Lesson 3

Lesson 3

STATE, NATION, AND GLOBALIZATION

ENGAGE
The modern world is now more interconnected than ever, and individuals and societies
often influence each other in various ways through constant political, economic, and cultural
interactions Globalization is an important development that continually shapes and defines
various aspects of the modern world. The state and nation are two significant concepts that go
hand-in-hand in understanding politics and governance within the context of globalization.
Participating in global politics gives rise to various opportunities and challenges in the political,
economic, and cultural arena, and a state must adequately rise to the global challenges and take
advantage of opportunities that will bring about benefits for its people.
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to answer the following questions:

1. What is the significance of the state in the study of politics and governance?
2. What elements define the nature of the state?
3. What is nationhood and how is it related to the state?
4. How does nationhood influence politics and governance?
5. How does globalization influence world politics, economics, and culture?
6. How does globalization impact regional, global, and national politics?
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Discuss
Defining the State
The term state refers to the political structure of an organized community that lives under
a government. The state is related to but is not synonymous to government and country, which
refer to elements that compose the state. The state is often combined with the concept of the
nation, which gives rise to the concept of the nation state.
The state is considered the highest form of human association, and it is the product of
man's basic desire for survival and the attainment of wants and needs. The state is considered by
Enlightenment philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean Jacques
Rousseau as a product of an established order brought about by human cooperation and
agreement. The state is primarily an organization with a legal purpose which is to impose law
and order to ensure the welfare of the people. It is this nature of the state that imbues it with the
power to enact and enforce laws.
The state is considered a product of the interaction of its various elements, and cannot be
reduced to a single institution such as the government. As citizens, we encounter aspects of the
state in our everyday lives but it is most evident in the laws and regulations we live by and the
public services we avail of. The state is also embodied by our public officials, members of the
police and armed forces, and government officers and workers. Their actions as they conduct
their duties and responsibilities are considered manifestations of the power of the state. The
state is also embodied by symbols such as the flag the national anthem, monuments, and other
symbols used by the government.
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The Elements of the State

The elements that compose the state are population, territory, government, and
sovereignty. Population refers to the people that compose the state. Without the people, a state
cannot exist. Territory refers to the place where the people that compose the state are located,
and includes the land, natural resources and air space located within it. This is commonly
referred to as a country, a geographic region recognized to be a distinct national entity.
Government is the institution empowered by the people to control and administer the state. It is
through the government that the will of the state is expressed and realized. Sovereignty is the
ability of the state to conduct its affairs and enact its authority without interference from outside
forces. Sovereignty has two aspects: internal sovereignty which refers to the ability of the
state to govern and control its people and territory, and external sovereignty which is the
freedom from outside influences or foreign intervention.
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Sovereignty and the State

The sovereignty of the state is closely tied to legitimacy. The state gains legitimacy
when it is recognized and respected by the people. The legitimacy of the state is most evident in
the actions of the government and the citizens reactions to it. When majority of the population
accepts the government and follows its-laws, then it can be said that the state is legitimate. If,
however, a significant portion of the population expresses opposition to the state then s
legitimacy is questioned which gives rise to instability. Certain groups may lead a revolt against
the government or a region within a state may attempt to assert its independence.
Another form of state legitimacy is recognition by other states or the community of
nations. In International relations, countries recognize each other as possessing the essential
elements of the state and being able to exercise sovereignty. This means that all states
participating in regional and international relations are on equal footing when they relate with
each other and their representatives are afforded the respect and courtesy due to sovereign states.
 A sovereign state, therefore, is free to pursue its interest and uphold its objectives and
goals independently and without undue influence from other states. It is also free to decide its
own affairs and cannot be forced by other states to adopt policies detrimental to its own welfare.
A sovereign state is considered a unified, coherent, and organized entity that is able to
effectively exercise the powers of state. If, however, a country experiences political upheaval
such as a civil war or has a government that is considered illegitimate by the international
community, its status as a sovereign state may be put into question and this may affect the
standing of the state in international affairs.
The state can also be classified according to the legitimacy attached to its exercise of
power: de jure state is one that has legitimacy but cannot exercise sovereignty, while a de facto
state is one that has no legitimacy but has sovereignty. During the Japanese Occupation of the
Philippines from 1942 to 1945, a de facto state existed which was under the control of the
occupying Japanese forces through the Second Republic or "puppet government” headed by
President Jose Laurel. The Philippine state under the Japanese was only recognized by Japan
and its allies, but not by the rest of the world. On the other hand, the government-in- exile led by
Pres. Manuel L. Quezon and whose members lived in exile in the United States was recognized
as the de jure state and enjoyed diplomatic relations with the Allies and the rest of the
international community at that time.
Some states exercise limited sovereignty as part of a union or federation. An example is
the United States of America, which is a federal republic of 50 states and various territories and
possessions. Each of the 50 states of the U.S. has sovereignty concerning its internal affairs.
Each state has its government with a governor as head of the executive branch, a state legislature,
and a state judiciary. States are also able to independently promulgate state laws and policies and
enjoy autonomy in terms of policy-making, election of public officials, and even tax distribution.
However, the federal government, which encompasses all the states in the union, has authority
over military action and international relations, and the federal government has the authority to
pass laws and implement policies which are applicable to all states. Malaysia is another federal
state whose component states enjoy sovereignty within their respective territories but are under
the over-all authority of a federal government.
Within regional and international relations, sovereign states may choose to limit some of
their powers and interests when entering into agreements or treaties. For example, when the
Philippines signed the military bases treaty with the United States in 1947, the Philippine
government allowed American troops to enter the country and establish bases such as the Subic
Bay Naval Base and Clark Air Field. For several decades, the United States exercised
sovereignty within the bases, and the ability of the Philippine government to monitor and control
activities within these bases was very limited. But sovereign states are still able to reassert their
sovereignty within the framework of bilateral and multilateral relations. In 1991, during
negotiations to extend the stay of American troops and their bases in the country, the Philippine
Senate voted to reject the extension of the treaty. The American forces, therefore, had to leave
and the bases were turned over to the Philippine government.
 Membership in international organizations also means that a sovereign state must comply
with certain policies and regulations imposed by international agreements or conventions. For
example, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was adopted by the members of the
United Nations in 1948, sets the standards on the recognition of human rights for all states. The
Philippines is among those who ratified the Declaration, and therefore bound to abide by the
principles outlined in it. Being a member of the United Nations, our government has
incorporated the recognition of human rights as a fundamental principle in the constitution, and
has created and implemented laws that uphold human rights. Another example is the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trades (GATT), which sets the guidelines in international trade,
particularly in the setting of tariffs and the easing of restrictions on certain products. The GATT
also established the World Trade Organization (World Trade Organization) that oversees the
implementation of the agreement and the conduct of international trade. The Philippines is a
signatory to the GATT and a member of the WTO, and therefore abides by the regulations set by
the agreement and the decisions of the WTO.
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Understanding Nationhood
A nation is a large group of people who share common characteristics such as language,
traditions, and ethnicity. The people that comprise a nation also share a common culture and
history. They also identify themselves as a distinct and unified group. with common interests and
aspirations. In modern political discourse, the nation is considered a political and cultural entity
and is often studied alongside the state.
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The Emergence of Nationhood

The emergence of the nation is closely tied with the concept of identity and ethnicity.
People primarily identify their belongingness to a local community based on ethnicity. This
ethnic identity is determined by similarities in physical traits, language, traditions, and beliefs,
among others. In the Philippines, many communities come together to form large ethnolinguistic
groups such as the Tagalog, Ilocano, Bicolano, Hiligaynon. Waray. Tausug or Maranaw. A
Filipino primarily identifies with his or her ethnolinguistic group, and he or she feels a sense of
belongingness or loyalty to this group. Over the centuries, the varied ethnolinguistic groups in
our country have come together through common experiences, struggles, and aspirations, and
have identified themselves as a single Filipino nation.
The historian Benedict Anderson describes the nation as "an imagined political
community...that is both inherently limited and sovereign." The nation is an imagined concept
because it primarily exists in the mind. The sense of nationhood is considered an idea or feeling
among like-minded individuals who share the same background and identity. The nation is
considered to be limited in the sense that it is defined by certain limits such as boundary and
time. Nations often identify a certain territory as their domain, and nations throughout history
have emerged, vanished, or assimilated with other nations. Sovereignty is an important aspect of
the nation as it enables its members to work together to achieve their aspirations as a united
community.
Achieving nationhood is a lengthy process. Cultural, historical, social, and political
factors all come into play in the formation of a nation. One view of nation formation is that a
nation is supposed to be homogenous where the people has a common history, language, and
culture. This is evident in Japan where the Japanese people are defined by a distinct culture,
society, and history. Another view, however, considers the nation as going beyond the state-
bounded territories and sociocultural influences. The nation that emerges encompasses numerous
ethnic, cultural, and political groups. This is the case of the United States whose population is
composed of various ethnic and political groups. The nation, in this case, is still defined by
common values and traditions, but there is the acceptance of diversity and recognition of
differences among its members.
The concepts of nation and the state are concepts that are often discussed and analyzed
together and this has given rise to the concept of the nation state. A state may emerge from a
nation, as many of the unifying elements of the state are defined by the nation. This is the case of
many European nations, whose emergence as states during the 18th century onwards was defined
by cultural integration and the formation of distinct national identities. Many states throughout
the world have a single national Identity, and that identity is reinforced and further developed by
the state through nation building One example of nation building in the Philippines is Pres.
Manuel L Quezon's decision to create a national language for the Philippines in 1937. By virtue
of an executive order, President Quezon identified Tagalog as the basis of a national language
that will be developed and used by all citizens of the Philippines. This national language was
later on called Filipino. States continually engage in nation-building activities in order to
reinforce national identity and orient citizens to the traditions, values, and aspirations that define
their state.
While a nation may be the core component of a state, some nations exist without states.
The Kurdish people in the Middle East is an ethnic group located in a region that encompasses
parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. The Kurds consider themselves a nation but have not been
able to establish a state because of opposition from the countries that form their homeland. The
Kurdish region in northern Iraq, however, enjoys autonomy from the Iraqi government since the
1970s and may be considered a de facto state. Other nations exist beyond states, or may include
several states within its scope. The Arab nation, for example, includes several nations in West
Asia and North Africa. The Filipino nation, at present, is not merely confined to the Philippines,
but also includes Filipino communities found in other countries throughout the world.
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Nationhood and Politics

Nationhood is an integral part of politics as citizens work together and are united by the
common cause arising from their shared Identity Nationhood is a source of political integrity that
unites the people behind the state. Political leaders often appeal to a sense of nationhood to
inspire citizen support for government initiatives. This is often seen during wars, when the state
calls on its people to defend the motherland against enemies. Aspects of culture and society that
define national identity, such as traditions and cultural values are also important tools that the
state uses to reinforce state policies and government action For example, the Filipino cultural
value that regards family as a fundamental social institution is enshrined in the Philippine
Constitution, and many state laws and policies reinforce this value. In regional and international
relations, the state is seen as a representative of a particular nation. The actions and decisions of
states as they interact with other states are often defined by the values and objectives rooted in
their respective national identities.
On the other hand, national identities can also contribute to divisions within a state This
is most common particularly in multinational states. Varied ethnic, social, cultural, and political
identities often give rise to conflicting interests and values, which can result to tensions and
conflicts among citizens. The state can resolve these possible conflicts through continual nation-
building which seeks to reiterate common values and redefine existing traditions to become more
inclusive of other groups and Identities.
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Globalization and the Nation State

Globalization refers to the gradual process of political, economic, and cultural integration
brought about by increased exchange of products, ideas, and technology throughout the world.
Based on this definition, we can say that globalization as a process has been going on since
ancient times, from the integration of nations into great empires such as the Roman Empire and
the Tang Dynasty in China, to the emergence of global empires during the age of colonialism
and imperialism. Modern globalization has various dimensions that include political cooperation
and dialogue (political globalization), economic integration (economic globalization) and
cultural exchange (cultural globalization).
During the 20th century, globalization was advanced by various political developments.
In the 1920s, in a desire to promote peace and security in Europe and in the rest of the world,
western governments spearheaded the creation of the League of Nations as a forum for
diplomatic negotiations. In 1945, towards the end of the Second World War, members of the
Allied Forces organized a global union of nation-states with the aim of preventing another global
conflict. In 1948, the United Nations (UN) was founded with the goal of promoting global peace,
cooperation, and dialogue among countries. The Philippines is one of the founding members of
the UN. The emergence of supranational organizations that adopt common policies for
member states, and whose members surrender certain powers to higher authorities, is also
another indication of globalization. Examples include regional organizations such as the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and European Union (EU), and institutions
such as the International Criminal Court (ICC) in the Hague, Netherlands.
Political globalization is also concerned with security and military matters. Many of the
current security threats we face are global in scope. Terrorism is a security concern that affects
several states throughout the world. Other threats such as organized crime, the illegal drug trade,
and human trafficking often operate in multiple countries and across borders. Military conflict,
such as civil wars and armed conflict between states, also has regional and international effects.
Addressing these global threats require action from regional and international organizations. For
instance, the UN Security Council is tasked with leading the efforts in maintaining global peace
and security. This is primarily done through peacekeeping and the UN organizes and oversees
various peacekeeping missions in places experiencing conflict of humanitarian crises. The North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), composed of European nations and the United States, was
originally established to defend against the threat of communism during the Cold War. Presently,
NATO focuses on security concerns in Europe and has initiated military intervention during the
Balkan Crisis in the 1990s, and most recently during the war on terrorism, assisting the United
States in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.
The economic aspect of globalization is evident in the growing trade and financial
relations among countries, and the reduction and removal of trade barriers such as tariffs and
quotas. The establishment of regional trade blocs, common markets, and free trade areas is an
indication of the growing tendency of states to pursue collective action in the realm of
international trade and economics. Examples of these initiatives include the North American
Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which established a North American trade bloc and free trade
area that includes Canada, the United States of America, and Mexico. Another significant
regional organization is the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), a trade forum
participated in by 21 countries located in the Pacific Rim.
The cultural aspect of globalization is evident in the transmission of ideas and the growth
of multicultural societies throughout the world. Technology is an important factor in the rapid
spread of knowledge and the has led to communities being exposed to varied ideas and cultures.
People are now exposed to values and traditions from other cultures thereby diminishing cultural
stereotypes and misconceptions. Globalization has also led to the spread of Western culture and
values to many parts of the world. On the other hand, cultural globalization has also led to the
revival of national pride and an appreciation of cultural Identity due to the openness to diversity
Globalization provides the nation state various opportunities for growth but, likewise, the
increasingly complex relations among nations bring about various challenges. In political,
economic and military concerns, the nation state must carefully balance national Interests with
global interests, and work together with various nations in addressing global concerns.
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Globalized Politics: Opportunities and Challenges

Engaging in politics in a globalized world means that nation states must determine
national interests that may be affected by global concerns. Sometimes, states often have to adopt
policies to conform to regional and international concerns, even sacrificing national Interests in
recognition of larger global objectives, International agreements also Impose certain actions on a
state, and governments are enjoined to initiate programs in pursuit of the objectives of such
agreements.
 The supranational nature of globalization means that international organizations can
impose their power over member states. The United Nations, for example, can Impose trade
sanctions on states that violate international laws such as human rights violations and continual
testing of nuclear weapons. The sanctions on North Korea, for example, resulted in restrictions
on trade and financial transactions for the North Korean government. The European Union and
the United States also imposed economic sanctions on Russia during the Ukrainian Crisis of
2014. The sanctions targeted selected Russian and Ukrainian businesses, as well as businessmen
and politicians from the two countries. These actions, however, can have far-reaching effects.
The sanctions on Russia, for instance, have contributed to the weakening of the Russian
economy and also resulted in losses to the European market. The World Trade Organization,
being the recognized authority on international trade and finances, can render decisions on trade
disputes among its member states. The International Criminal Court, meanwhile, exercises power
in trying suspected international war criminals and rendering judgment on them.
Globalization presents both opportunities and challenges for states and government.
Economic globalization provides developing states an opportunity to access markets they would
otherwise be unable to enter given the protectionist policies embodied in high tariffs and quotas.
Producers and sellers, in turn, gain access to a global market which enables them to diversify and
improve thus contributing to economic growth. Political globalization enables countries to render
assistance to each other in times of calamity. The emphasis on dialogue and cooperation among
states also ensures that conflicts are easily resolved, thus peace and security throughout the world
is ensured. Membership in regional and international organizations enables small countries to
work together, gain more influence, and acquire a platform to call attention to issues that are
significant to them. States are able to exchange ideas, learn from each other, and spread and
sustain democratic values. Cultural globalization gives rise to a global community that accepts
and celebrates diversity.
But despite the positive effects brought about by globalization, critics point out that
globalization also poses challenges to the international community: Globalization is seen as a
detriment to the welfare of the state by some sectors, as global interests often run counter to
national interests Global Initiatives and programs may be intended to benefit the majority of
states, but globalization sometimes has negative impacts on individual states.
This is most evident in global economics, particularly in the development of free trade
agreements and free trade areas. One of the key features of economic globalization is trade
liberalization, which is the easing of restrictions on trading among countries. One major
development that ushered in globalized trade was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
The signatories to the agreement were required to reduce or even eliminate tariffs and quotas
imposed on imported goods to allow the free and unrestricted flow of goods into countries, and
also allow them access to foreign markets. Instead of bringing about an equal playing field in the
global market, critics contend that only the industrialized and highly-developed nations enjoy the
benefits of free trade. These countries often subsidize or spend a portion of their budget to
support certain industries, resulting in cheaper production, affordable prices, and better quality.
Developing countries, which do not enjoy these advantages, thus find it difficult to compete in
the global market. Another criticism is that regional and international organizations are often
used as a forum by more powerful nations to push their own economic agenda to the detriment of
less powerful nations. Many global economic and financial institutions, such as the World Trade
Organization, and the World Bank-International Monetary Fund, are considered tools by rich
Western countries in pursuing their economic objectives.
Further complicating international relations is the fact that some states prefer to pursue
national interests that run counter to global initiatives. Some states pursue actions that violate
international agreements or conventions. The 1992 Kyoto Protocol imposed restriction on
greenhouse gas emissions to reduce the effects of global warming and climate change. Despite
this, a number of signatories to the treaty, including industrialized countries such as Japan,
Russia, Canada, and the United States, have not fully complied with the established limits for gas
emissions. Another example of unilateral action despite considerable international opposition is
the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States. The U.S. alleged that Iraq was stockpiling and
developing weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), including nuclear and biological weapons,
and that the Iraqi government was a major supporter of international terrorism. Military action
was therefore needed to curb the threat. Though the United States was able to win support from
key allies such as the United Kingdom, military action against the Iraqi government was opposed
by France, Germany, and Russia, who wanted the continuation of diplomatic efforts. Another
example is the 2014 invasion of Ukraine by Russia, which was opposed and condemned by many
European nations and the United States.
Given the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges brought about by globalization,
states should carefully weigh the consequences of participating in global politics against their
own state Interests. Sovereign states, therefore, should protect the interests of its citizenry when
venturing into international relations. Governments should determine the advantages and
minimize any disadvantages before entering into any agreement with other states. Economic and
political relations should be established with the assumption that all participating states are on
equal footing as sovereign states. Globalization is an inescapable reality, and states should
exercise good judgment in order to reap more of its rewards and minimize its negative effects.
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RECALL
 The state is the political structure of an organized community living under a
government. The essential elements of the state include population, territory,
government, and sovereignty.

 In international relations, the state is recognized as a sovereign state. This means that
all states are equals. They are able to exercise their sovereignty and pursue their
respective interests without undue influence from other states.

 Based on legitimacy, states are classified as either a de jure or a de facto state. A de

jure state has legitimacy but is unable to exercise sovereignty, while a de facto state
does not have legitimacy but is able to exercise sovereignty
 Sovereign states may choose to limit their powers in certain situations. For example,
states that comprise a federation surrender some of their powers to a federal
government. In international relations, sovereign states limit some of their powers and
interests when entering into agreements or alliances. States who are members of
international organizations also comply with policies and regulations.

 The nation is a large group of people who share common characteristics such as
language, traditions, and ethnicity. The people who belong to a nation share the same
culture and history, and identify themselves as a people distinct from others.

 The emergence of nationhood is closely tied with the concepts of identity and ethnicity.
It is through the process of nation formation and nation building that groups of people
come together as a single, unified nation. Nation formation is the process where people
gradually establish a national identity. Nation building, meanwhile, is a process
initiated by the state that defines and reinforces national identity.

 Nationhood is an integral part of politics as citizens work together and are united by a
common cause arising from their shared identity. It is a source of political integrity and
is used as a means to call on citizens to support government actions.

 The state is seen as a representative of a particular nation and this gives rise to the
concept of a nation state. The actions of the state are often determined by the values
and traditions that are rooted in national identity.

 Globalization refers to the gradual process of political, economic, and cultural

integration brought about by increased trade, exchange of ideas, and political relations
among the states of the world. Political globalization arose out of the need for dialogue
and cooperation among states to maintain world peace and security and address global
issues and threats. Economic globalization was brought about by growing trade and
financial relations among countries, and is evident in the emergence of free trade areas
and economic blocs. Cultural globalization is brought about by improved technology
that makes possible the rapid exchange of ideas and knowledge. This gives rise to a
greater awareness and appreciation of cultures and the establishment of a diverse
global community.

 Globalization, in its various dimensions, has given rise to many opportunities that
brought about positive effects for many states, Global politics opens up opportunities
for states to render aid to each other, provides avenues for dialogue and cooperation
and ensures that states learn from each other. Economic globalization enables emerging
markets and industries to thrive due to trade liberalization, and provides states with
opportunities for economic development. Cultural globalization has given rise to a
global community that accepts and celebrates diversity

 Despite Its positive effects, globalization has also brought about a number of
challenges. Critics of globalization consider it as a detriment to the welfare of some
states, as global interests often run counter to national interests. Economic
 globalization has rendered some developing nations helpless in the face of competition
in the global free market. The supranational character of political globalization,
likewise, is seen as a limitation to national sovereignty. On the other hand, the refusal
of powerful states to abide by international laws and standards also limits the
effectiveness of global cooperation.

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EXAMINE
A. Identify the following:
__________1. It is an organized community that lives under a government.
__________2. This refers to the ability of the state to govern and control its people and territory.
__________3. This is the freedom from outside influences or foreign intervention
__________4. This is a legitimate state but cannot exercise sovereignty.
__________5. This is a state that has no legitimacy but exercises sovereignty.
__________6. This is a large group of people who share common characteristics such as
language,
traditions, ethnicity, culture, and history
__________7. This process is engaged in by states in order to develop, reinforce, and further
develop a national identity.
__________8. This is the gradual process of political, economic, and cultural integration brought
about by increased trade and communication.
__________9. This refers to a unified, coherent, and organized political entity that effectively
exercises the powers of state.
__________10. This is a dimension of globalization that is evident in International cooperation
and dialogue.

B. Answer the following questions.

1. What factors bring about the emergence of a state?
2. How is a sovereign state able to exercise sovereignty and power?
3. What is the relationship between the nation and the state? How do they define each other?
4. What is nation-building? identify examples of nation building.
5. How does globalization impact politics and governance in the international and national level?
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ANALYZE
Form a group of five and discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization.
Complete the table by providing the required information.
Dimensions of Globalization Positive Effects Negative Effects

Political

Economic

Cultural

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EMPOWER
A. Identify a social, economic, or political issue in the Philippines and discuss how globalization
can contribute to addressing it. Discuss ways that the Philippine government and the
international community can cooperate in solving this problem.

B. Research on the international reaction to the war on drugs implemented by the Duterte
administration. Discuss the international views on the conduct of the war on drugs and compare
them to the perspectives from the Philippine government. Relate the discussion to political
globalization and sovereignty.

C. Identify an international agreement or convention which the Philippines is a signatory.

Discuss the obligations of the Philippine government based on the agreement and convention.
Evaluate how the government has complied with the agreement and describe the benefits gained
from compliance.
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