UNIT-3

CLASSIFICATION OF
ELEMENTS AND
PERIODICITY IN
PROPERTIES
 Periodic Table

An arrangement of all the known

elements according to their properties
so that similar elements fall within the
same vertical column and dissimilar
elements are separated.
EARLIER CLASSIFICATION
OF ELEMENTS
1. DOBEREINER’S LAW OF TRIADS

2. NEWLANDS’ LAW OF OCTAVES

3. MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE

4. MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

DOBEREINER'S LAW OF TRIADS

Johan Dobereiner (1829)

In 1829, Dobereiner arranged the known
elements of at that time in the ascending
order of atomic masses.
He found out three elements group called
triad.
In a triad, the properties of the middle
elements are the average of the other two.
This law is known as Dobereiner’s law of
triads.
EXAMPLES OF TRIADS
NEWLANDS' LAW OF OCTAVES

James Newlands (1865)

In 1865, Newlands arranged all the known
elements of at that time in the ascending
order of atomic masses.
He observed that the properties of the
eighth elements are the simple repetitions
of the first one like eighth note in an octave
in music.
This law is known as Newlands law of
octaves.
MENDELEEVE'S PERIODIC TABLE

Dimitri Mendeleev
In 1869, a Russian chemist Mendeleev
arranged the known elements of at
that time in the ascending order of
atomic masses.
He observed that same properties are
repeated in regular intervals and
proposed a law known as Mendeleev’s
periodic law.
 MENDELEEVE'S PERIODIC LAW

The law states that “the physical and

chemical properties of elements are
.
periodic functions of their atomic
masses”

Dimitri Mendeleev
 NOTE
Gallium and Germanium were unknown at
the time Mendeleev published his periodic
table.
He left a gap under aluminium and a gap
under silicon.
He called these elements Eka-Aluminium
and Eka-Silicon.
DEMERITS OF MENDELEEVE'S PERIODIC TABLE

Elements with dissimilar properties are

found in same group.
He could not give an exact position for
hydrogen.
He could not give exact position for
Lanthanoids and Actinoids and also for
isotopes.
Did not strictly obey the increasing order
of atomic weights.
MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

Henry Moseley
Moseley’s work on the x-ray spectra of the
elements reveals that atomic number is a
more fundamental property than atomic
mass.
On the basis of this, he put forward the
modern periodic law.
 The law states that “the physical and
chemical properties of elements are
periodic functions of their atomic
numbers”.

Modern Periodic Law

PERIODS AND GROUPS
 PERIODS
✔The horizontal rows present in the modern periodic
table are called periods.
✔There are seven periods.
✔The first period consists of 2 elements.
✔Second and third period consists of 8 elements
each.
✔Fourth and fifth period consists of 18 elements.
✔Sixth period consists of 32 elements.
✔The last seventh period is an incomplete period.
 GROUPS
✔The vertical columns present in the modern
periodic table are called groups.

✔There are 18 vertical columns.

✔Therefore 18 groups are present in the

modern periodic table.

MODERN CLASSIFICATION
OF ELEMENTS

In the modern periodic table, elements
are classified into four blocks.

They are s, p d and f block elements.

Classification is based on the orbital in

which the last electron of the atom of

the element enters.

 s-BLOCK ELEMENTS
✔ The elements in which the last electron
enters the s orbital of their valence shell are
called s block elements.
✔ It consists of elements of group 1 and group
2.
✔ The ground state configuration of the
valence shell is ns1 or ns2 .
 p-BLOCK ELEMENTS

✔ The elements in which the last electron

enters the p orbitals of their valence shell
are called p block elements.
✔ It consists of group 13―18 except He.
✔ The ground state configuration of the
valence shell is ns 2 np1 to ns2 np6 .
 d-BLOCK ELEMENTS

✔
The elements in which the last electron
enters the d orbitals are called d block
elements.
✔
It consists of groups 3―12.
✔
The general electronic configuration is
(n―1)d 1―10 ns 1―2 .
d-BLOCK ELEMENTS
 f-BLOCK ELEMENTS


The elements in which the last electron
enters the f orbitals are called f block
elements.

Their general electronic configuration is
(n―2)f 1―14 (n―1)d 0―1 ns 2 .
f-BLOCK ELEMENTS
TYPES OF ELEMENTS
 REPRESENTATIVE ELEMENTS

All the elements of the s and p block

elements together constitute the
representative elements.
 NOBLE GASES

The elements of the 18th group

are called noble gases or inert
gases or rare gases.
 TRANSITION ELEMENTS
✔ The d block elements i.e., elements of
group 3―12 are called transition
elements.
✔ They are placed in between s and p
block elements.
 INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS
The f block elements are called inner
transition elements.
It consists of Lanthanides and actinides.
The elements coming after Lanthanum are
called lanthanides.
The elements coming after actinium are called
actinides.
 CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS INTO
METALS, NON METALS AND METALLOIDS
 METALS
 More than 75% of all known elements are
metals.
 Appear on the left side of the periodic table.
 Usually solids at room temperature.
 Have high melting and boiling points.
 Good conductors of heat and electricity.
 Malleable and ductile.
 NON METALS

 Non-metals are located at the top right

hand side of the periodic table.
 Usually exists as solids or gases at room
temperature.
 Low melting and boiling points.
 Bad conductors of heat and electricity.
 METALLOIDS

Metalloids or semi metals are elements

which show both the properties of metals
and non metals.
Eg: Boron, Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic,
Antimony, Selinium, Tellurium and
Polonium.
 NOTE

✔The metallic character increases from

top to bottom of a group.
✔Non metallic character increases from
left to right across a period.
 NOMENCLATURE OF ELEMENTS
WITH ATOMIC NUMBER GREATER THAN 100

The elements are named using the numerical roots

for 0 and numbers 1-9.

The roots are put together in the order of digits

which make up the atomic number.

 ‘ium’ is added at the end.

The IUPAC names for the elements with Z
above 100 are shown below.
 PERIODIC
PROPERTIES
Properties which are directly or
indirectly related to the electronic
configuration of the elements and show
a regular gradation when we move from
left to right across a period or from top
to bottom in a group are called periodic
properties.
 1. IONISATION ENERGY

Ionisation energy is also known as

Ionisation Potential.

The minimum amount of energy required

to remove the most loosely bound
electron from an isolated gaseous atom.
✔The energy required to remove the first
electron is called first Ionisation energy
(IE1 ).
✔The energy required to remove the
second electron is called second
ionisation energy (IE2 ).

✔In general, IE2 > IE1.

FACTORS INFLUENCING
IONISATION ENERGY
 ATOMIC SIZE

The larger the atomic size, smaller the

ionisation energy. Smaller the atomic size,
larger the ionisation energy.

NUCLEAR CHARGE

Ionisation energy increases with

increase in nuclear charge.
 SHIELDING EFFECT
The inner electrons repel the outer electrons
and cut down the attractive force between the
nucleus and the valence shell.
This effect is known as shielding effect or
screening effect.
As the shielding increases the ionisation
energy decreases.
 EFFECT OF HALF FILLED AND
COMPLETELY FILLED SUB LEVELS

If an atom has half filled or completely

filled sub levels, its ionisation energy is
higher than that expected from its
position in the periodic table.
 2. ELECTRON AFFINITY

The energy released when an isolated

gaseous atom changed into an anion by
accepting an electron.
FACTORS INFLUENCING
ELECTRON AFFINITY
 ATOMIC SIZE

Larger the size of the atom, the smaller

will be the electron affinity and vice versa.

ATOMIC SIZE

Greater the nuclear charge, greater the

electron affinity.
 ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
When the electronic configuration of the atom is

stable, the less will be the tendency of the atom to

accept an additional electron and hence lower will be

the electron affinity.

The electron affinity values of halogens are very high

because of their strong tendency to accept an electron

to attain the stable noble gas configuration.

 3. ELECTRONEGATIVITY

The tendency of an atom to attract the

shared pair of electrons towards itself.

Small atoms are more electronegative because
they attract electrons more strongly than the
larger ones.
Atoms with nearly filled shells will have higher
electronegativities than those with less densely
filled ones.
NOTE: The least electronegative element is
cesium and the most electronegative element
is fluorine.
SCALES OF ELECTRONEGATIVITY

Most commonly used scales are

Pauling’s Scale
Mulliken’s Scale
Sanderson’s Scale
Allred-Rochow’s Scale
PAULING’S SCALE
This scale is based on an empirical relation
between the energy of a bond and the
electronegativities of bonded atoms.
MULLIKEN’S SCALE
According to this scale, electronegativity
could be regarded as the average of the
ionization energy and electron affinity of an
atom.
 PERIODIC TRENDS
ON
IONISATION ENERGY,
ELECTRON AFFINITY AND
ELECTRONEGATIVITY
 ACROSS A PERIOD

The Ionisation energy, Electron Affinity and

Electronegativity increases from left to right along a
period. This is because
i) The decrease in atomic size of the elements along a
period.
ii) The increase in nuclear charge on moving along a
period.
iii) Decrease in shielding effect.
 WITHIN A GROUP

The ionisation Energy, Electron Affinity and

Electronegativity decreases down the
group.
This is because along a group
i) The size of the atom increases.
ii) The nuclear charge decreases.
iii) Increase in shielding effect.
 4. ATOMIC RADIUS

A) COVALENT RADIUS

It is one half of the distance between the centres of

the nuclei of two bonded atoms of the same element.

Eg: The inter nuclear distance between the covalently
bonded Hydrogen atoms is 74 pm.
The covalent radius of Hydrogen is 37 pm.
 B) VANDER WAALS RADIUS

It is one half of the distance between

the centres of the nuclei of two non
bonded atoms of the adjacent
molecules of the element in the solid
state.
 C) METALLIC RADIUS

It is half the inter-nuclear distance

separating the metal atoms in the metallic
crystal.
Eg: The distance between two adjacent
copper atoms in solid copper is 256 pm.
The metallic radius of copper is 128pm.
 D) IONIC RADIUS

The effective distance from the centre

of the nucleus of an ion up to which it
has an influence on the electron cloud.
 ISOELECTRONIC SPECIES

Atoms and ions containing same

number of electrons.
Eg: Na + is isoelectronic with F ― .
O2― is isoelectronic with Mg 2+ .
NO3― is isoelectronic with CO32― .
1. A cation is smaller than its parent atom but an anion is

larger than its parent atom. Give reason.

A cation is smaller than its parent atom.

It has fewer electrons while its nuclear charge remains

the same.

An anion is larger than the corresponding parent atom

The addition of one or more electrons would result in

increased repulsion among the electrons and decrease

in effective nuclear charge.

2. The electron affinity of chlorine is higher than that of
fluorine. Why?
Fluorine atom is much smaller than chlorine atom.
Due to this, there is much crowding of electrons in small
space around the fluorine nucleus.
Due to this crowding, fluorine atom has less attraction for
the outside electron in comparison to chlorine in which the
crowding of electrons is less due to the bigger size of
chlorine atom.
As a result of this, electron affinity of fluorine is less than
that of chlorine.
The Ionisation Energy of Nitrogen is greater than
that of Oxygen. Why?
✔ The electronic configuration of Nitrogen
is 1s2 , 2s2 , 2p3
✔The electronic configuration of Oxygen is
1s2 , 2s2 , 2p4 .
✔ In the case of Nitrogen atom, the p orbitals are
half filled.
✔Atoms with half-filled electronic configurations
have extra stability.
✔Therefore, the ionization energy of Nitrogen is
greater than that of Oxygen.
THANK
YOU
HAIZEL G. ROY
HSST (HG) CHEMISTRY
GOVT. H.S.S. KALAMASSERY
ERNAKULAM