Fourier Series

By: Mdm Chew Yee Ming

Outline
⚫ Periodic functions
⚫ Expansion of periodic function in Fourier
series
⚫ Odd and even functions
⚫ Fourier sine and Fourier cosine series
⚫ Half ranged Fourier sine and cosine
series

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 Fourier Series

Periodic Functions

Review of basic functions

a) Constant function b) Linear function

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 Review of basic functions

c) Quadratic function d) Absolute value function

Review integration by parts


Solve 2x sin( 2x ) dx u dv
2x + sin2x
2 −
cos 2 x
– 2
0 sin 2 x
−
4

 cos 2x   sin 2x 

 2x sin( 2x ) dx = 2x   −
 2 
 − 2−
 4 
 +C

sin 2 x
= − x cos 2 x + +C
2
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 Periodic functions
⚫ A function f(x) is said to be periodic if its
function values repeat at regular intervals of
the independent variables.
f ( x ) = f ( x + p)
where p is a constant and is called the period
of the function.

Periodic functions
f(t)

p
f(t)

p
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 Periodic functions
Examples: Sketch the following functions with the given period.
Hence, show two complete cycle of the functions.
a)  , − 2  x  0
f (x) =  , f ( x + 4) = f ( x )
−  , 0  x  2
x
2 , 0 x 
b) f ( x ) = 
 , f ( x + 2 ) = f ( x )
 − 1 x ,   x  2

 2
c) f ( x ) = 1 − x 2 , − 1  x  1

d) f ( x ) =  − x , −   x  

Graph of Periodic function

 , − 2  x  0
f (x) =  , f ( x + 4) = f ( x )
−  , 0  x  2

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 x
 , 0 x 

f (x) =  2 , f ( x + 2 ) = f ( x )
 − 1 x ,   x  2

 2

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f ( x ) = 1 − x 2, − 1  x  1

f (x) =  − x , −   x  

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Fourier series
L
1 1
a0 =
L  f ( x ) dx
−L

a0   nx nx 
f ( x) = +   an cos + bn sin 
2 n =1  L L 
2
 n x
3

L
1
an =  f ( x) cos  dx bn = 1  f ( x) sin n x  dx
L

L −L  L  L −L  L 

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 Review of trigonometry identity

sin(−  ) = − sin 
cos(−  ) = cos 

sin(n ) = 0
− 1, n = 1,3,5,...
cos(n ) =  = ( −1)n
1, n = 2,4,6,...

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Expansion Fourier series

Example 1: Given f ( x ) = x , 0  x  1, f ( x + 2) = f ( x )

a) Sketch the graph of f(x) for –3 < x < 3.

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 Solution Example 1
f(x)

x
-3 -1 1 3

2L = 2  L = 1

1
0 1
  x2 
1
1  

a0 =  0 dx +
1 −1  x dx
0


=   
 2 0
=   − 0
2 
=
2

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1  1
0 1
an =  0 cos(nx ) dx +
 0 x cos(n x )dx  = x cos(nx )dx

1 −1  0

u dv
x + cos(nx )

sin(nx )
 – n

0 cos(nx )
−
(n )2
1
 x  
an =  sin(nx ) + cos (nx ) 
 n (n )2 0

cos (n ) - 2
1  0  1 1
=  sin(n ) + 2 cos (n )  -  sin(0) + 2 cos (0) 
1 1
=
 n n    n n   n
2
n

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 1 
0 1 1
bn =  0 sin(nx ) dx +
 0 x sin (n x )dx  = 0 x sin(nx )dx
1 −1 

1
 − x  
cos(nx ) + ( )
u dv
bn =  sin nx 
x sin(nx ) (n )2
+  n 0
cos(nx )
 – −
n

0 sin(nx )
−
(n )2
 −1  0 
cos(n ) + 2 sin(n )  -  cos(0) + 2 sin(0) 
1 1
bn = 
 n n  n n 
− cos (n )
=
n
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a0   nx nx 
f ( x ) = +  an cos
2 n=1 
 L
+ bn sin
L 

1   1  cos(n ) 
f (x) =  +  (cos (n ) − 1)  cos(nx) −  sin(nx )
2  2  n=1 n 
2
 n 
  1  (− 1)n 
= + ((− 1) − 1)  cos(nx) −  sin(nx )
n

4 n=1 n 2  n 
 

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 Expansion Fourier series

Example 2: Given
− 1 , − 1  x  0
x

f ( x ) =  − 1, 0  x  2 , f ( x + 4) = f ( x )
2
2, 2 x 3
a) Sketch the graph of f(x) for -5 <x < 3 .
b) Expand f(x) in a Fourier series.

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#Task 6(6C):

1. Solve Que 1c, 3 and 6a in Exercise Chapter 3.

2. Submit solution que 3 in Microsoft Teams.

Discuss que 1c and 6a in week 9 during tutorial

time.

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