Frontiers Logo

LOGIN
/
REGISTER
ABOUT
JOURNALS
RESEARCH TOPICS
ARTICLES
SUBMIT
Impact Factor 4.157 | CiteScore 3.5
More on impact ›

in Psychiatry
TOGGLE NAVIGATION
THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF THE RESEARCH TOPIC
The Psychology of Suicide: From Research Understandings to Intervention and Treatment
View all 23 Articles 

Suggest a Research Topic >

 
25,120TOTAL VIEWS

EDITORIAL article
Front. Psychiatry, 04 April 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00214
Editorial: The Psychology of Suicide: From Research Understandings to Intervention and
Treatment
Yossi Levi-Belz1,2*, Yari Gvion3 and Alan Apter2,4
1Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Hadera, Israel
2The Lior Zfaty Center for Suicide and Mental Pain Studies, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek
Hefer, Israel
3Department of Child Clinical Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
4Feinberg Child Study Center, Schneider Children’s Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikvah,
Israel
Editorial on the Research Topic
The Psychology of Suicide: From Research Understandings to Intervention and Treatment

It goes without saying that suicide is a major health problem and a leading cause of death
worldwide (1, 2). Recent reports inform that around a million people die by suicide annually,
representing an annual global age-standardized suicide rate of 11.4 per 100,000 populations
(15.0 for males and 8.0 for females). Considering a time perspective from 2000 through
2016, the age-adjusted suicide rate has grown by 30% (1).

These rates are only the tip of an iceberg. For every suicide, there are many more who
attempt suicide every year. A cautious estimate suggests that more than 20 million people
engage in suicidal behavior annually. Moreover, it is estimated that in the future, the suicide
rates are expected to rise, given the WHO’s declaration that suicide rates will pass the 1
million mark in the next 15 years (2).

Behind each suicide and attempt is a long-term struggle of these individuals as well as
experiences of trauma and distress among their relatives and friends. Together, it is evident
that suicide prevention comprises a global priority. As clinicians and researchers, we must
make every effort to enhance suicide prevention in order to improve our identification,
intervention, and, subsequently, prevention of suicide and suicidal behavior. First and
foremost, our mission is to improve our knowledge of mechanisms, factors, and facilitators
of suicidality from interdisciplinary perspectives.

Suicide is a highly complex and multifaceted phenomenon, with many contributing and
facilitating variables. It may be determined by the interaction between various factors, such
as neurobiology, personal and family history, stressful events, and sociocultural
environment (3). Given its being one of the most severe human behaviors, a distinct focus
would be to identify the underlying psychological processes that may lead to suicidal
ideation and behavior.

In the last century, we have recognized the contributions of psychological factors (both
individual and social) to suicide and suicide risk. A number of models have been proposed,
with most emphasizing the interaction between predisposing and precipitating factors (4, 5).

The key factor leading to suicide is unbearable mental pain (6). Several studies have
emphasized the importance of psychache as the primary facilitator of suicide ideation and
behavior (7, 8). Suicide can be seen as a behavior motivated by the desire to escape from
unbearable psychological pain (9, 10). Other psychological factors like personality traits,
emotional characteristics, and dysregulation also seem to play a role, with emerging
importance to decision-making deficit among suicidal individuals (11).

Interpersonal factors also play an essential role in suicides. Emile Durkheim’s (12) seminal
work established the foundations of our understanding that suicide is also a social behavior
having some cultural characteristics. Joiner’s interpersonal theory of suicide (13) highlights
two major interpersonal structures—perceived burdensomeness and thwarted
belongingness—as critical features that may lead to suicidal ideation and eventually to
suicide.

Approximately 45% of individuals who die by suicide consult a primary care physician within
1 month of death, without declaring their suicide desires and ideation (14). This finding
highlights the fact that communication difficulties comprise a major focus of our
understanding of suicidal behavior. In the Israeli MSSA (Medically Serious Suicide
Attempters) project, Levi-Belz and colleagues showed that poor self-disclosure, together
with several related factors, may facilitate more lethal suicide behavior (15–18).

These examples of studies are representative of numerous endeavors to deepen our

understanding of the psychology of suicide phenomenon. In order to continue this course of
action and thought, we dedicate a special issue of Frontiers in Psychiatry to the effort to
explore various approaches to the psychology of suicidal behavior. The purpose of the
current issue is to shed light on in-depth knowledge and empirical data regarding models,
theories, and specific dimensions and variables that may help us increase the psychological
understanding of suicidal phenomena as well as non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI).

Five stimulating reviews are presented in this issue. Gvion and Levi-Belz examined specific
risk factors for serious suicide attempts (SSAs). SSAs are epidemiologically very similar to
those who died by suicide and thus may serve as valid proxies for studying suicides. The
authors conclude that the interaction of mental pain, interpersonal factors, and impaired
decision making is crucial for suicide risk assessment and research. Szücs et al. focus on
personality and suicidal behavior in old age in their systematic review. Their review of 31
scientific papers emphasized that maladaptive personality manifests in milder,
subthreshold, and more heterogeneous forms in late-life vs. early-life suicide. Moreover, the
inability to adapt to changes occurring in late life may explain the relationship between
suicide in old age and higher conscientiousness. Obsessive–compulsive and avoidant
personality traits were particularly associated with elderly suicide.

Cipriano et al. conducted an up-to-date systematic review on NSSI, focusing on

epidemiological, etiologic, and diagnostic criteria. NSSI was found to be most common
among adolescents and young adults. Borderline personality disorder and eating disorders
are reported as comorbid antecedents for NSSI. Prevalence rates are 7.5–46.5% for
adolescents, 38.9% for university students, and 4–23% for adults. In a mini-review article,
Geraldo da Silva et al. group the main cognitive difficulties among individuals who attempt
suicide. These include attentional bias, impulsivity, and problem-solving and decision-
making deficits. They suggest that in addition to anxiety and depressive symptoms,
cognitive deficits in psychiatric patients comprise important therapeutic goals. Finally, in
Conti et al.’s review, the authors systematically review the relations between binge eating
disorder (BED) and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. They found that BED is
significantly associated with a marked increase in suicidal behaviors and ideation.

Three papers focus on identifying risk factors in childhood. Schmidt et al. used structural
equation modeling to test theory-driven models in clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. CHR
patients were particularly prone to suicidality if adversity/trauma was followed by the
development of depressiveness. In addition, adversity/trauma led to suicidality through an
increased risk for psychosis as indicated by cognitive symptoms.

Bar-Zomer and Brunstein-Klomek examined associations between sibling bullying,

attachment to mother and father, depression, and suicidal ideation among students.
Bullying among siblings was associated with school bullying, depression, and suicide
ideation. A secure attachment to one’s father moderated the association between sibling
bullying and depression/suicide ideation.

In a third article, Falgares et al. assessed the role of self-criticism and dependency as
potential mediators of the link between different types of childhood maltreatment and
suicide among university students. Lack of care and psychological abuse were significantly
associated with suicide risk, and this association was partially mediated by the maladaptive
personality dimension of self-criticism.

Several studies examined risk factors of suicidal behavior in specific populations. Stein et al.
observed a sequential model in their longitudinal study among former prisoners of war (ex-
POWs) in Israel. They found that PTSD symptoms facilitated experiencing loneliness, and
these worked in tandem to implicate suicidal ideation, even years following their captivity.
They conclude that both PTSD symptoms and loneliness are important factors in ex-POWs’
long-term suicidal ideation and risk. Mérida-López et al. examined the role of emotional
intelligence (EI) as a protective factor of suicide ideation and behavior among students and
the general population. They found EI to be related to suicide risk, with psychological
distress as a mediator. They concluded that the underlying process by which self-reported EI
may act as a protective factor against suicidal ideation and behaviors is through the
reduction of distress among those with high EI.

Balazs et al. examined quality of life (QoL) as a factor that may serve as a link between
psychopathology and suicide risk among a clinical population of adolescents. QoL
significantly mediated the relationships between emotional difficulties and peer problems,
as both were associated with lower QoL, which, in turn, was related to higher suicidal risk.
Hofstra et al. focus on time trends of suicide among the Dutch population. They observed
33,224 suicide events that occurred from 1995 to 2015. Results indicated that suicide
incidence peaked at springtime and on Christmas, which highlights the importance of
accessibility of health care services during these high-risk moments.

Several studies in this issue suggested other important risk factors. Tavakoli et al. examined
the association between attentional control and suicidal behavior among a cohort of
inpatient adolescents presenting acute suicidal behavior compared to healthy controls. A
passively presented auditory optimal paradigm was used. The extent of processing these
“to-be-ignored” auditory stimuli was measured by recording event-related potentials (ERPs),
which are thought to reflect processes linked with capturing attention. The study found a
relatively low threshold for the triggering of the involuntary switch of attention among
suicidal patients, a factor that may play a role in their reported distractibility. Thompson and
Chen Ong investigated the association of suicidal behavior with neurological and behavioral
markers, measuring attentional bias and inhibition in two Stroop tasks, as well as recorded
activity in frontal areas by EEG (Electroencephalogram) during each task. High-risk
participants showed slower response times in the color Stroop (as well as to the word
“suicide”) and reduced accuracy in incongruent trials, but faster response times in the
emotional Stroop task (with reduced activity in leftward frontal areas). Results confirmed
that suicide attempters have deficits in attentional control that may be related to particular
conditions of frontal asymmetry. In another important study, Hadlaczky et al. examined the
relationship between loss aversion and suicidal behavior among adolescents recruited in 30
schools in seven European countries. Loss aversion predicted attempted suicide in both
cross-sectional and 4-month prospective analyses after controlling for depression, anxiety,
stress, and gender. Interestingly, loss aversion did not predict suicide ideation in this group.

Several innovative papers examine the essential topic of therapeutic interventions for
suicidal patients, with a particular focus on reducing suicide rates. First, Iyengar et al.
conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, reporting therapeutic
interventions as being effective in reducing self-harm, including suicide attempts (SA). Also
reported was a reduction of suicidal ideation and depressive symptoms following
therapeutic interventions. While most of the studies were unable to determine the efficacy
of therapeutic interventions for both primary and secondary outcomes, individual self-driven
and socially driven processes seemed to display the greatest prospect of reducing suicide
attempts.

Another contribution on prevention is that of Pickering et al., who studied an intervention

program in which students underwent a yearlong training as peer leaders, and 3,730
9th12th graders completed baseline surveys assessing friendships and adults at school as
well as recording suicidal thoughts and behaviors. In general, training more peer leaders
increased school-wide exposure for all modalities. Exposure was higher for students closer
to peer leaders in the friendship network and for students who named more trusted adults.
Relatedly, Barzilay et al. validated the Therapist Response Questionnaire-Suicide Form (TRQ-
SF) in a general outpatient clinic setting in a cohort of adult psychiatric outpatients and their
therapists. TRQ-SF correlated positively with concurrent and predictive evaluations of patient
suicidal outcomes, depression severity, and clinicians’ judgment of patient suicide risk.
However, the TRQ-SF was not predictive of global symptom severity, thus indicating
specifically suicide-related responses. In a seminal work, Brodsky, et al. present the assess,
intervene, and monitor for suicide prevention model as a guide for implementation of the
Zero Suicide model, a framework to coordinate a multilevel approach for applying evidence-
based practices in clinical settings. The paper describes 10 basic steps for clinical
management and illustrates how to implement them through a clinical vignette. Finally,
Sakashita and Oyama present an integration of psycho-behavioral components associated
with suicide, existing guidelines for identifying critical points of intervention, and the
preventive strategies framework into a theoretical model for elderly suicide.

Two more papers examine different issues regarding suicide. Moreno-Küstner et al. focus on
demographic factors in their analysis of the characteristics of 181,824 calls made to the
Málaga Prehospital Emergency Service for suicidal behavior. Of the total calls (N = 181,824),
1,728 (0.9%) were made due to suicidal behavior. The mean age was 43.21 ( ± 18) years, and
57.4% were women. Zhao and Shai’s study reveals that the students’ attitudes toward
suicidal behavior and the attitude toward suicide-loss survivors played as a mediator
between self-efficacy in managing happiness and self-evaluations among college students.
Thus, for this population, the attitudes toward suicide may be understood as one of the
factors that shape self-evaluation and satisfaction with life.

In conclusion, in this special issue, we seek to advance the knowledge on suicide by

identifying particular psychological characteristics that may facilitate targeted prevention,
intervention methods, and programs. Improving our understanding of these topics may
help clinicians and researchers establish specific prevention strategies and methods that will
ultimately help diminish suicide rates around the globe as well as find psychological remedy
for all of those struggling with suicide ideation and behavior.

Author Contributions
We state that 1) all authors have read the paper and approved the data and the conclusions
presented therein; 2) each author believes that the paper represents honest work; 3) all
authors have contributed to the present paper with equal effort; and 4) no financial support
was given for this editorial.

Conflict of Interest Statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or
financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment
This study is dedicated to our dearest friend, Dafni Assaf, who was one of the greatest
leaders of the suicide prevention program in Israel.

References
1. Curtin SC, Warner M, Hedegaard H. Increase in suicide in the United States, 1999–2014.
NCHS Data Brief (2016) 241:1–8.

Google Scholar

2. World Health Organization. Preventing suicide: a resource for media professionals, update
2017. Geneva: WHO (2017). Retrieved from
apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/258814/1/WHO-MSD-MER-17.5-eng.pdf.

Google Scholar

3. Turecki G, Brent DA. Suicide and suicidal behaviour. Lancet (2016) 387(10024):1227–39.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00234-2

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

4. O’Connor RC, Nock MK. The psychology of suicidal behaviour. Lancet Psychiatry (2014)
1(1):73–85. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70222-6
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

5. Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, et al.

Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review. Lancet Psychiatry (2016)
3(7):646–59. doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

6. Shneidman ES. Commentary: suicide as psychache. J Nerv Ment Dis (1993) 181(3):145–7.
doi: 10.1097/00005053-199303000-00001

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

7. Levi-Belz Y, Gvion Y, Horesh N, Fischel T, Treves I, Or E, et al. Mental pain, communication

difficulties, and medically serious suicide attempts: a case-control study. Arch Suicide Res
(2014) 18(1):74–87. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2013.809041

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

8. Levi-Belz Y, Gvion Y, Grisaru S, Apter A. When the pain becomes unbearable: case-control
study of mental pain characteristics among medically serious suicide attempters. Arch
Suicide Res (2018) 22(3):380–93. doi: 10.1080/13811118.2017.1355288

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

9. Verrocchio MC, Carrozzino D, Marchetti D, Andreasson K, Fulcheri M, Bech P. Mental pain

and suicide: a systematic review of the literature. Front Psychiatry (2016) 7:108. doi:
10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00108

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

10. Orbach I. Mental pain and suicide. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci (2003) 40(3):191–201.

PubMed Abstract | Google Scholar

11. Gvion Y, Levi-Belz Y, Hadlaczky G, Apter A. On the role of impulsivity and decision-making
in suicidal behavior. World J Psychiatry (2015) 5(3):255. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i3.255

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

12. Durkheim E. Suicide: a study in sociology [1897]. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press (1951).

Google Scholar

13. Van Orden KA, Witte TK, Cukrowicz KC, Braithwaite SR, Selby EA, Joiner TE Jr. The
interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychol Rev (2010) 117(2):575–600. doi: 10.1037/a0018697

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

14. Isometsa ET, Heikkinen ME, Marttunen MJ, Henriksson MM. The last appointment before
suicide: is suicide intent communicated? Am J Psychiatry (1995) 152(6):919–22. doi:
10.1176/ajp.152.6.919
PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

15. Levi Y, Horesh N, Fischel T, Treves I, Or E, Apter A. Mental pain and its communication in
medically serious suicide attempts: an “impossible situation.” J Affect Disord (2008)
111(2–3):244–50. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.​2008.02.022

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

16. Levi-Belz Y, Gvion Y, Horesh N, Apter A. Attachment patterns in medically serious suicide
attempts: the mediating role of self-disclosure and loneliness. Suicide Life Threat Behav
(2013) 43(5):511–22. doi: 10.1111/sltb.12035

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

17. Trakhtenbrot R, Gvion Y, Levi-Belz Y, Horesh N, Fischel T, Weiser M, et al. Predictive value
of psychological characteristics and suicide history on medical lethality of suicide attempts: a
follow-up study of hospitalized patients. J Affect Disord (2016) 199:73–80. doi:
10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.054

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

18. Levi-Belz Y, Gvion Y, Levi U, Apter A. Beyond the mental pain: a case-control study on the
contribution of schizoid personality disorder symptoms to medically serious suicide
attempts. Compr Psychiatry (2019) 90:102–9. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.02.005

PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar

Keywords: suicide, risk factors, intervention, psychology, treatment

Citation: Levi-Belz Y, Gvion Y and Apter A (2019) Editorial: The Psychology of Suicide: From
Research Understandings to Intervention and Treatment. Front. Psychiatry 10:214. doi:
10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00214

Received: 10 March 2019; Accepted: 25 March 2019;

Published: 04 April 2019.

Edited and reviewed by: Antoine Bechara, University of Southern California, United States

Copyright © 2019 Levi-Belz, Gvion and Apter. This is an open-access article distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or
reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright
owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance
with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which
does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Yossi Levi-Belz, Yossil@ruppin.ac.il

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not
necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the
editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that
may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

5 Comments - MELISSA JAMES, Molly Peterson and Nkome Luki.

User

Comment deleted on 2:07 PM, 14 January 2020

MELISSA JAMES GREAT LOVE SPELL CASTER (DR. DAVID) THAT HELP ME SAVE MY
RELATIONSHIP. TEXT OR ADD HIM UP ON WHATSAPP:@ +2347040654140<br/><br/>My
name is MELISSA JAMES. I was married for 13 years. My marriage has been deteriorating for
some time so it was bound to unravel. I was his loyal, faithful, supportive and trusting Wife.
He had an additional wild side that went out of control. The last incident is when I found out
that he was having an affair 2 weeks before our 14th wedding anniversary. Out of the blue
my husband just sprung the divorce talk on me. I was so hurt and being an independent
woman, I thought I could cope with being single. It was so hard to move on so I had to reach
out for help online. Our marriage and family therapists thought that "something" was not
right about my husband. I went online and I found out about Dr. DAVID and his good spell
work reviews. I ordered for a Love spell on his website. 24 hours later in the morning around
09:34am I was totally shocked at how my Husband called me telling me how much he
missed me. His spell worked on me so fast and my husband has been so loving, Natural and
I'm having a happy marriage after using his love spell. If you are in a loveless and unhappy
marriage that cannot be salvaged, believe me...There is light at the end of this tunnel. You
can reach him on his contact details. email: awesomespelltemple@gmail.com You Can Also
Call Him Or Whatsapp him on +2347040654140. or view his website for more review
:http://awesomespelltemplem.website2.me and
https://www.facebook.com/UrgentEffectiveLoveSpell

8:23 AM, 13 April 2021

MELISSA JAMES GREAT LOVE SPELL CASTER (DR. DAVID) THAT HELP ME SAVE MY
RELATIONSHIP. TEXT OR ADD HIM UP ON WHATSAPP:@ +2347040654140<br/><br/>My
name is MELISSA JAMES. I was married for 13 years. My marriage has been deteriorating for
some time so it was bound to unravel. I was his loyal, faithful, supportive and trusting Wife.
He had an additional wild side that went out of control. The last incident is when I found out
that he was having an affair 2 weeks before our 14th wedding anniversary. Out of the blue
my husband just sprung the divorce talk on me. I was so hurt and being an independent
woman, I thought I could cope with being single. It was so hard to move on so I had to reach
out for help online. Our marriage and family therapists thought that "something" was not
right about my husband. I went online and I found out about Dr. DAVID and his good spell
work reviews. I ordered for a Love spell on his website. 24 hours later in the morning around
09:34am I was totally shocked at how my Husband called me telling me how much he
missed me. His spell worked on me so fast and my husband has been so loving, Natural and
I'm having a happy marriage after using his love spell. If you are in a loveless and unhappy
marriage that cannot be salvaged, believe me...There is light at the end of this tunnel. You
can reach him on his contact details. email: awesomespelltemple@gmail.com You Can Also
Call Him Or Whatsapp him on +2347040654140. or view his website for more review
:http://awesomespelltemplem.website2.me and
https://www.facebook.com/UrgentEffectiveLoveSpell

8:25 AM, 13 April 2021

 

Molly Peterson MOST POWERFUL AND HONEST SPELL CASTER ONLINE , THANKS DR JUMBA
FOR YOUR PERFECT LOVE SPELL . <br/><br/>i want to testify of a powerful spell caster who
return my ex boyfriend, it all started when i took his phone and saw a lady message him that
she enjoyed the last time and i confronted him about it he was angry and and stop talking to
me from that day he started acting strange then he told me he didn't want me anymore that
he loves someone else i was so diver-stated i cried all day and night he blocked me from his
Instagram and on phone so i couldn't reach him anymore this made me sad and cry even
the more i was searching for help online when i saw a comment about Dr Jumba great work i
contacted him and told him about my problems and i did everything he asked me to do he
told me after 24hrs my ex will return back to me well i doubted him though because my ex
didn't want to have anything to do with me anymore the next day to my greatest surprise he
called me and was begging me to give him another chance now we are both happy together
all thanks to Dr Jumba he can also help you Dr Jumba contact info below .
<br/>wiccalovespelltools@yahoo.com or wiccalovespelltools@gmail.com<br/><br/>website :
https://drjumbaspellhome.wordpress.com/<br/><br/>WhatsApp: +19085174108

10:18 AM, 26 August 2021

Nkome Luki STOP CRYING DAY AND NIGHT. USA | NEW ZEALAND | INDIA | UK |
NETHERLANDS | NORWAY | DENMARK | CANADA | PHILIPPINE | AUSTRALIA | SOUTH
AFRICA | NAMIBIA CALL DR.PROF REMMY +27660670249, FROM ZANZIBAR HAS COME TO
WASH AWAY YOUR TEARS & SORROWS DR.PROF REMMY +27660670249 is the one who has
the special gift of prophecy by using full power to perform great and wonderful miracles in
many people's lives having testimony. He has come full power to prophecies and things to
happen in his life by using the full power ring. -Are you there with bank debts? -Do you want
to see miracles of money multiplication? -You want promotion / favor at work? -You want to
attract customers in your business? -Do you want to start a business but money is not
enough? -Do you have financial problems? -Do you have relationship / marriage problems? -
Are you impotent? -They cast spells on you? -Do you want to be in luxurious life? -Your
business become stagnant? -Did you fail to receive your pension? -Is your kids performing
bad in class? -Are you looking for a job? -Do you need any special powers? call on this
number / whatsapp to order your full power ring ?? DR.PROF REMMY +27660670249 call on
this number / whatsapp to order your full power ring ?? DR.PROF REMMY +27660670249 call
on this number / whatsapp to order your full power ring ?? +DR.PROF REMMY +27660670249

4:10 PM, 07 October 2021

 
Write a comment...
Add
PEOPLE ALSO LOOKED AT
Serious Suicide Attempts: Systematic Review of Psychological Risk Factors
Yari Gvion and Yossi Levi-Belz

Editorial: Computerized Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Neuroimaging of

Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hans-Peter Müller and Jan Kassubek
Editorial: Food and Its Effect on the Brain: From Physiological to Compulsive Consumption
Valentina Bassareo and Carla Gambarana

Identifying Distinguishable Clinical Profiles Between Single Suicide Attempters and Re-
Attempters
Marlehn Lübbert, Lydia Bahlmann, Sebastian Josfeld, Jessica Bürger, Alexandra Schulz, Karl-
Jürgen Bär, Udo Polzer, Martin Walter, Ulrich W. Kastner, Thomas Sobanski and Gerd
Wagner

Editorial: Overeating and Decision Making Vulnerabilities

Qinghua He, Xiao Gao, Yonghui Li and Hong Chen

Suggest a Research Topic >

About Frontiers
Institutional Membership
Books
News
Frontiers' social media
Contact
Careers
Submit
Newsletter
Help Center
Terms & Conditions
Privacy Policy
© 2007 - 2022 Frontiers Media S.A. All Rights Reserved