events and
observations.
l. Photograph and if appropriate video record the crime scene and
the adjacent area, including people hanging around the scene.
m. The First Responder shall be responsible for the control of the crime
scene until the arrival of the designated investigator-on-case who
shall thereafter assume responsibility of the crime scene.
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1.2 Crime Scene Security and Preservation


Protect and collect evidence
The main duty of the first responder is, after giving first aid if
necessary, to protect the scene. Protecting and collecting trace evidence
involves a number of different measures that will vary from one scene to
another. The first responder should primarily protect the crime scene and
preserve evidence and, secondly, collect evidence that might otherwise be
destroyed. One important measure when it comes to ensuring that evidence is
not lost is to avoid contamination.

Avoid contamination
When two objects come into contact there is always a risk of
contamination, i.e. exchange of materials between them. The objects do not
even have to be in contact, since materials such as fibers and hair may be
suspended in the air. The best way of avoiding contamination at the initial
stage is to leave the crime scene untouched. The persons involved, for
example victim and suspect, must on no account be allowed to enter the
crime scene and must always be kept apart . Such persons should be dealt
with by different police officers and transported in different vehicles. If it is
necessary to recover something at the crime scene, this must always be done
by an officer who has not been in contact with the persons involved.

Contamination must be avoided throughout the material handling


chain, from collection at the crime scene to the examination in the
laboratory . The following rules should be followed to avoid contamination:
 Never let suspects and victims be in the same room or be transported in
the same car (not even at different times).
 Use protective clothing (overalls, caps, gloves and disposable shoe
coverings) when entering a crime scene and collecting trace evidence
(hair, fibers, blood, secretions, small particles etc.).
 Plan out the gathering of on -scene evidence such that each specific
source is handled separately, if possible. As such, one person should
carry out the crime scene investigation; another should examine the
suspect‟s clothes, car etc., a third- the suspect himself, a fourth- the
victim, etc.
 Cars should preferably be examined on site.
 If a car must be moved, it should be towed. Avoid using the seats. If that
is unavoidable, use protective clothing. If the car must be driven, the
only person in it should be the driver, who should wear protective
clothing. A list of the clothes worn by the driver should be given to the
investigating officer.
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Cordons
The purpose of cordons is to make sure that unauthorized persons do
not enter the crime scene. Guarded cordons are always the best. The area
should be cordoned off with tape or rope and warning signs should be
put up. Make sure that the cordoned off area is sufficiently large. (It is better
if the area is sufficiently large).

Witnesses
Do not allow witnesses or suspects to return to or enter the crime
scene. Persons at the scene who are to be questioned should be taken to
separate premises in the vicinity and kept apart from each other, since they
may, for example, have valuable information or evidence on their bodies that
must be transmitted to other persons.

Persons taken to hospital


If any involved person (suspect or victim) has been taken to hospital, a
police officer should go the hospital immediately and take the following
measures:
 Seize/retrieve the person‟s clothes and put all pieces of clothing in
a separate paper bags properly marked as to the time/date and
place of retrieval, and description of contents.
 If the clothes have been taken off, question the hospital staff on who
took off the person‟s clothes and what has been done with them.
 Make sure that all trace evidence on victim or suspect are collected and
preserved.
 Make sure that suspects and victims are subjected for alcohol and
drug test.
 If shots have been fired, request the PNP Crime Laboratory to
conduct paraffin test in order to collect primer particles/gunpowder
residue from the person’s hands.

PART II: Initial Investigation (“The Golden Hour”)


The initial phase or the first 72 hours (“Golden Hour”) of a
murder or
kidnapping/abduction investigation (crimes of violence investigation) is
crucial. For the PNP field investigator/investigator-on-case/investigative units,
this field manual provides a guide and checklist of the questions that must
be answered in the conduct of the inquiries/investigation. This also
includes a guide on post mortem changes, investigative interviewing and
profiling. Part II also provides a checklist for the investigation of other
crimes such as fatal road accidents, robberies, suicide, sexual offenses,
fires, explosions and drug-related crimes.

Upon arrival at the crime scene the Investigator -on-Case makes a


general assessment of the scene, takes a cautious walk-through, jots
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downs notes to extensively document/record important factors and


establishes the evidence most likely to be encountered. He then defines the
extent of the search area, and determines personnel, organization and
equipment needed to make specific assignments. From his assessment, he
develops a general theory of the crime scene to set his plan in motion. The
investigator needs speedy and continuous reports on the incident as well as on
the results and course of determined actions. There are a lot of initial
information to be clarified and assessed in order to survey the situation and to
create bases for priorities and directions:
 When, where and why did it happen?
 Who is the victim?
 Possible motive/s?
 How did the perpetrator gain entry into the crime scene and how did he
flee the scene? When?
 Is the perpetrator to be found among a selected few?
 Could any specific individual be suspected? Why?
 Is there a description of the perpetrators? Accomplices?
 Is there any information on vehicles used?
 Is there anything missing from the crime scene or from the victim?
 Did the perpetrator leave anything behind through which he could be
traced?
 Are there any other incidents, occurrences, circumstances or
observations that could be connected with the crime?
 Determine if the particular area is the primary crime scene or is
it just the finding place and the crime happened in some other place?
If so, secure the primary crime scene.

A crime of violence is a significant /sensational case and shall


therefore require the services of the SOCO Team. The investigator-on-case
must, however, remain at all times responsible for and in-charge of the
crime scene and shall always be present during the whole SOCO operations
to provide the necessary support as well as oversee the processing. The
investigator-on-case shall conduct interviews and gather as much
information as he can at the crime scene. These information could be critical
in guiding the SOCO Team on which areas to focus in the collection of forensic
evidence. It is also imperative that whenever a crime of violence or any
other major or sensational crime occurs that an On-Scene Command
Post (OSCP) be immediately established adjacent to the crime scene. Among
others, the OSCP will be to provide a safe and secured area where the
Evidence Custodian may be located to receive evidence and where other
operational and administrative activities may be undertaken.

Part III: Evidence Collection


The importance of physical evidence in any case cannot be
underestimated. The credibility and integrity of the evidence are directly
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predicated upon the proper handling of the evidence from its initial
observance until its presentation in court. This Field Manual, therefore,
provides the standard procedures for crime scene processing such as
collecting, handling and preserving evidence. This also includes procedures
for the submission by the field forensic investigator of physical evidence for
examination by the PNP Crime Laboratory if the PNP Crime Laboratory
was unable to conduct Scene of Crime Operation (SOCO).

Upon arrival at the crime scene the Investigator -on-Case makes a


general assessment of the scene, takes a cautious walk-through, jots
downs notes to extensively document/record important factors and
establishes the evidence most likely to be encountered. He then defines the
extent of the search area, and determines personnel, organization and
equipment needed to make specific assignments. From his assessment, he
develops a general theory of the crime scene to set his plan in motion.

A crime of violence is a significant /sensational case and shall therefore


require the services of the SOCO Team. The investigator-on-case must,
however, remain at all times responsible for and in-charge of the crime
scene and shall always be present during the whole SOCO operations.
The investigator-on-case shall conduct interviews and gather as much
information as he can at the crime scene. These information could be
critical in guiding the SOCO Team on which areas to focus in the collection of
forensic evidence.

It is also imperative that whenever a crime of violence or any


other major or sensational crime occurs that an On-Scene Command
Post (OSCP) be immediately established adjacent to the crime scene. Among
others, the OSCP will be to provide a safe and secured area where the
Evidence Custodian may be located to receive evidence and where other
operational and administrative activities may be undertaken.

The following checklist is meant as a guide and not as a


substitute for critical thinking by the investigator.

Investigation of Crimes of Violence in General


 Find out as much as possible about the crime before going to the scene ,
and upon arrival, get all available information from the first officer on
the scene and other police officers who are there.
 Overview. Get your bearings at the crime scene to get a rough picture of
the area and what happened.
 Start keeping an action log.
 Cordon off the area or extend the existing cordon if necessary.
The perpetrator‟s route to and from the scene may need to be cordoned
off as well.
 Make sure that the responsible police officer posts the necessary
guards for the cordoned off area.
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 Make sure that a list is made of the people who enter the crime scene.
 If shots have been fired, find out whether gunpowder residue/primer
particles have been collected from the hands of persons involved. If not,
request PNP crime Laboratory to do so at once.
 Take a general photograph of the crime scene. Film the scene with a
video camera.
 Pause and take stock of the situation then start planning. This is
where the crime scene analysis starts.
 Note down your observations continuously. It is a good idea to use a
tape recorder.
 Decide whether you need help from an expert such as a forensic
pathologist, biologist etc.
 Take photographs continuously. Photograph all the evidences before
they are collected. If possible, engage a photographer for specialized
trace evidence photography.
 Search for and collect evidence, objects and reference samples etc. that
are relevant to the crime investigation. Examine victims and suspects
too. Pay attention to the risk of contamination.
 Consider conducting a detailed and extended search outside of the
crime scene.
 Write a (continuous) seizure report.
 Check the crime scene before the cordon is lifted. Make sure that you
have not forgotten anything important, such as interrogation reports. A
suspect may enter the crime scene area after the cordon has been lifted,
and this must not be allowed to destroy the value of the evidence
collected.

Part IV: Managing the Investigation


Finally, Part IV deals with Case Management. As mandated, whenever a
crime of violence or a major case occurs, a Special Investigation Task Group
(SITG) shall immediately be organized to conduct an aggressive, concerted and
substantial program of action. The SITG allows for the strengthening of
the coordination system among members of the PNP, DOJ and other law
enforcement agencies in order to properly investigate major cases or
crimes of violence. Part IV, therefore, includes the organizational
structure and functions of the SITG and a list of investigation
management tools including investigation planning, coordination mechanism,
crime matrix analysis, surveillance and finally, case review.

Part IV also provides a guide and list of management procedures


for the SITG Commander/Case Manager, including the preparation of the
evidence matrix and resource matrix, to help him effectively and
efficiently organize and manage the investigation. Also, using the checklists
provided, the SITG Commander/Case Manager can, among others, audit the
first responders, the investigators and even the SOCO teams within the
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“Golden Hour” (72 hours) of the investigation and ensure adherence to


procedures as well as guarantee that the minutest detail (to include all material
and testimonial evidence) pertinent to a case are documented and thoroughly
investigated.

CRIMES SUBJECTED FOR SPECIAL INVESTIGATION


DEATH INVESTIGATION

Death is defined as when any of the three vital body function is no longer
performing: respiratory system, cardiac activity, central nervous system.

Signs of Death: Post-Mortem Changes


Once the heart stops beating, the blood collects in the most dependent
parts of the body (livor mortis) or the body stiffens (rigor mortis) or the body
begins to cool (algor mortis).
 Livor mortis
1. The blood begins to settle in the parts of the body that are the closest
to the ground, usually the buttocks and back when a corpse is
supine.
2. The skin, normally pink-colored because of the oxygen-laden blood in
the capillaries, becomes pale as the blood drains into larger veins.
3. Within minutes to hours after death, the skin is discolored by livor
mortis, or what embalmers call “post-mortem stain”, the purple-
red discoloration from blood accumulating in the lowermost
(dependent) blood vessels.
4. Immediately after death, the blood is unfixed and will move to other
body parts if the body‟s position is changed.
5. After a few hours, the pooled blood becomes fixed and will not
move. Pressing on an area of discoloration can determine this; if
it blanches (turns white) easily, then the blood remains unfixed.
6. Livor mortis is usually most pronounced eight to twelve hours after
death.
7. The skin, no longer under muscular control, succumbs to gravity,
forming new shapes and accentuating prominent bones still further.
The body then begins to cool.

 Rigor mortis
1. At the moment of death the muscles relax completely, a condition
called “primary flaccidity”.
2. The muscles then stiffen, due to coagulation of muscle proteins or a
shift in the muscles‟ energy containers, into a condition known as
rigor mortis.
3. All of the body muscles are affected.
4. Rigor mortis begins within two to six hours of death, starting
with the eyelids, neck and jaw.
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5. This sequence may be due to the difference in lactic acid levels


among different muscles, which corresponds to the difference in
glycogen levels and to the different types of muscle fibers.
6. Over the next four to six hours, rigor mortis spreads to the other
muscles, including those in the internal organs such as the heart.
7. The onset of rigor mortis is more rapid if the environment is cold and
if the deceased had performed hard physical exertions just before
death.
8. Its onset also varies with the individual’s sex, physical condition
and muscular build.
9. After being in this rigid condition for twenty-four to eighty-four
hours, the muscles relax and secondary laxity (flaccidity)
develops, usually in the same order as it began.
10. The length of time rigor mortis lasts depends on multiple
factors, particularly the ambient temperature. The degree of rigor
mortis can be determined by checking both the finger joints and
the larger joints and ranking their degree of stiffness on a one to
three or four-point scale.

 Algor mortis
During the period of rigor mortis, the body gradually cools in a process
called algor mortis.

 Putrefaction
1. In the absence of embalming or relatively rapid cremation, the
body putrefies.
2. The first sign of putrefaction is a greenish skin discoloration
appearing on the right lower abdomen about the second or third day
after death.
3. This coloration then spreads over the abdomen, chest and
upper thighs and is usually accompanied by a putrid odor.
4. Sulphur-containing intestinal gas and a breakdown product of
red blood cells produce both the color and the smell.
5. Seven days after death, most of the body is discolored and giant
bloodtinged blisters begin to appear.
6. The skin loosens and any pressure causes the top layer to
come off in large sheets (skin slip).
7. As the internal organs and the fatty tissues decay, they
produce large quantities of foul-smelling gas.
8. By the second week after death, the abdomen, scrotum, breasts
and tongue swell; the eyes bulge out.
9. A bloody fluid seeps out of the mouth and the nose.
10. After three to four weeks, the hair, nails and teeth loosen
and grossly swollen internal organs begin to rupture and eventually
liquefy.

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11. The internal organs decompose at different rates, with the resistant
uterus and prostate often intact after twelve months, giving
pathologists one way to determine an unidentified corpse’s sex.
12. Aside from the action of microbes, the breakdown of cells
(autolysis) helps destroy the body unless the corpse is kept at
temperatures at or below 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit).
13. Cells die (necrosis) through the progressive destruction of
their various parts.
14. First, the cellular fluid (cytoplasm) and the energy-releasing
mechanism (mitochondria) swell.
15. Various products, including calcium, begin to coalesce in the
mitochondria as other mechanisms within the cell dissolve.
16. Next, loss of energy causes the cell to lose its connections
with neighboring cells (tissue destruction) and to further lose
control over the fluid within its outer barrier, much like an over
-filled water balloon.
17. The cell controller (nucleus) fails, and the packs of
destructive acids (enzymes) within the cell break loose. These
enzymes complete the work of destroying the cell.

ACTIVITIES DURING DEATH INVESTIGATION


1. In case of death
- Check the premises
- Collect dustbins
- Look for moist trace evidence
- Check the parked cars
- Collect the watches
- Check for odours
- Check the lighting
- Check the doors, windows and walls
- Inspect the radio sets, TV sets etc.

2. Inspection of the body


- Collect loose hair, wads of fibers etc. all the time while the
body is being inspected. Decide whether to collect fibres on free
body surfaces, hair and clothes by taping.
- Make a note of signs of death. If possible, measure the body
temperature and write down the relevant times.
- Hair. Are injuries concealed by hair?
- Has hair been torn off?
- Foreign substances?
- Check for bleeding in the ears .
- Check for conjunctival bleeding.
- Examine the root of the nose and nostrils.
- Check whether there are any foreign objects in the oral cavity.
- Examine the neck for skin scrapings, red spots and
strangulation marks.
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Special Crime Investigation

- Examine the arms for bruises caused by gripping and resistance.


- Check for marks made by syringes, especially in the crook of the arm.
- Examine wrists for old or new cuts.
- Examine the hands and under the nails for injuries due to
resistance and for swellings, hairs and skin fragments.
- Cover the hands with paper bag to facilitate the continued
search for skin fragments, hairs, fibres etc. during autopsy.
- Examine the front and back of the body from top to bottom.
- Examine legs and feet. Any blood on the soles of the feet?
- Any marks or injuries indicating that the body was dragged?

3. Inspection of clothes
- Describe and photograph visible clothing in detail. (To be
completed in connection with the autopsy).
- Pay attention to creases, damage, bullet -holes, blood spatter,
dirt, position on the body etc.
- Examine the pockets. Make a list of the contents.
- Describe the presence of blood and any other stains on the
clothing.
- The clothes should be taken charge of in connection with the
autopsy.

4. Weapons
- Recovered weapons call for especially careful handling for safety
reasons
- Hold the weapon by a part with a rough surface or by the strap so as
not to destroy any evidence.
- Always check whether there are any cartridges left in the
chamber before doing anything else.
- Never insert any object, such as a pencil, in the bore or the
trigger-guard.
- Never point the weapon in a way that might injure someone
with an accidental shot.
- Check the safety catch, (If you are not sure of how to operate the
safety, do not handle the weapon.)

SUICIDE INVESTIGATION CHECKLIST


- Find out as much as possible about the crime before going to
the scene and upon arrival from the first officer on the scene and
any other police officers who are there.
- Overview. Take your bearings at the scene so that you get a rough
picture of the area and what has happened. Always bear in mind that
a murder may have been committed.

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Special Crime Investigation

- Take a general photograph of the scene. Film the scene with a video
camera.
- Note down your observations continuously. It is a good idea to
use a tape recorder.
- Decide whether you need help from an expert such as a
forensic pathologist, biologist etc.
- Make a note of signs of death. If possible, measure the body
temperature; write down the relevant times.
- In the case of hanging: cut down the rope so that the knot
remains intact for further examination.
- Hair. Are injuries concealed by hair? Has hair been torn off?
Foreign substances?
- Check for bleeding in the ears.
- Check for conjunctival bleeding.
- Examine the root of the nose and nostrils.
- Check whether there are any foreign objects in the oral cavity.
- Examine the neck for skin scrapings, red spots and strangulation
marks.
- Examine the arms for bruises caused by gripping and resistance.
- Check for marks made by syringes, especially in the crook of the arm.
- Examine wrists for old or new cuts.
- Examine the hands and under the nails for injuries due to
resistance and for swellings, hairs and skin fragments. If shots
have been fired, collect primer particles from the hands.
- Cover the hands with paper bags to facilitate the continued
search for skin fragments, hairs, fibres etc. during autopsy.
- Examine the front and back of the body from top to bottom.
- Examine legs and feet. Any blood on the soles of the feet? Any marks
or injuries indicating that the body was dragged?
- Describe and photograph clothes in detail. (To be completed in
connection with the autopsy). Pay attention to creases, damage, bullet
-holes, blood spatter, dirt, position on the body etc.
- Examine the pockets. Make a list of the contents.
- Describe the presence of blood and any other stains on the clothing.
- The clothes should be taken in charge in connection with the autopsy.

SEX CRIMES
In the case of sexual offences the most important trace evidence is
often to be found on the persons involved. It is therefore important to
treat these persons in the same way as crime scenes as regards the collection
and preservation of evidence. This is extremely important to avoid
contamination.

- Find out as much as possible about the crime before going to


the scene and upon arrival from the first responder and any other
police officers who are there.
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Special Crime Investigation

- Overview. Take your bearings at the crime scene so that you get a
rough picture of the area and what has happened.
- If the victim is a woman or child, immediately refer the matter to
the WCPD(Women and Children Protection Desk) of your unit
for assistance in the handling of the victim and to ensure that
proper procedures are observed. Start keeping an action log.
- Cordon off the area or extend the existing cordon if necessary
- Take a general photograph of the crime scene. Film the scene
with a video camera.
- Pause for thought and start planning. This is where the crime
scene analysis starts.
- Note down your observations continuously. It is a good idea to
use a tape recorder.
- Decide whether you need help from an expert such as a
forensic pathologist, biologist etc.
- Take photographs continuously. Photograph all the evidence
before it is collected. If possible, engage a photographer for
specialized trace evidence photography.
- Search for and collect evidence, objects and reference samples etc.
that are relevant to the crime investigation. Pay attention to the risk of
contamination.
- Write a continuous seizure report.
- Check the crime scene before the cordon is lifted. Make sure that you
have not forgotten anything important, such as interrogation reports.
A suspect may enter the crime scene area after the cordon has
been lifted, and this must not be allowed to destroy the value of
the evidence collected.

Avoid contamination
Crime-scene investigations related to sexual offences may call for a
great deal of work and many types of evidence may occur. Be very careful to
avoid the risk of cross contamination. Make sure that different people
collect and preserve evidence and materials in different places. Package
materials well and make sure that materials from different scenes are kept
separate, or stored in different rooms and handled by different people.

Photographic documentation
Photographic documentation is an important part of the
investigation, as in all crime-scene investigations. Use plenty of film.
Combine still photography and video filming.

Persons involved
Make sure that both the victim(s) and suspect(s) are taken to a doctor as
soon as possible, inter alia to secure forensic evidence. Give the doctor a
rape kit, which contains an action logbook and equipment for
preservation of evidence. After the examination, help the doctor to take
charge of the persons‟ clothes and preserve the evidence generated by the
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Special Crime Investigation

examination. Also help the doctor by providing information that will make it
easier to evaluate what evidence should be preserved. Make sure that injuries
are documented and contamination avoided.

DRUG-RELATED CRIMES
The PDEA (Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency) is the lead agency in
the anti-illegal drug operations and the PNP must coordinate with the
agency whenever it launches operations against illegal drugs. However, there
are also drug -related crimes such as murder/homicide and rape. The
following are checklists to help the police investigator:

Crime scenes within crime scenes


Drug trafficking is often discovered by chance in connection with
domestic disturbances or assault and battery cases. Check whether drugs
are handled on the premises by looking carefully for powder, hashish,
tablets, ampules etc. Also pay attention to indirect signs of drug handling, for
example:
 Ziplock bags and other miniature plastic bags
 Colourless capsules, sometimes wrapped in crumpled foil
 Mirror, tube, razor blade kits, used to handle cocaine
 Pipes, filter papers
 Syringes, needles
 Dram glasses and egg-cups with remains of injected amphetamine or heroin
 Bent, burnt spoons and citric or ascorbic acid for injection of heroin
 Scales
 PET bottles containing colourless liquid

There are instant drug test kits for tests of suspected


amphetamine, heroin, cocaine and cannabis. These tests can be performed on
site and provide a preliminary answer within a few minutes. Do not use test
kits in the following cases:
- If the powder is not soluble in water. The material may consist of
explosives, which may explode when they come into contact with the
liquid in the test kit.
- If there is a very small quantity of material, i.e. trace quantities.
- If the suspected drugs are in liquid form

Drug laboratories
Extreme caution must be taken in connection with operations against
illegal drug laboratories, since the following may be present:
- Booby traps
- Persons who are armed
- Persons who use chemicals as weapons
- Corrosive, flammable, hazardous (toxic) and explosive substances
- Air that is polluted by solvents and chemicals
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Special Crime Investigation

- Hydrogen gas, which forms explosive mixtures with air – do not


switch on the lights.

The chemicals that are handled in illegal drug laboratories occur


in various mixtures, in ongoing processes, in open vessels or in any
form other than in closed original packages. As a result, such
substances/chemicals may be or become explosive, flammable, corrosive
or hazardous. In the event of any uncertainty, seek assistance of experts.

Checklist for investigations in connection with production of illegal


drugs
- Find out as much as possible about the accident both before going to
the scene and upon arrival.
- Decide whether you need help, for example from a chemist from the
SNLFS, or a bomb technician. Always contact the PDEA before
action is taken against a drug laboratory.
- Start keeping an action log.
- Cordon off the area or extend the existing cordon if necessary.
- Carry out a security check. Wearing appropriate protective
clothing, scene-of crime officers are to check for traps, after which
the chemist assesses the risks associated with the handling of
chemicals.
- Turn off the heat for the still, hot plate etc. NB: Do not turn
off the water or cooling and ventilation fans.
- Make sure that a list is made of the people who enter the crime scene.
- Take a general photograph of the crime scene. Film the scene
with a video camera.
- Pause for thought and start planning.
- Note down your observations continuously. Take photographs
continuously. Photograph all the evidence before it is collected and
all places where there is laboratory equipment. If possible, engage
a photographer, in particular for specialized trace evidence
photography.
- Make a sketch. Mark the places where evidence and reference
samples are collected.
- Search for and collect evidence, objects and reference samples etc.
that are relevant to the crime investigation.
- Write a continuous seizure report.
- Check the crime scene before the cordon is lifted. Make sure that you
have not forgotten anything important, such as interrogation reports.
A suspect may enter the crime scene area after the cordon has
been lifted, and this must not be allowed to destroy the value of
the evidence collected.

Search and secure


Seize any documents that indicate the extent of production,
perpetrators or buyers. Look for receipts, bills, delivery notes etc. Where drug
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Special Crime Investigation

production is suspected, take samples from the various stages of the


production process. Samples of ventilation ducts, fans and water seals
may be useful. Wipe any waste chemicals/drugs with a cotton compress
soaked in an alcohol mixture (about 80%). Seize packaging material, e.g.
bags, rolls of plastic bags and tape. These can then be used to compare with
corresponding materials from other seizures and used as a basis for calculation
of the amounts produced.

ARSON AND FIRE-RELATED CASES


While fire incidents are the primary responsibility of the Bureau of fire,
some fire incidents may be fatal resulting to the loss of lives and as such it
may turn out to be a homicide or even a murder investigation. Arson
investigation is highly technical and as much as possible arson investigators as
well as SOCO team must be employed.

Checklist for investigations of fire causes


- Find out as much as possible about the fire before going to the scene
and upon arrival. Obtain information from the rescue services,
from the owners of the building, from people who were in it and
from neighbours and eyewitnesses.
- If the fire is still burning or was recently extinguished: Make notes of
any observations on the way to the scene of the fire. Examples of
interesting observations are oncoming vehicles and persons near
the fire scene.
- If the fire is still burning when you arrive: Take photographs, video
film and make a note of the times when different things happen.
- Cordon off the area or extend the existing cordon if necessary.
- Make sure that a list is made of the people who enter the fire scene.
- Preliminary orientation. Start immediately after extinction of the fire.
Study fire damage and fire behaviour.
- Preliminary determination of the origin of the fire. Get help from the
incident commander and the firemen who arrived on the scene first.
- Initial debris removal. Before debris is removed, the whole
building must be photographed and video filmed both inside and
outside.
- Final debris removal and clean-up. Start from the outside and work
towards the point(s) of origin. Photograph all objects found before
they are moved. Photograph and document rooms less affected by
fire damage and undamaged rooms too.
- Carry out a reconstruction. Put all objects back in their original
places. Photograph and video film the uncovered area both with and
without the objects.
- Establish the origin of the fire.
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- Investigate any potential fire sources.


- Establish the possible cause of the fire.

Information
It is important to make a written record of interrogations at an early
stage. Often, it is very important to get answers to a large number of questions
before debris removal starts. The information received may give contradictory
indications as to the primary fire area. Particular caution may therefore be
called for when debris is removed from certain areas.

Preliminary orientation
Study the fire damage and fire development without disturbing the
remnants of the fire. Try to obtain a preliminary idea of where the fire might
have started. In the case of fatal fires, find out whether the dead person
was alive when the fire started. Bear in mind that the fire may have been
started in order to conceal another crime. Come to an agreement with the
Salvage Officer so that he/she can go about his/her business without
interfering with the investigation. Preliminary determination of the origin of the
fire
The origin of the fire is determined on the basis of the information obtained
during the extinction phase together with the results of the preliminary
orientation. It must be borne in mind that this is only a preliminary
assessment, which is to be used to decide where debris is to be removed first.
Compare your theory with the information received.

Guideline: Where did most of the burning take place and where is the
lowest area affected by fire damage? That is the place to start looking for the
origin of the fire. If this assessment leads to the conclusion that there
may be more than one point of ignition, the removal of debris will have to
be carried out with extra caution.

Initial debris removal


Start by photographing and video filming outdoors and indoors. Debris
should first be removed from the room or rooms that are considered to
be where the point(s) of ignition is/are. Other rooms where fire
behaviour appears unusual should also be examined. Bulky material that
has fallen down in the area should be removed at this stage.

Final debris removal and clean-up


Work from the outside towards the assumed point of ignition, layer by
layer from top to bottom. Make notes and take photographs while removal is in
progress. Save objects that are found as it may be used for the subsequent
reconstruction. Make a note of any electrical devices and related wiring in
the primary area. Other material of particular interest includes candle
remnants, wicks, matches etc. Pa y attention to odours. If you suspect that
the fire was incendiary with flammable liquid, recover suitable material and

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Special Crime Investigation

package it in fire bags. When all debris has been removed, the floor in the
origin area should be uncovered and it should be possible to sweep it so that it
can be studied with regard to fire damage and spread.

Reconstruction
Return all the objects that have been found to their original
places. Study the objects in relation to the burn patterns on the floor and
walls. Photograph and video film the uncovered area both with and without the
associated objects. Draw a sketch of the rooms showing the furniture and
interesting objects that were found.

Establish the primary fire area


The origin of the fire is established on the basis of the findings
described above, including examination of electrical installations.

Check potential fire sources


Note down all the potential fire sources in the origin area. Recover such
fire sources and have them examined by experts where appropriate. Examine
fireplaces, chimneys, chemical products etc.

EXPLOSIONS OF BOMBS AND OTHER EXPLOSIVE OR GASEOUS


MATERIALS
Explosions are one of the most serious incidents which may cause loss of
lives and damage to property. The First Responder and the Investigator-
on-case must, as soon as possible, assess whether the explosion may have
been caused by a bomb or a terrorist attack. If there are any indications that
it is so, the matter must immediately be elevated to higher headquarters of
the PNP to decide on how to handle the situation.

Checklist for Suspected Bombs


NOTE: Bomb technicians must defuse bombs.
- Turn off your radio and mobile phone.
- Do not switch on any lights on the premises.
- Do not go any closer than absolutely necessary!

a. Before entering the area, ask the person who reported the bomb the
following questions in a protected place:
- What is the object?
- Where is it exactly?
- When was it discovered?
- Who discovered it?
- Does anyone know why the object is there?
- Have any threats been made?
- Has anyone touched the object?
- Does the object emit any sound or smell?
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Special Crime Investigation

- What does the surrounding area look like? (Any signs of splinters?)

b. Contact the duty decision-maker as soon as possible in order to


reach a decision, on the basis of the information you have
obtained, whether or not to cordon off the area, evacuate it and call in
bomb technicians .
c. Evacuate and cordon off a sufficiently large area.
d. Guard the cordoned off area and wait for the bomb technicians
who are to defuse the bomb.

Checklist for Post-Explosion Investigations


a. Find out as much as possible about the explosion both before
going to the scene and upon arrival. Find out what the area looked like
before the explosion. Obtain drawings, pictures etc.
b. Assess the risk of further explosions.
c. Start keeping an action log.
d. Cordon off the area or extend the existing cordon if necessary.
e. Make sure that a list is made of the people who enter the explosion site.
f. Preliminary orientation. Study the explosion damage. Decide whether to
call in other experts.
g. Preliminary assessment. Determine the type of explosion, the explosion
centre, effects of the blast etc.
h. Photograph and video film the area before debris is removed.
i. Take steps to ensure that there are no undetonated explosives on
the primary detonation site.
j. Remove all debris from the primary detonation site. Photograph all
objects found before they are removed. Take samples of all relevant
materials found in the area for examination in the laboratory. Look
for parts of the bomb. To facilitate reconstruction of the original location
of objects, a grid of squares can be made and materials found in each
square can be collected in a special container.
k. Photograph and document even rooms that have not suffered much
damage and undamaged rooms.
l. Document craters, if any. Measure and make a note of the slope,
diameter, depth and type of soil/substratum.
m. Draw a sketch. Mark the places where trace evidence and
reference samples are collected.
n. Search for and collect evidence, objects and reference samples etc.
Look carefully for explosion residues and bomb parts.
o. Take photographs continuously. Photograph all the evidence before
it is collected. If possible, engage a photographer for specialized
trace evidence photography.
p. Write a continuous seizure report.

Checklist for House Searches In Connection With Suspected Illegal


Production of Bombs and/or Explosives

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Special Crime Investigation

Warning! This kind of house search calls for caution. Call in experts in
order to minimize the risk of accidents.
a. Find out as much as possible about the accident both before going to
the scene and upon arrival.
b. Decide whether you need help from bomb technicians, chemists or other
experts.
c. Start keeping an action log.
d. Take a general photograph of the site. Film the scene with a video
camera.
e. Pause for thought and start planning.
f. Note down your observations continuously. Take photographs
continuously. Photograph all the evidence before it is collected.
g. Draw a sketch. Measure and mark the places where objects ,
evidence and reference samples are collected.
h. Search for and collect evidence, objects and reference samples etc. that
are relevant to the crime investigation.
i. Write a continuous seizure report.

Information
It is important to keep track of information obtained during
interrogations at an early stage. Often, it is very important to obtain a
great deal of information before an explosion site is cleared up.

Assess the risk of further explosions


Are there any more explosive devices? Is there any risk of gas emissions?
Take no risks. Make sure that a sufficiently large area is cordoned off and
guarded. Wait until it is possible to make more reliable assessments. It may be
necessary to call in experts before you make the final assessment.

Preliminary orientation
Study the damage caused by the explosion without displacing the
explosion residues. Try to obtain a preliminary picture of where the explosion
centre is. If there are any fatal casualties, the bodies should be examined in
accordance with the instructions in the chapter on crimes of violence. If
there are any explosion remnants on the victim(s), collect and preserve
them.

Initial assessment
The initial assessment of the type of explosion, explosion centre etc. will
be used as the point of departure for where and how debris removal is to take
place.

Initial debris removal


Start by photographing and video filming the damaged area and the
immediate surroundings. Debris should first be removed from the room
or rooms that are considered to be the explosion centre. Bulky material
that has fallen down in the area should be removed at this stage.
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Special Crime Investigation

Final debris removal and clean-up


Work from the outside towards the assumed explosion centre, layer by
layer from top to bottom. Make notes and take photographs while
removal is in progress. Save objects that are found for subsequent
reconstruction. Look for and secure remains of explosives and bombs
(pieces of tape, timer components etc.). If bomb sniffers or explosive
spray are available, they can be used to determine where material should be
collected.

The explosion centre should be uncovered as a result of the removal of


debris at this stage, making it possible to study the crater, if there is
one. If so, document the crater by measuring and noting down the slope,
diameter, depth, type of soil etc. Take photographs.

EVIDENCE COLLECTION, HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION


In the conduct of crime scene investigation for crimes of violence
and other crimes, the crime scene processing or the evidence collection,
handling and transportation shall primarily be conducted by the SOCO
specialists of Crime Laboratory. However, in some instances the First
Responder or the Investigator –on-Case may have to collect evidence that
might otherwise be destroyed or contaminated if uncollected. In such cases,
the collection should be properly handled and documented. The following
procedures are set as guide not only for the SOCO team but may also
apply to any crime scene investigator in the collection and handling of
evidence. The collection and submission of standard samples for
comparison, however, must be done by the Crime Laboratory.

General Rules for the Collection and Preservation of Biological Materials


a. Use protective gloves.
1. If possible, avoid touching individual smears/traces.
Remember that gloves can entail a risk of contamination.
2. Change gloves after handling each kind of material and
otherwise as necessary.

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3. Use disposable equipment for preliminary tests and


collection of trace evidence.
4. Cover surfaces where materials are to be placed with
protective paper. Keep victims and suspects clothes separate.

b. Avoid coughing or sneezing on evidence/materials.

c. Packaging of biological materials.


1. Use paper packaging for all biological materials or
materials that are soiled with biological matter. Although
plastic bags are useful in many cases, they cannot be
recommended for routine use on account of residual
moisture.
2. Separate outer packages are to be used for trace evidence
and for clothes from persons involved.
3. Do not mix materials/samples from different people, for
example clothes, in the same parcel.
4. Fold the opening of the bag twice and seal with tape. Envelopes
should also be sealed with tape.

d. Special precautions
1. Make an explicit note if a person from whom material has been
collected is suspected of having an infectious disease.
2. Prevent contamination by avoiding all contact between
collected evidence and clothes seized from people.
3. Packages containing collected materials must not be opened
until the examination in the laboratory is to commence. The
only exception is when moist or wet material must be dried out
under normal room conditions.

The Collection and Preservation of Blood


Type of Procedure Packing/storage
evidence/samples
Blood on removable Remove the whole object Put each piece of
Materials material in a paper
packaging and seal with
tape. If the material is
wet or moist, pack each
piece of material in a
plastic bag sealed with
tape. Open and allow to
dry on arrival at the
police station. Send to
the PNP CL in wrapping
paper or an envelope.

Pools of blood Collect blood on some Put the swabs in the


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Special Crime Investigation

swabs. swab wrapper or a


folded piece of paper.

In the case of larger Package in an envelope,


accumulations of blood, store dry and cool.
take several samples
from various places.

Blood in Collect on several Put the swabs in the


Water swabs. swab wrapper or a
folded piece of paper.

Package in an envelope,
Collect water with a store dry and cool. Pour
clean pipette or syringe. the water into a clean,
dry test tube with a cork
or a vacuum tube with a
purple cork.

Dry blood If possible, cut away Put each sample in a


part of the surrounding paper bag or envelope.
material. Keep dry and cool.

If this is not possible, Put the swabs in the


moisten a swab with swab wrapper or a
water. Rub it until it folded piece of paper.
becomes dark Package in an envelope,
brown/red or until the store dry and cool.
swab absorbs all the
blood.

The Collection and Preservation of Semen or Saliva


Type of Procedure Packing/storage
evidence/samples
Semen or saliva on Remove the whole Put each piece of
removable materials object. material in a separate
paper bag. Unpack on
arrival at police station
and dry at room
temperature. Send to
the PNP CL in paper
bags.

Moist semen or saliva Collect part of the Put the swabs in the
sample on some swabs. swab wrapper or a
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Special Crime Investigation

folded piece of paper.


Package in an envelope.
Store dry and cool.

Draw off liquid with a Pour the liquid in a


clean pipette or syringe. clean, dry test tube with
a cork or a vacuum
tube with a purple cork.
Store in a refrigerator.
Send to the PNP CL by
refrigerated transport.

Semen in condom Close the condom with a Keep in a refrigerator


clip. and send to the Crime
Lab as soon as possible
by refrigerated
transport.

Dried semen or saliva If possible, cut out part Put each sample in a
of the surrounding paper bag or envelope.
material. Store cool and dry.

Air dry and put the


Otherwise, moisten a swabs in the swab
swab with water. Rub it wrapper or a folded
until it is saturated. piece of paper. Package
in an envelope. Store
dry and cool.

The Collection and Preservation of Urine


Type of Procedure Packing/storage
evidence/samples
Urine Collect in a plastic Keep in a refrigerator.
bottle or other suitable Send to the PNP CL by
container. refrigerated transport.

Reference samples Collect 20 ml in two test Keep the tubes in a


for drug/alcohol tubes with screw caps. refrigerator.
analysis

The Collection and Preservation of Body Fluids


Type of Procedure Packing/storage
evidence/samples
Mouth samples Take samples from the Put the swabs in the
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Special Crime Investigation

oral mucous membrane swab wrapper or a


by rubbing two swabs folded piece of paper.
against the inside of the Package in an envelope.
mouth, teeth and top Store dry and cool.
and bottom of the
tongue.

Vaginal samples Collect samples on Put the swabs in the


swabs, two swabs each swab wrapper or a
from at least three folded piece of paper.
different places, e.g. Package in an envelope.
introitus, cervix and Store dry and cool.
anterior fornix.

Anal sample Collect samples on Put the swabs in the


swabs from the anus swab wrapper or a
and rectum. folded piece of paper.
Package in an envelope.
Store dry and cool.

Penis sample Collect the sample on Put the swabs in the


two swabs moistened swab wrapper or a
with sterile water or tap folded piece of paper.
water. Package in an envelope.
Store dry and cool.

Finger rub Sampling of a suspected Put the swabs in the


perpetrator. Rub the swab wrapper or a
cuticles and finger tops folded piece of paper.
with one moistened Package in an envelope.
swab for each hand. Store dry and cool.

Samples for drug/ 10 ml of venous blood in Keep the tubes in a


alcohol analysis a vacuum tube (with a refrigerator.
. grey stopper) and 20 ml
of urine in two test
tubes with screw caps

DNA typing from Preferred alternative: Keep the tubes in a


Living persons (must venous blood in a refrigerator.
be taken by Dr/nurse) vacuum tube (with a
purple stopper).

Second alternative: A Air dry and put the


saliva sample is taken swabs in the swab
with two swabs that are wrapper or a folded
rubbed against the oral piece of paper. Package
mucous membrane. in an envelope. Store
dry and cool.
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Special Crime Investigation

Third alternative: about Place in a folded piece of


10 hairs with pulled out paper and insert in an
roots. envelope
.
DNA typing from Blood in a tube. Keep the tubes in a
Dead persons refrigerator and send to
(must be taken by the PNP CL by
doctor or nurse) refrigerated transport.
1 cm muscle sample or Place tissue samples in
10 hair roots. If plastic containers. To be
putrefaction has set in, frozen if they are not
take a 1 cm bone sent to the PNP CL the
marrow sample. same day.

The Collection and Preservation of Fibers


Type of Procedure Packing/storage
evidence/samples
Fibers on removable Remove the whole In wrapping paper,
objects object. paper bags.

Invisible fibers on Pick up with forceps. Place in a folded piece of


large objects (such as paper and insert in an
car seats, sofas) envelope.
Small samples should
be taped on transparent
film and placed in an
envelope.

Invisible fibers on Take about 15 cm Package the transparent


large objects (such as lengths of tape and films with the tape in a
car seats, sofas) systematically tape the separate envelope for
. whole surface of the each object.
material, pressing
lightly.

Use new tape often.


Then
mount the pieces of tape
on transparent film.
Take an infection
sample from the fabric
by pressing a length of
tape hard against the
fabric once and then
mounting on
transparent film.

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Special Crime Investigation

Take a reference sample


as described below

Fibers in hair, e.g. in Tape systematically Stick the lengths of tape


the hair of the head, in across the hair with to transparent film.
order to find fibres from fiber tape.
a robber‟s hood.

Reference samples If all the material Tape the material to


(from materials that cannot be removed, cut transparent film that is
may be a source of away a piece of the then packaged in
fibre contamination, fabric. Otherwise you envelopes. If tape or
e.g. clothes, carpets, can cut or pull out transparent film is not
upholstery). threads. Make sure that available, wrap each
all the colours are piece of material
included. separately and seal the
package carefully. Self
sealing packages should
also be sealed with tape.

The Collection and Preservation of Hairs


Type of Procedure Packing/storage
evidence/samples
Hair on removable Remove the whole In wrapping paper,
objects object. paper bags.

Visible hairs Hairs are collected with Put the transparent


the help of tape that is films in an envelope.
attached to transparent
film.

Individual long hairs Place in a folded piece of


can be pulled out with paper and insert in an
forceps. envelope
.

The Collection and Preservation of Fingerprints


Type of Procedure Packing/storage
evidence/samples
Fingerprints on Photograph the prints Pack in such a way as
removable objects on site. Take the object not to damage visible
. to the police station. Do and latent prints
not cover the print with
tape etc. Remember that
there may also be latent
prints on the object.

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Special Crime Investigation

Plastic prints Photograph. Make a


e.g. in putty, wax, rigid cast of the print with
fat Mikrosil if the
underlying material
allows this.
Coloured and etched Photograph.
prints

Prints in dust Photograph.


Record the fingerprint
on tape and attach to a
black or transparent
background.

Fingerprints in blood Try to achieve contrast


. by exposing to UV light.
Photograph.

Non-porous surfaces
should subsequently be
treated with amido
black.

Porous surfaces
should be treated with
DAB. Be careful. DAB is
suspected of being
carcinogenic.

Photograph the
developed prints

On removable objects Take the object to the Pack in such a way as


police station. In some not to damage any
situations, removable latent prints.
material can also be
treated in situ. Choose
one of the methods
described below.

On dry surfaces If the prints are fresh,


try brushing with
magnet powder.
Otherwise the material
should be treated with
chemicals. If all the
material cannot be
removed, try to cut out
areas of interest. Pack
in an envelop.
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Special Crime Investigation

On wet surfaces The material should be


treated by chemical
methods. If this is not
possible, one of the
following treatments
may be feasible.

On wet, non-porous Immediately after the


surfaces, such as glass, surface has dried, apply
metal, plastic, magnet powder. When
painted wood the print appears,
photograph and lift it
with tape. Otherwise
use SPR reagent.
Photograph developed
prints.

On wet, porous Immediately after


surfaces, such as controlled surface
paper, cardboard, drying, try brushing
unpainted wood with
Magnet powder.
Photograph developed
prints.

The Collection and Preservation of Glass


Type of Procedure Packing/storage
evidence/samples
Glass from the crime For analysis purposes, Pack the pieces of glass
scene for reference remove a piece of glass in plastic tubes or boxes
purposes of at least 1 cm from
each pane in the
window frame and
package separately.
Collect all the broken
glass for
physical matching
purposes

Glass from the crime If possible, take out the Pack in cardboard
scene to establish whole sash. First, boxes. Make sure the
from which side the attach any loose pieces pieces of glass do not
glass was broken of glass with tape. break.
Collect all the pieces of
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Special Crime Investigation

glass from the


floor/ground. If the sash
cannot be removed,
loosen as much glass as
possible from it. Mark
each piece to show
whether it is from the
inner or outer pane and
which side was facing in
or out.

Glass from clothes Package small Pack larger pieces of


and footwear fragments first in folded glass in plastic boxes.
paper and then in small Do not use tape to
plastic boxes or tubes. collect glass fragments.
Pick up pieces of glass
with forceps or collect
by shaking the material
and vacuum cleaning.
Shoes with pieces of
glass in the soles can be
sent to the PNP CL for
collection of the glass.
Clothes can also be sent
to the PNP CL for the
purpose of searching for
and collecting the glass.

The Collection and Preservation of Materials from Fire Scenes


Type of Procedure Packing/storage
evidence/samples
Residual liquids from Close the original Place empty original
the fire scene package/bottle if it is packages/bottles in fire
undamaged and does bags and seal in
not leak. Otherwise, accordance with the
pour the liquid into accompanying
glass bottles of the type instructions.
used in sampling kits
for diesel fuel. Package liquid that is
poured into a glass
bottle in a transport
container together with
vermiculite. Place the
transport container in
an outer cardboard
35
Special Crime Investigation

box; the package now


meets postal
distribution
requirements.

Place an original
package containing
liquid in a fire bag, seal
it and place it in a
cardboard box together
with vermiculite.

Spilled liquids can be Package the kitchen roll


soaked up with kitchen with absorbed liquid in
rolls. Send a piece of the a fire bag. Seal the bag
kitchen roll too as a in accordance with the
blind sample. accompanying
instructions.

Material from a fire Collect any material Package in fire bags and
scene for flammable that may contain seal in accordance with
liquid analysis flammable liquid the accompanying
residues, e.g. carpets, instructions.
wooden floors and
insulation. Prevent holes from
forming in the bag by
wrapping sharp objects
in kitchen rolls etc.

Large pieces of material


that cannot be cut up
should be packaged in
large unused metal
boxes with tightly fitting
lids.

The Collection and Preservation of Materials from Explosions


Type of Procedure Packing/storage
evidence/samples
Explosives Collect all residues of Package in clean, dry
suspected explosive glass vessels (tubes) or
materials at the crime plastic vessels with
scene. In the case of tightly fitting lids.
large quantities, send
only pea-sized pieces to Package in test
the PNP CL for tubes/plastic
investigation. containers. Do not use
screw caps. Only a few
grains can be sent by
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Special Crime Investigation

mail.

Explosive remnants Moisten a clean cotton Package in sealed fire


glove or rag with bags or glass jars with
acetone. Wipe surfaces airtight seals.
that are suspected of
being soiled with
explosives. Let the
glove/rag dry in the air
for a few minutes.

Also take a zero sample


both of the
surroundings and of the
sample.

Explosives packaging Collect all intact Package in sealed fire


explosive packaging and bags or glass jars with
fragments that are airtight seals.
found at the crime
scene.

Detonators Undetonated or home- Package in sealed fire


e.g. blasting caps made detonators are to bags or glass jars with
be recovered by airtight seals.
specially trained
personnel.

Collect all fragments of


detonated blasting caps
that can be found on
the scene.

Batteries, electrical Collect all material that Package in sealed fire


wiring, timers, tape may be connected with bags or glass jars with
etc. the bomb. Look airtight seals.
out for material that
may be connected with
timing devices.

The Collection and Preservation of Firearms


Type of Procedure Packing/storage
evidence/samples
Firearms found or Keep calm and take Wet or blood stained
received your time. weapons must be dried
Safety first! at room temperature
 Photograph the before being packaged
weapon on site: in a suitable box.
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Special Crime Investigation

where was it?


 Do not handle the Weapons found in water
weapon without must be saturated with
gloves on account thin lubricating oil and
of fingerprints. sent to the PNP CL.
 Always point the (barrel, chamber and
barrel of the gun receiver)
in a safe direction

Pistols  Take out the The bolt is especially


magazine, leaving important. The aim is to
the cartridges prevent oxygen in the
inside. air coming into contact
 Raise the slide with
catch lever and, if the metal, causing it to
possible, thumb it oxidize (rust) and thus
up to arrest the destroying some of the
slide in the open evidence.
position.

Double-barrelled  Point the weapon Mark and place in a dry


rifles in a safe direction. plastic evidence bag.
 Open the rifle.
Some rifles have
ejectors that eject
the cartridge
cases. Watch
where they land!
 Make a note of the
make and the
location of any
cartridges/cases
before removing
them.

Other types of  Get help from Mark and place in a dry


Firearms weapons experts, plastic evidence bag
preferably scene-
of-crime officers
or the PNPCL;
alternatively from
weapons
instructors,
firearms dealers,
military personnel
etc.

Bullets and  Bullets and Wrap each bullet in


cartridge cases cartridge cases kitchen rolls or similar
must not be material and package in
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Special Crime Investigation

handled with tools small plastic boxes.


that make marks Write any notes on the
(such as pliers box, never on a bullet or
and forceps). case.
 Moist or blood-
stained materials
must be air-dried
at room
temperature. Rust
or oxidization may
destroy evidence.
 Bear in mind the
risk of blood
infection from
blood-stained
materials.

Bullets trapped in an  Photograph the Mark and place in a dry


object object in which plastic evidence bag.
the bullet is
trapped together
with a
measurement
scale or similar
object that can be
used as a
measurement
reference. Take an
overall view and
detailed views.
 Take away the
whole object if
possible. If this is
not possible,
uncover the area
where the bullet is
located. Leave a
good deal of the
material
surrounding the
bullet.
 If the bullet must
be uncovered on
site, remove the
material around
the bullet
carefully so that it
can be detached
without being
touched.
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Special Crime Investigation

 If possible, avoid
damaging the
entry hole.

PROCEDURE FOR SUBMITTING EVIDENCE TO THE CRIME LABORATORY


There are situations where the Investigator-on-Case or even the First
Responder may have to collect evidence such as under tactical situations or
those which otherwise would be contaminated or destroyed if it remains
uncollected. In such cases, all evidence collected under similar
circumstances shall be turned-over to the investigator-on-case with the
proper documentation and description on how it was collected. The
investigator -on-case shall then determine which evidence will need
further laboratory examination. The Investigator shall observe the following
procedures for the proper submission of evidence to the Crime
Laboratory.

General Information
a. Should there be any query pertaining to the laboratory services in your
area, prior coordination with Crime Laboratory Office shall be made
before submission of your evidence. This can often be cumbersome
but can expedite the evidence reception process.
b. Submit only items that need analysis.
c. Be cognizant of the cross contamination with regard to your
packaging. Placing multiple unsealed items in one bag may lead to the
eventual elimination of that evidence.
d. All potential Bio-Hazard items must be plainly marked with Bio
Hazard stickers which are available from supply companies. If evidence
is suspected of being contaminated with Hepatitis B, HIV, or other
contagious viruses, it must be noted on the Request for Examination of
Evidence.
e. The laboratory will not re-analyze evidence previously analyzed by
an outside laboratory for the same type of examination.

Evidence Packaging/Marking and Sealing


a. Acceptable packaging containers (depending on the type of evidence)
include:
1) Paper bags
2) Plastic bags (clear plastic is preferred for drug cases)
3) Boxes - sturdy cardboard
4) Manila envelopes
5) Small glass vials (typically arson and liquid drugs)
6) Metal cans (typically arson)

b. Acceptable seals
1) Tamper-proof evidence tape
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Special Crime Investigation

2) Reinforced packaging tape


3) Heat seal

A package is considered as sealed if the contents are properly


secured in place and the seal/container is not tampered. Manila Envelope
Clasps, Ziplock Bags And Staples Do Not Constitute An Acceptable Seal.
The person sealing the evidence shall place his initial or individual
identifier across the seal or tape on the package.

c. Information on each package should minimally include:


1) Name of the Agency
2) Agency case number
3) Item number
4) Date
5) The investigator‟s identifier

d. Additionally, packaging of evidence should include:


1) Where the item was found
2) By whom
3) Date & time found
4) Description of item

SPECIAL INVESTIGATION TASK GROUP (SITG)


SITG refers to the Special Investigation Task Group created whenever a
major case or crimes of violence occur. It shall be organized either at the
regional or provincial/city police offices, or at the highly-urbanized cities
depending on how sensational or heinous the crime was, and/or upon
order/direction of the CPNP.

As mandated, a SITG shall be organized whenever a major case or crime


of violence occurs. The SITG shall conduct aggressive, concerted and
sustainable programs of action through strengthening the coordinating system
among the members of PNP, DOJ and other law enforcement agencies in order
to properly investigate major cases or crimes of violence.

Organizational Structure
a. Except when otherwise directed, t he SITG shall be composed of the
PNP Provincial/City Director of the province/city where the incident
happened who shall be the Task Group (TG) Commander of the SITG
while the Provincial Officer (PO) orChief of the local CIDU, CIDG shall
be the Deputy TG Commander.
b. The SITG shall be composed of the Investigation Team,
Technical/Legal Support Team from Legal Service and Prosecutors,
Admin/Logistic Team and a Case Record Officer.
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Special Crime Investigation

c. The Investigation Team shall be headed by the Provincial Officer or


Chief of the local CIDU of CIDG who shall be the concurrent Deputy
TGC and the team shall be composed of full-time personnel from the
CIDU, Investigators the from local Police Station, SOCO operatives
from the local Crime Laboratory Office (CLO), intelligence operatives
from the Regional Intelligence Office (RIO) of PNP Intelligence Group
and the Chief of the Provincial/City Investigation and Detective
Management Section/Br/Div (PIDMD) of the concerned PPO/CPO.
d. The SITG shall have its own Public Information Officer (PIO) who shall
be responsible for the daily press releases on the developments of the
case. However, this does not prevent the Regional Director from
making press statements on the developments of the investigation.

ASSIGNMENT: Research on the Organizational Chart of the SITG.

General Operational Procedures


a. Initial Actions
1) Aside from the usual investigative procedures, SITG shall
immediately validate and confirm the affiliations of the victims,
issue press releases on a regular basis and establish an On-Scene
Command Post (OSCP) by putting up a tent or similar structures or
deploying a Mobile Investigation Van (if available) at/or near the crime
scene and shall ensure the presence/availability of the SITG Commander
all the time;
2) The OSCP shall be utilized by the SITG to conduct on-scene or on-the
ground investigation. The tent or van shall be marked
appropriately as “PNP On Scene Command Post” and shall also be
posted with the mobile phone or contact numbers of the SITG
Commander, Deputy/T GC/Investigator-on-case;
3) The OSCP shall be maintained for as long as necessary and shall only
be deactivated or transferred with the clearance and approval of the
Regional Director; and,
4) The Police Station which has jurisdictions over the area shall be utilized
as alternate on-scene command post of the SITG;

b. Follow-up Actions
1) Follow-up efforts must give special focus to
ascertaining/establishing motive.
2) During follow-up operations, SITG shall conduct profiling of victims,
suspects and witnesses;
3) Conduct link/matrix analysis and exploit evidence and information;
4) The SITG shall, as much as possible, hold paramount the convenience
of witnesses when requesting for their testimonial evidence;

Duties and Responsibilities of the SITG Members


a. Members of Investigation Team shall strictly observe the chain of custody
of evidence and flow of communications;
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Special Crime Investigation

b. Members of SITG shall conduct case conferences with the DOJ


representatives in the area and other concerned agencies to resolve
issues relative to the investigation in order to strengthen the case;
c. Investigator-on-case shall initiate case build-up and follow-up
investigation;
d. Investigator on-case shall consolidate all the forensic results, testimonial
documents and investigation report as well as the compliances of the
members of SITG;
e. Investigator on-case shall initiate the crime matrix analysis in
coordination with all members of SITG;
f. Investigator-on–case shall initiate the preparation of case folder
with the assistance of the other members of SITG;
g. Investigator on-case shall file the case before the court of proper
jurisdiction;
h. The Task Group Commander shall conduct case review as necessary;
i. All the case folders including pertinent documents must be kept by the
case record officers, with copies furnished the evidence custodian of the
local police station;
j. In case the investigator in-charge is dismissed or retired or separated
from the service, all remaining members of investigation team shall
be responsible for the court presentation of the case; and
k. Investigator on-case and other members of investigation team shall
conduct case tracking until the final disposition of the case.

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