4

CHAPTER

Energy Transport
by Work, Heat
and Mass
4.1. Energy of a System
Thermal
 Mechanical

 Kinetic Energy  KE  Units
Total 
( E )  Potential Energy  PE  Joules  J 
Energy  magnetic
  or kiloJoules  kJ 
 neglected in
 chemical 
  ME 203
 nuclear 
E
Specific energy  e    kJ / kg 
m
Energy contained in a system is also a property since it tells us the condition of the system

Energy may be contained (stored) in a system as

Microscopic form Macroscopic form

Energy related to molecular structure Energy related to motion or elevation
called Internal energy of the system e.g.
denoted by U KE = ½ mV2 or PE = mgz
2
4.1. Energy of a System (Cont...)
Internal Energy
 Binding forces b/n the  KE of the molecules
molecules of a substance (Sensible Energy)
(Latent Energy)
- b/n molecules of a substance - translational KE
- b/n the atoms within a molecule - rotational KE
- b/n the particles within an atom - vibrational KE
- spin KE (about thier axes)
 Binding forces – strongest in solids or  average velocity – proportional to
liquids and weakest in gases the temperature

 The internal energy associated with

the phase change – Latent Energy
 at higher temperature – higher
internal energy

3
4.1. Energy of a System(Cont…)
Energy is contained in a system as internal, kinetic and potential energy

mV 2
Total energy , E  U  KE  PE  U   mgz
2
E V2
Specific total energy , e   u  ke  pe  u   gz
m 2
U
Specific internal energy , u 
m

Energy transfers at the system boundary as heat ,work and mass.

4
4.2. Mechanisms of Energy Transfer by Heat and
Work
 Energy can be transfered to or from a system in
three forms
- Heat
- Work
- Mass flow

4.2.1. Heat
“Heat is a form of energy that is transferred across the
boundary of a system to another system or
surroundings due to a temperature difference existing
between them. ”
5
4.2.1. Heat (Cont...)

 Heat transfer during a process is denoted by

Q or Q12,

per unit mass, q=Q/m [KJ/kg]

 Sign convention for energy transport by heat

- Heat transfer to a system = +ve
- Heat transfer from a system = -ve
 A process during which there is no heat transfer
is called adiabatic process.
6
 4.2.2. Work

 Work, like heat is an energy interaction between

a system and its surroundings.

 Work is the energy transfered associated with a

force acting through a distance

 Sign Convention for energy transport by work

- Workdone by a system = +ve
- Workdone on a system = -ve
7
4.3. The First Law of
Thermodynamics

Open System
(Control Volume)

8
 First law of thermodynamics for
open Systems
 Reminder of an open System.

 Open system = Control volume

 It is a properly selected region in space.
 Mass and energy can cross its boundary.

9
Control volume involves two
main processes

 Steady flow processes.

 Fluid flows through the control volume
steadily.
 Its properties are experiencing no change
with time at a fixed position.

 Unsteady flow processes.

 Fluid properties are changing with time.
10
 Conservation of mass principle

 Total mass   Total mass   Change in mass within the 

       
 Entering the System   Leaving the System   system energy 

min  mout  msys The relations above

are often referred to
On a rate basis as the mass balance
   and are applicable to

m in  m out  m sys
any kind of system
undergoing any kind
of process.

11
Mass balance for steady flow
processes
 For steady flow

 i   m e
m
 Many engineering devices involve a single
stream (one inlet and one exit only).
m 1  m 2
or 1 A1V1   2 A2V2
12
Energy Balance for Steady-Flow
Systems 0
E in  E out  E sys Ein  E out
Qin W in  E mass ,in  Qout W out  E mass ,out

Qin W in   mi i  Qout W out   mee

1 2 1 2
Q in  Qout W in W out   e
m ( Pv  u 
2
V  gz )e   m i ( Pv  u 
2
V  gz )i

1 2 1 2
Q W   m e (Pv  u  V  gz )e   m i (Pv  u  V  gz )i
2 2

1 2 1 2
Q W   m e (h  V  gz )e   m i (h  V  gz )i 13
2 2
4.4. Some Steady Flow Engineering devices
More than one
Only one in and one out inlet and exit

14
 For single stream steady flow
devices, the 1st law becomes
   
V

2   
V

2 
Q W  mi hi   g zi   me he 
i
 g ze 
e

 2   2 
   
Often the change in kinetic energy and potential energy is small.
   
Q W  m i hi  m e he
q  w  he  hi Per unit mass

15
 Nozzles 1V1 A1   2V2 A2
1 A1
V2  V1
A1 A2  2 A2
 A1  A2
1   2 for liquids
A nozzle is a device that
increases the velocity of a 1   2 for low speed gas
fluid at the expense of
pressure
V2  V1
16
 Diffusers 1V1 A1   2V2 A2
1 A1
A diffuser is a device that
V2  V1
 2 A2
slows down the velocity of a
fluid causing an increase in its
pressure
 A1  A2
1   2 for liquids
A1 A2 1   2 for low speed gas

V2  V1 17
Diffusers

18
 Nozzles and Diffusers
(1st law analysis)
  

   Ve  Vi
2 2

Q  W  m he  hi   g ze  zi 
 2 
 
Is there work in this system? NO
Is there heat transfer? let us say: NO
In fact, it depends on the problem!

Does the fluid change elevation? NO

 
V V 2 2 Q : What happened to the m ?
0  he  hi   e i
Ans: It is divided out
2 19
which can be rearranged to
2 2
Vi V
hi   he  e

2 2
In a nozzle, enthalpy is converted into kinetic energy

How can you find the mass flow rate in a nozzle?

m  1V1 A1   2V2 A2
V1 A1 V2 A2
m  
v1 v2
20
Example (4-9): Deceleration of Air
in a Diffuser
Air at 10oC and 80 kpa enters the diffuser of a jet
engine steadily with a velocity of 200 m/s. The inlet
area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2. The air leaves the
diffuser with a velocity that is very small compare to
the inlet velocity.

Determine
(1) The mass flow rate of the air and
(2) The temperature of the air leaving the
diffuser.

21
Example (4-10): Acceleration of
Steam in a Nozzle
Steam at 1.72 Mpa (250 psia) and 371C (700
F) steadily enters a nozzle whose inlet area
is 0.019 m2 (0.2 ft2.) The mass flow rate of
the steam through the nozzle is 4.54 kg/s
(10 lbm/s) . Steam leaves the nozzle at 1.38
Mpa (200 psia) with a velocity of 274.3 m/s
(900 ft/s). The heat losses from the nozzle
per unit mass of the steam are estimated to
be 2.8 KJ/kg (1.2 Btu/lbm).
Determine:
(a) the inlet velocity and
(b) the exit temperature of the steam.

Answers: a) 41.0 m/s or 134.4 ft/s,

b) 350 C or 661.9 F 22
Turbines
A turbine is a device that produces work at the
expense of temperature and pressure.
As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is done
against the blades, which are attached to a shaft. As a
result, the shaft rotates, and the turbine produces work.

23
24
25
26
Compressors Inlet

A compressor is a device that increases the

pressure of a fluid by adding work to the system.
Compressor
Work is supplied from an external source through a
rotating shaft. Win

Exit

27
28
29
30
 Turbines and Compressors

  

    
W wm  
Ve  Vi

2 2
Q  

m
W  e i2he eh i  ih
h h h
 ( kJ
( W / kg
g
)  z e )
 z i 

 
Is there work in this system? Yes!
Is there heat transfer? Negligible because of insulation. Exception: Internal
cooling in some compressors.

Does the fluid change elevation? NO

Does the kinetic energy change? Usually it can be ignored 31
Example (4-12): Power
Generation by a Steam Turbine
The power output of an adiabatic steam
turbine is 5 MW, and the inlet and the
exit conditions of the steam are as
indicated in the figure on the right.
a) Compare the magnitude of h, ke,
and pe.
b) Determine the work done per unit
mass of the steam flowing through the
turbine.
c) Calculate the mass flow rate of the
steam.
Answers: a) h = -885.9 kJ/kg,
ke = 14.95 kJ/kg, pe = -0.04 kJ/kg,
32
b) 871.0 kJ/kg, and c) 5.74 kg/s
Throttling Valve
A throttling valve reduces
the fluid pressure.

P1>P2

It is small device and thus

the flow through it may be
assumed adiabatic (q=0)
since there is neither
sufficient time nor large
enough area for any effective
heat transfer to occur.

33
 Throttling Valve



0  h e  hi 
Q  W  m he  hi 

2 
Ve hVei  hi

2 
 g ze  zi 
 2 
isenthalpic
 device 
Is there work in this system? NO
Is there heat transfer? Usually it can be ignored
Does the fluid change elevation? NO
Does the fluid change velocity? Usually it can be ignored
34
What happens to the fluid temperature
a cross throttling Valves ?

h1  h2
u1  p1v1  u2  p2v2
if p2v2  p1v1  u2  u1  T 
if p2v2  p1v1  u2  u1  T 
35
Throttling Valves (incompressible
substance )
For incompressible substance (like water),  is constant

v1  v2 and P1  P2 u1  p1v1  u2  p2v2

 p2v2  p1v1  u2  u1
T will rise
For incompressible substance only!
36
Throttling Valves (compressible
substance: Vapor)
Example (4-13): Expansion of Refrigerant-134a in a
Refrigerator
Refrigerant-134a enters the capillary tube of a
refrigerator as saturated liquid at 0.8 MPa and is
throttled to a pressure of 0.12 MPa.
Determine the quality of the refrigerant at the final state
and the temperature drop during this process.
<Answers: 0.339, -53.69oC>

37
Solution of Example: Expansion of Refrigerant-134a in a Refrigerator

Notice that T2 <T1

Mixing Chamber
Mixing two or more fluids is a
common engineering process

Mixing
Chamber

The mixing chamber does not have to

be a distinct “chamber.” An ordinary T-
elbow, or a Y-elbow in a shower, for
example, serves as the mixing
chamber for the cold- and hot-water
streams as shown in the figure (Left).

39
 Mixing Chamber
  
   

0   m h    m h 
    Ve2
   Vi 2

Qnet Wnet   mee he e 2  gze   i mi i hi  2  gzi 
   
   
We no longer have only one inlet and one exit stream
Is there any work done? No
Is there any heat transferred? No
Is there a velocity change? No

Is there an elevation change? No 40

Mixing Chamber Mixing
Chamber
 Material Balance

    
m  m i e m m m
1 2 3

 Energy balance
    
m h  m h m h  m h  m h
i i e e 1 1 2 2 3 3

41
Example(4-14): Mixing of Hot and Cold Waters in
a Shower
Consider an ordinary shower where
hot water at 140oF is mixed with cold
water at 50oF. If it is desired that a
steady stream of warm water at 110oF
be supplied, determine the ratio of
the mass flow rates of the hot to cold
water. Assume the heat losses from
the mixing chamber to be negligible
and the mixing to take place at a
pressure of 20 psia.

<Answer: 2.0> 42
Heat Exchanger

A heat exchanger is a
device where two moving
fluids exchange heat
without mixing.

43
Heat Exchangers

Your analysis approach will depend on how you define your system

44
 Heat Exchangers
System (a): entire HX
 Mass Balance
 Divide into two separate
streams with equal inlet
and outlet flow rates

m1  m 2 , m 3  m 4
 Energy balance
 Two inlets
 Two outlets

m1h1  m 3h3  m 2 h2  m 4 h4 45
 Heat Exchangers
System (b): Single stream
 Mass Balance
 Considering one single
stream with one inlet and
one outlet flow rates
m1  m 2
 Energy balance
 One inlet
 One outlet
 Plus heat transfer

Q  m 2 h2  m1h1 46
 Example: Cooling of Refrigerant-134a by Water
Refrigerant-134a is to be cooled by
water in a condenser. The refrigerant
enters the condenser with a mass
flow rate of 6 kg/min at 1 MPa and
70oC and leaves at 35oC. The cooling
water enters at 300 kPa and 15oC and
leaves at 25oC. Neglecting any
pressure drop, determine
(a) the mass flow rate of the cooling
water required and (b) the heat
transfer rate from the refrigerant to
water.

<Answers: a) 0.486 kg/s, b) 20.35 kJ/s> 47