Chapter one

Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

The design and construction of SMPS inverter solar system is one of the

numerous breakthroughs in modern technology. As a result of the

incessant power outage we experience in the nation, it’s is enough to

inform us that every office, home and industry etc should have a backup

power source to prevent loss of data in times of power outage form the

national grid.

The project design is to ensure that there is uninterrupted power supply to

our computer system, appliances etc in case of power outage. Since

information are difficult to gather one will not like to lose them as a result

of power failure. The switch mode power supply inverter (SMPS) is a key

component in SMPS inverter solar system. It consists of electronic

components that perform the function of converting variable direct current

(DC) generated from battery or photovoltaic cell (PV) into clean sinusoidal

to 50 or 60 Hz alternating current (AC) that is then applied directly to the

cell (also called photovoltaic cell) is the smallest solid-state device that

converts the energy of sunlight directly into electricity through the

photovoltaic effect. A Photovoltaic (PV) module is an assembly of cells in

series or parallel to enlarge or increase voltage and/or current. A Panel is

an assembly of modules on a structure. An Array is an assembly of panels

at a site. Moreso, communications capability is included so users can

monitor the inverter and report on power and operating conditions, provide

and control the inverter grid connection.

The sun energy absorb by the solar panel is then stored inside the battery

as a charge with the use of a solar charge controller which regulate the

voltage of the solar panel to avoid overcharging of the battery. The charge

stored in battery is a direct current (DC) i.e charge that flow in one

direction. This stored charged is then converted to an alternating current

(AC) with the use of SMPS inverter, the inverter then produce an

alternating current at 220VAC to power appliance like computer, fan, Tv

and other home or industrial appliance. The SMPS inverter is equip with

some display to make it human readable.

1.2 Statement of Problem

as a less developed country, it is its electricity sector. Till date, many

households and businesses cannot be guaranteed of 24 hours supply of

electricity from the public grid. At this stage of Nigeria’s social and

economic development, the country cannot deliver adequate energy to the

citizens despite huge financial resources that have been expended in the

sector. Rather, Nigerians have continued to rely on electricity generators

for their power supply, fuel marketers are taking significant portion of

households’ and businesses’ incomes to supply power, noise pollution from

regular humming generators have become integral part of living for many

Nigerians with imaginable consequences on their health. Because of these

problems, there is a need to design and construct the SMPS inverter solar

system which will complement the electricity supply from the public grid. It

is less noisy and does not have any consequence(s) on human health.

(Lookman Oshodi 2014)

1.3 Aim and Objectives

1.3.1 Aim
The aim of this project is to design and construct a SMPS inverter solar

system.

1.4 Objectives

The objectives of this project are;

1. To provide efficiency, flexible, steadiness in the use of power appliances,

by ensuring continuous availability of power supply even in the absence of

mains.

2. To eliminate all suspense from mains outage during the execution of an

important and urgent assignment as may be required.

3. To design a simple and rugged technology; this will utilize the

appropriate use of home or local electrical appliances.

1.5 Scope of Study

The use of solar power has many advantages. First, the energy from the

sun is free and readily accessible in most parts of the world. Moreover, the

sun will keep shining until the world's end. Also, silicon from which most

photovoltaic cells are made is an abundant and nontoxic element (the

second most abundant material in the earth's crust).

produces no noise, harmful emissions or polluting gases. The burning of

natural resources for energy can create smoke, cause acid rain and pollute

water and air. Carbon dioxide, CO2, a leading greenhouse gas, is also

produced in the case of burning fuels. Solar power uses only the power of

the sun as its fuel. It creates no harmful by-product and contributes

actively to the reduction of global warming

The switch mode power supply (SMPS) inverter would be made up of

electronic components which are ready available in market. Very high-

efficiency levels are achieved as very little energy we dissipated as heat

because it use two different frequency i.e (high 40khz and low 50hz),

metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor for the amplification.

As a result of the high efficiency and low levels of heat dissipation, the

switch mode power supplies can be compact.

Switch mode power supply technology also provides high-efficiency voltage

conversions in voltage step-up or “Boost” applications and step down or

“Buck” applications.
This project involves the design and construction of a smps inverter Solar

PV (photovoltaic) system which involves a solar panel, battery and a SMPS

inverter. Furthermore, as a consumer is generating his or her own

electricity they also will benefit from a reduction in their electricity bills.

1.6 Significance of the Project

A switched-mode power supply (also switching-mode power supply and

SMPS) is an electronic power supply unit (PSU) that incorporates a

switching regulator. While a linear regulator maintains the desired output

voltage by dissipating excess power in a pass power transistor, the

switched-mode power supply switches a power transistor between

saturation (full on) and cutoff (completely off) with a variable duty cycle

whose average is the desired output voltage. It switches at a much-higher

frequency (tens to hundreds of kHz) than that of the AC line (mains),

which means that the transformer that it feeds can be much smaller than

one connected directly to the line/mains. Switching creates a rectangular

waveform that typically goes to the primary of the transformer; typically

several secondary feed rectifiers, series inductors, and filter capacitors to

provide various DC outputs with low ripple.

switching transistor dissipates little power in the saturated state and the off

state compared to the semiconducting state (active region). Other

advantages include smaller size and lighter weight (from the elimination of

low frequency transformers which have a high weight) and lower heat

generation due to higher efficiency.

Switched-mode power supply in domestic products such as personal

computers often have universal inputs, meaning that they can accept

power from most mains supplies throughout the world, with rated

frequencies from 50 Hz to 60 Hz and voltages from 100 V to 240 V

(although a manual voltage range switch may be required). In practice

they will operate from a much wider frequency range and often from a DC

supply as well.

In 2006, at an Intel Developers Forum, Google engineers proposed the

use of a single 12 V supply inside PCs, due to the high efficiency of switch

mode supplies directly on the PCB.

Most modern desktop and laptop computers already have a DC-DC

converter on the motherboard, to step down the voltage from the PSU or
the battery to the CPU core voltage, as low as 0.8 V for a low voltage CPU

to 1.2-1.5 V for a desktop CPU as of 2007. Most laptop computers also

have a DC-AC inverter to step up the voltage from the battery to drive the

backlight, typically around 1000 Vrms.

Certain applications, such as in automobile industry and in some industrial

settings, DC supply is chosen to avoid hum and interference and ease the

integration of capacitors and batteries used to buffer the voltage.

Most small aircraft use 28 V DC, but larger aircraft often use 120 V AC at

400 Hz, though they often have a DC bus as well.

In the case of TV sets, for example, one can test the excellent regulation of

the power supply by using a variac. For example, in some models made by

Philips, the power supply starts when the voltage reaches around 90 volts.

From there, one can change the voltage with the variac, and go as low as

40 volts and as high as 260 (known such case that voltage was 360), and

the image will show absolutely no alterations.

SMPS inverter: A switched-mode power supply (SMPS) is an electronic

circuit that converts power using switching devices that are turned on and

off at high frequencies, and storage components such as inductors or

capacitors to supply power when the switching device is in its non-

conduction state.

Solar panel: A Solar Panel is an assembly of modules on a structure.

Photovoltaic cell: A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell) is the

smallest solid-state device that converts the energy of sunlight directly into

electricity through the photovoltaic effect.

Direct current: (DC) is the unidirectional flow of an electric charge. Direct

current may flow through a conductor such as a wire.

Alternating current: (AC) is an electric current which periodically

reverses direction, in contrast to direct current (DC) which flows only in

one direction.