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    Chapter 3 - Social Beliefs and Judgements

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    We make both conscious and unconscious judgments about our social worlds. We have intuitive judgments but are also prone to biases like overconfidence and confirmation bias. We perceive events through our initial impressions and beliefs, which can persist even when wrong. We explain behaviors through attributions to people's traits or the situation, but often err by overemphasizing traits. While social cognition enables efficient thinking, it is also vulnerable to false beliefs that can have serious consequences.

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    Chapter 3 - Social Beliefs and Judgements

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    182 views25 pages
    We make both conscious and unconscious judgments about our social worlds. We have intuitive judgments but are also prone to biases like overconfidence and confirmation bias. We perceive events through our initial impressions and beliefs, which can persist even when wrong. We explain behaviors through attributions to people's traits or the situation, but often err by overemphasizing traits. While social cognition enables efficient thinking, it is also vulnerable to false beliefs that can have serious consequences.

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    We make both conscious and unconscious judgments about our social worlds. We have intuitive judgments but are also prone to biases like overconfidence and confirmation bias. We perceive events through our initial impressions and beliefs, which can persist even when wrong. We explain behaviors through attributions to people's traits or the situation, but often err by overemphasizing traits. While social cognition enables efficient thinking, it is also vulnerable to false beliefs that can have serious consequences.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    182 views25 pages

    Chapter 3 - Social Beliefs and Judgements

    Uploaded by

    m
    We make both conscious and unconscious judgments about our social worlds. We have intuitive judgments but are also prone to biases like overconfidence and confirmation bias. We perceive events through our initial impressions and beliefs, which can persist even when wrong. We explain behaviors through attributions to people's traits or the situation, but often err by overemphasizing traits. While social cognition enables efficient thinking, it is also vulnerable to false beliefs that can have serious consequences.

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    Social Beliefs and Judgements

    Chapter 3
    Preview
    • How do we judge our social worlds, consciously
    and unconsciously?
    • How do we perceive our social worlds?

    • How do we explain our social worlds?

    • How do our social beliefs matter?

    • What can we conclude about social beliefs and judgments?


    How Do We Judge Our Social Worlds, Consciously
    and Unconsciously?
    • Daniel Kahneman: We have two brain systems
    • System 1, automatic processing
    • System 2, controlled processing
    Priming
    • Priming: activating particular associations in memory

    • Embodied cognition: mutual influence of bodily


    Intuitive Judgments
    • Some advocate “intuitive management”—tuning in to our hunches

    • Our thinking is partly automatic and partly controlled


    Group Breakout
    • Limits of intuitive thinking/ limits of intuition
    Think About It
    • Are all beliefs false?
    Overconfidence
    • Overconfidence phenomenon: the tendency to be more confident than
    correct—to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs
    Confirmation Bias
    • Confirmation bias: a tendency to search for information that confirms
    one’s preconceptions
    Group Breakout
    • How do we reduce overconfidence?
    Heuristics: Mental Shortcuts

    Representativeness Availability
    Heuristic heuristic heuristic
    • a thinking strategy • Snap judgments of • Quick judgments of
    that enables quick, whether someone likelihood of events
    efficient judgments or something fits a (how available in
    catego memory)
    Counterfactual Thinking
    • Counterfactual thinking: imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes
    that might have happened, but didn’t
    Illusory Thinking
    • Illusory correlation: perception of a relationship where none exists, or
    perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists
    Moods and Judgments
    • Our moods infuse our judgments
    • Do you agree with the statement? Why?
    How Do We Perceive Our Social
    Worlds?
    Perceiving and Interpreting Events
    • Our first impressions of one another are more often right than wrong; but
    on occasion, our prejudgments can be a mistake
    Belief Perseverance
    • Belief perseverance: persistence of one’s initial conceptions
    Constructing Memories of Ourselves and Our
    Worlds
    • Misinformation effect: incorporating “misinformation”
    into one’s memory of an event and receiving misleading information
    about it
    How Do We Explain Our Social Worlds?
    • Attribution theory helps us make sense of how such explanations work
    Attributing Causality:
    To the Person or the Situation
    • Misattribution: mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source

    • Attribution theory: the theory of how people explain others’ behavior


    • Dispositional attribution: attributing behavior to the person’s dispositions and traits
    • Situational attribution: attributing behavior to the environment
    • Spontaneous trait inference: an effortless, automatic inference of a trait
    after exposure to someone’s behavior
    The Fundamental Attribution Error
    • Fundamental attribution error: the tendency for observers to
    underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional
    influences upon others’ behavior
    • Why do we make the attribution error?
    How Do Our Social Beliefs Matter?
    • Self-fulfilling prophecy: a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

    • Teacher expectations and student performance


    Getting from Others What We Expect
    • Behavioral confirmation: a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby
    people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others
    to confirm their expectations
    What Can We Conclude about Social Beliefs and
    Judgments?
    • Social cognition studies reveal that our information-processing powers
    are efficient and adaptive; but people do sometimes form false beliefs
    • Trying hard doesn’t eliminate thinking biases
    • Our intuition is vulnerable to misjudgment
    • If anything, laboratory procedures overestimate our intuitive powers
    • False impressions, interpretations, and beliefs can produce serious consequences
    • Heuristic snap judgments, however, enable efficient thinking and can aid in our
    survival

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