Blood Analysis

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BL🩸🩸D ANALYSIS

By Zaini, Gervasoni, Moschitti, Premoli

-Leukocytes —> they help the immune system to prevent the body from be subjected to infections or other diseases—>
Low leukocytes: cancer or other diseases that damage the bone marrow—> High leukocytes: can be the warning signal of a
pathologies attack in progress
-Erythrocytes —> they transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs,
which can be expelled out of the body—> Low erythrocytes: are associated with certain conditions such as respiratory
failure, polycythemia, thalassemia, anemia, hemorrhages—> High erythrocytes: is the result of two different conditions: a
lack of oxygen or an overstimulated bone marrow. this can be due to pregnancy in a woman.
-Hemoglobin —> it transports oxygen and other substances among the tissues—> Low hemoglobin: caused by lack of
meat (iron in blood), or by the mestrual cicle in women —> tiredness and weakness, lack of oxygen, pallid gums and skin—>
High hemoglobin: lack of oxygen —> breathing difficulties and difficulties in making physical exercises.
-Hematocrit —> hematocrit level indicates the percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes—> Low hematocrit:
lack of erythrocytes which can cause difficulties in the transport of oxygen —> breathing difficulties and difficulties in
making physical exercises—> High hematocrit: drink alcohol or smoke, dense blood —> for the heart it is hard to pump a
dense blood, so it can be the cause for ictus or heart attack, caused by the lack of blood in the system
-Globular level (MCV)—> it is the measurement of the size (volume) of the erythrocytes stored inside the blood—> High
globular level: lack of B12 vitamin, bad alimentation, alchool and smoke can cause the erythrocytes to be bigger —>
weakness, asthenia, palpitations, tachycardia or anemia—> Low globular level: microcytic anemia, which can be caused by a
lack of iron or bad alimentation. It can be the consequence of a chronic diseases (which cannot be healed)
-Contenuto medio Hb (MCH)—> In blood tests, MCH is the abbreviation used to indicate the mean corpuscular
hemoglobin content. This parameter is measured with the blood count and allows you to calculate the average amount of
hemoglobin (Hb) contained in each red blood cell—> MCH Low. If the MCH value is low, it means that the red blood cells
are small and contain little hemoglobin. In these cases, we speak of microcytic hypochromic anemia. On analysis, the
erythrocytes are small and poorly colored, as they are poor in hemoglobin—> If the MCH value is high, while the total
number of erythrocytes is low, it means that the body is producing fewer red blood cells, but larger and richer in hemoglobin
to make up for their lack of numbers.
-Concentrazione media Hb (MCHC)—> MCHC is the measure of the concentration of hemoglobin in a single red blood
cell, in relation to the size of the latter. Determining this parameter is part of routine blood tests. The test that allows you
to establish the MCHC value is the blood count (also known as the blood count). The result is expressed as a percentage
and should be compared with the other values relating to red blood cells and hemoglobin—> When the MCHC value is low
(hypochromia) compared to the average value, it means that the total amount of hemoglobin is low and, therefore, the red
blood cell shows a lighter and much larger area than normal. This condition is found in iron deficiency anemia (iron
deficiency anemia) and thalassemia—> An MCHC value greater than 37 g / dL can be found in pathologies characterized
by an increased hemoglobin concentration in red blood cells, or by forms of haemolytic anemia where there is marked lysis
of red blood cells. Pathologies related to an increase in MCHC are: Autoimmune haemolytic anemias, Hereditary
spherocytosis, Severe burns.
-RDWC-CV %—> calculation based on both the width of the distribution curve and the mean size of red blood cells.
A normal RDW with low MCV may indicate anemia resulting from a chronic disease, such as that caused by chronic kidney
disease. A normal RDW with elevated MCV could indicate aplastic anemia. It is a blood disorder in which the bone marrow
does not make enough red blood cells. Elevated RDW and MCV can be found in cases of: autoimmune hemolytic anemia,
vitamin B12 deficiency, chemotherapy and others. A high RDW in association with a low MCV may signal an iron deficiency
or the presence of beta-thalassemia.
-B PIASTRINE (PLT)—>PLT is a laboratory index that expresses the number of platelets per blood volume. In an adult,
in good health, this number is between 150,000 and 450,000 units per microliter of blood—> The increase in the
number of circulating platelets compared to the norm can be observed in the course of myeloproliferative syndromes and
various haematological diseases including chronic myeloid leukemia—> A low PLT generally depends on pathological
conditions in which: The bone marrow cannot produce enough platelets. Platelets are consumed or destroyed at the splenic
level faster than normal.
-Gran. Neutrofili% —> An increase in the number of granulocytes occurs in response to infections, autoimmune diseases,
and cancers of the blood cells. An abnormally high white blood cell count usually indicates an infection or disease—> The
cause of low neutrophils can be a genetic or acquired disease, such as aplastic anemia or some infections or the side effect
of some medications
-Eosinophils—> white blood cells involved in allergic reactions and defense against parasitic infestations—> low: shock,
stress, trauma, Cushing's syndrome—> high: allergy, anemia, arthritis, leukemia, scarlet fever, lung / ovarian / stomach
cancer .
-Basophils—> white blood cells whose function involves the release of mediators in the event of injury or infection—>
low: pregnancy, infection, shock, stress—> high: leukemia, ulcerative colitis, skin diseases, sinusitis, measles, smallpox,
chicken pox .
-Lymphocytes—> white blood cells, cells present in the blood and forming part of the immune system, a complex
integrated network of cells, tissues and biological mechanisms aimed at the body's defense; they are produced in the bone
marrow—> low: AIDS, anemia, renal / heart failure, stress, tuberculosis—> high: lecemia, pertussis, typhus, serum
sickness, viral diseases, mononucleosis.
-Monocytes—> white blood cells are cells of the immune system that deal with the body's defense; their concentration in
the blood represents a useful parameter indicative of the state of health of an individual, because a significant increase is
generally suggestive of ongoing infection; therefore they represent a sort of inflammation marker—> low: acute and severe
infection, stress—> high: ulcerative colitis, viral diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, tuberculosis.
-Neutrophils—> white blood cells are cells of the immune system that deal with the body's defense; their concentration in
the blood represents a useful parameter indicative of the state of health of an individual, because a significant increase is
generally suggestive of ongoing infection; therefore represent a sort of inflammation marker—> low: anemia, anorexia,
rheumatoid arthritis, hepatitis, leukemia, mononucleosis, measles, anaphylactic shock—> high: acidosis, poisoning,
hemorrhage, heart attack, infections, stress, tumor, burn.
-Eosinophils—> white blood cells (leukocytes) mainly involved in allergic reactions and in the defense against parasitic
infestations. Blood eosinophil counts vary with age, time of day (low in the morning, higher in the evening), exercise,
environmental stimuli and, in particular, allergenic exposure. Their number can increase markedly in the course of many
diseases, in particular in parasitic infestations and allergic reactions: this phenomenon is called eosinophilia. Instead, we
speak of eosinopenia to indicate the decrease, which is observed in the acute phase of some infectious diseases, in
anaphylactic shock and after administration of corticosteroids.
-Basophils—> a type of white blood cell produced in the bone marrow. They release chemicals to mediate allergic and
inflammatory responses, such as histamine and heparin; they are associated, in particular, with responses to allergies and
certain parasites, such as intestinal worms. They increase in the course of various diseases such as ulcerative colitis,
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, some infections (for example chicken pox), endocrine pathologies (diabetes, hypothyroidism)
and in particular conditions such as splenectomy and the use of estrogen drugs.
-Lymphocytes—> the cells that make up the effector portion of the adaptive immune system; they are able to generate
and modify antibodies that will recognize antigens in the future. They are present in primary lymphoid organs, secondary
lymphoid organs, peripheral blood and lymph (where they take their current name). The most common causes of high
lymphocytes are: increased synthesis to fight a viral or bacterial infection, bone marrow diseases causing abnormal
lymphocyte overproduction, specific immune disorders that increase lymphocyte synthesis, body reaction to taking certain
medications.
-Monocytes—> a type of white blood cell (or leukocyte) that play multiple roles in our immune defenses. Among these
tasks the phagocytic capacity stands out, whose activation processes are not only involved in the classic defense against
pathogens (infections), but also in the regulation of other physiological (coagulation) and / or pathological (atherosclerosis)
activities. Monocytes originate in the bone marrow and travel through the bloodstream to tissues throughout the body,
where they mature and differentiate into MACROPHAGES. Monocytosis (high monocytes) is indicative of an increase in
the number of monocytes in the peripheral blood. An excess of this type of white blood cells can be the signal of an
underlying inflammatory process or other ongoing pathologies, but not only. In fact, high monocytes can also be associated
with less serious or even physiological conditions. Monocytes produced by the bone marrow intervene against aggressions
generally recognized as dangerous.

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