Topic 510

Section 510
Page 510.
VIKING ENGINEERING DATA Issue D
VIKING ROTARY PUMPS

OPERATE EQUALLY WELL
IN EITHER DIRECTION!
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PRINCIPLE AND HOW IT WORKS

Viking’s simple “gear-within-a-gear” principle has only two moving parts. It
is the secret of dependable, efficient operation of all positive displacement
Viking Rotary Pumps. The positive displacement of liquid is accomplished
by the complete filling of the spaces between the teeth of the rotor and idler
gears. The only limiting factor to peak performance in a Viking Pump, as with
all rotary pumps, is that the liquid pumped must be comparatively clean.
With every revolution of the pump shaft, a definite amount of liquid enters
the pump through the suction port. This liquid fills the spaces between the
teeth of the rotor and the idler. The crescent on the pump head splits the
1
flow of liquid as it is moved smoothly toward the discharge port. The idler
gear, which carries the liquid between its teeth and the inside surface of the
crescent, rotates on the pin supported by the pump head. The rotor gear,
The colored portion at left indicates the liquid as it which carries the liquid between its teeth, travels between the casing and the
enters the suction port area of the casing and the area outside surface of the crescent and is connected to the pump shaft. The four
between the rotor teeth and corresponding concave
area between the idler teeth. The two black arrows schematic drawings at right give a graphic illustration of flow characteristics
indicate the pump rotation and progress of the liquid. through the pump.
2 3 4
Notice the progress of the liquid through the pump and This illustration shows the pump in a nearly flooded This view shows the pump in a completely flooded
between the teeth of the “gear-within-a-gear” principle. condition just previous to the liquid being forced into condition and in the process of discharging the liquid
Also, note how the crescent shape on the head divides the discharge port area. Notice how the gear design of through the discharge port. The rotor and idler teeth
the liquid and acts as a seal between the suction and the idler and rotor form locked pockets for the liquid so mesh, forming a seal equidistant between the
discharge ports. as to guarantee absolute volume control. discharge and suction ports, forcing liquid out the
discharge port.
VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007

Section
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510
510.
VIKING ENGINEERING DATA
Issue D
CONTENTS
Page Page
PART 1. ROTARY PUMP STEP 6 – Determine the size of the
FUNDAMENTALS discharge piping..............................................12-17
INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 3 Figure 10 – Pressure losses from

pipe friction...................................................13-16
Figure 1 – Pressure comparison graph . ................ 3
Figure 11 – Friction loss in standard
HEAD – Static suction and discharge, total valves and fittings............................................. 12
suction, discharge and dynamic, Velocity
and Net Positive Suction Head .............................. 3 STEP 7 – Determine the horsepower required...17-19
Figure 2 – Installation showing various Figure 12 – Performance curve for a Viking pump
suction and discharge conditions......................... 4 model K124 handling 2,500 SSU liquid............ 18
Figure 3 – Installation showing total STEP 8 – Select the materials of construction........ 19

dynamic head . .................................................... 4 STEP 9 – Consider the temperature of the
VAPOR PRESSURE – Description and liquid pumped....................................................... 20
effect on installation ............................................... 4 STEP 10 – Select the mounting and drive
Figure 4 – Theoretical and maximum arrangement......................................................... 20
recommended suction lift for water PART 3. USEFUL ENGINEERING
at various temperatures °F................................... 5 INFORMATION
VISCOSITY – Description and effect on
installation............................................................... 5 Viscosity chart SAE crankcase oils......................... 21
Figure 5 – Percentage of rated speed for Viscosity chart fuel oils and kerosene..................... 21
various liquids ..................................................... 5 Viscosity – Temperature chart for sugar and
CAPACITY – Units.................................................... 5 corn syrups.......................................................... 22
HORSEPOWER AND EFFICIENCY – Conversion factors.................................................. 22
Description and units ............................................. 5 Comparative equivalents of liquid measures
Figure 6 – Viscosity conversion chart .................... 6 and weights.......................................................... 23
pH range................................................................. 23
PART 2. SELECTING THE CORRECT
VIKING PUMP IN 10 EASY STEPS Round vertical tank capacity in gallons................... 23
Pressure loss in smooth bore rubber hose............. 23
FORWARD – Example Problem . ............................. 8
Head and pressure equivalents.............................. 24
Figure 7 – Installation for example problem ........... 8
Atmospheric pressure at different altitudes............. 24
STEP 1 – Determine the capacity required
in gallons per minute............................................... 8 Comparison of vacuum and absolute
pressures at sea level.......................................... 24
STEP 2 – Determine the liquid viscosity at
the pumping temperature........................................ 8 Metric - English capacity units................................. 25
STEP 3 – Select the pump size ............................. 8-9 Metric - English pressure units................................ 25
Figure 8 – Approximate viscosity and Fahrenheit - centigrade conversion......................... 25
specific gravity of common liquids........................ 9 Properties of saturated steam................................. 25
STEP 4 – Select the type and class of pump............ 9 Resistance of valves and fittings to flow
Figure 9 – Pump Size Selection Diagram............. 10 of liquids............................................................... 26
STEP 5 – Determine the size of the suction Standard and extra strong pipe data....................... 26
piping............................................................... 11-12 Application data sheet...................... See last 2 pages

VIKING ENGINEERING DATA Section
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510
510.
ROTARY PUMP FUNDAMENTALS Issue D
INTRODUCTION into the figuring of head, so the following conversions

are given:
Before discussing terms used in pumping, first let us
consider how a pump “lifts” liquids (See Figure 1). Any psi = .49 x in. Hg.
liquid at rest in an open container at sea level is subject = Head in feet x specific gravity
to atmospheric (absolute) pressure of approximately 2.31
14.7 pounds per square inch (psi) which is the same as
0 psi gage pressure. When a pump, located above the in. Hg. = 2.04 x psi
liquid level and having a pipe connected to the suction = Head in feet x specific gravity x .88
port and extending down into the liquid, is started, the psi x 2.31
air in the suction line between the liquid and the pump Head in feet =
is removed by the pump. This reduces the pressure Specific Gravity
inside the pump to a point below atmospheric pressure. in. Hg.
The atmospheric pressure on the liquid outside the =
Specific Gravity x .88
pipe, being greater than the absolute pressure inside
the pipe, causes the liquid to rise inside the pipe. If the Head in feet in the above conversions means head in
pump would remove all of the air from the suction line, feet of the liquid pumped. Specific gravity is the weight
the liquid inside the pipe could rise to a height of 34 of any volume of a liquid divided by the weight of an
feet (equal to 14.7 psi) for a liquid with a specific gravity equal volume of water.
of 1.00. In actual practice, this height will be less than
Static Suction Lift — is the vertical distance in feet
34 feet due to the frictional resistance encountered
(expressed in psi) between the liquid level of the source
by the liquid traveling through the pipe and the vapor
of supply and the centerline of the pump when the pump
pressure of the liquid at the pumping temperature (to
is located above the liquid level of the source of supply.
be discussed later). Pressures below atmospheric are
See Figure 2, (A).
spoken of as vacuum and referred to in units of inches
of mercury (in. Hg.) Static Suction Head — is the vertical distance in feet
(expressed in psi) between the liquid level of the source
Definitions of supply and the centerline of the pump when the pump
Terms used in this bulletin are discussed here to help is located below the liquid level of the source of supply.
one more clearly understand the subject matter. See Figure 2, (B).
Friction Head — is the pressure (expressed in psi)
26
40 required to overcome frictional resistance of a piping
24
22
38 system to a liquid flowing through it. See Figure 2, (D).
36
20
18
34
32
Velocity Head — is the energy of the liquid (expressed
16
30 in psi) due to its rate of flow through the pipe. It can
14
12
28 usually be ignored because of its small value compared
GAGE PRESSURE, PSI
10
26
24
to the total head value.
8
22 Total Suction Lift — is the total pressure below
PRESSURE, PSI
atmospheric (expressed in in. Hg. or psi) at the suction

6
20
4
2
18
16
port when the pump is in operation and equals:
ATMOSPHERIC
PRESSURE
0 14.7
14 1. Static suction lift plus the frictional head or
ABSOLUTE
5 12 2. Frictional head minus the static suction head (if

frictional head is greater than static suction head)
VACUUM, IN. HG.
10 10
See Figure 3.
8
15
6
20
4 Total Suction Head — is the total pressure above
25 2 atmospheric (expressed in psi) at the suction port when
the pump is in operation and is equal to the static suction
29.92 0
FIG. 1 - Pressure and Vacuum Diagram head minus frictional head.

Static Discharge Head — is the vertical distance in feet
(expressed in psi) between the centerline of the pump
HEAD and the point of free delivery of the liquid. See Figure 2,
Units of Measuring Head — For rotary pumps, the (A), (B), and (C).
common unit of measurement is pound per square inch Total Discharge Head — is the sum of the frictional
(psi). For a suction lift, the value is referred to as inches head in the discharge line (discharge frictional head)
of mercury (in. Hg.). Vertical distance in feet often enters and the static discharge head. See Figure 3.

Section
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510
510.
Issue D
ROTARY PUMP FUNDAMENTALS
Total Static Head — is the sum of the static suction lift As mentioned before, when cavitation occurs in the
and the static discharge head or the difference between handling of any liquid, capacity is reduced and the
the static discharge head and the static suction head. pump may be expected to be noisy and vibrate. With
See Figure 2, (A), (B) and (C). cavitation, the higher the discharge pressure, the more
Total Dynamic Head — is the sum of the total discharge noisy the pump will be.
head and total suction lift or the difference between the
total discharge head and total suction head. See Figure 3.
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) — is the pressure
in feet of liquid absolute measured at the pump suction
port, less the vapor pressure. For additional discussion STATIC
TOTAL
STATIC
on NPSH, see Application Data Sheet AD-19. DISCHARGE
HEAD
HEAD
TOTAL
STATIC
STATIC
DISCHARGE
VAPOR PRESSURE* HEAD
CENTERLINE
HEAD
Vapor Pressure and Units — All liquids will boil or OF

PUMP
vaporize with the proper combination of temperature
and pressure. As the pressure is reduced, boiling will STATIC SUCTION LIFT
CENTERLINE
occur at a lower temperature. For example, water boils (A)
STATIC
SUCTION
(B)
OF
PUMP
at atmospheric pressure at sea level (14.7 psi) at 212°F. This Installation Shows Static Suction
HEAD
This Installation Shows Static Suction
At an elevation of 10,000 feet the atmospheric pressure Lift With Free Discharge Head With Free Discharge
is reduced to 10.0 psi and water will boil at 193°F. As
boiling takes place, vapor is given off by the liquid. PIPE & FITTINGS
For most common liquids at room temperature, boiling

occurs at pressures below atmospheric pressure. As STATIC
the pressure on liquids in the suction line is decreased DISCHARGE
HEAD TOTAL
(vacuum increased), a pressure is reached at which STATIC
HEAD
the liquid boils. This pressure is known as the vapor
CENTERLINE CENTERLINE
pressure of the liquid. If the pressure in the suction line OF OF
PUMP PUMP
is further decreased (vacuum increased), both vapor
and liquid will enter the pump and the capacity of the STATIC SUCTION LIFT
pump will be reduced. In addition, the vapor bubbles in (C) (D)

the pump, when entering the pressure or discharge side This Installation Shows Static Suction This Installation Shows Pipe
of the pump, will be collapsed by the pressure resulting Lift With Discharge to Bottom of Tank Friction Losses
in noise and vibration. The rapid formation of vapor in

the suction line and suction port along with their sudden
FIG. 2 - Installations Showing Various Suction and
collapse is called cavitation.
Discharge Conditions
For liquids which evaporate readily, such as gasoline,
cavitation may occur with only a few inches mercury
vacuum while for liquids which do not evaporate readily,
such as lubricating oils, cavitation may not occur until a TOTAL DYNAMIC HEAD
vacuum of 18 inches mercury or higher is reached.

Effect on Pump and Installation — The theoretical FRICTION
HEAD
height to which a liquid can be lifted at any temperature

is the difference between atmospheric pressure and TOTAL
DISCHARGE
HEAD
the vapor pressure of the liquid at that temperature, STATIC
DISCHARGE
when both values of pressure are expressed in feet of the FRICTION HEAD
HEAD
liquid.
The suction lift practical for actual pumping installations
STATIC
SUCTION
TOTAL LIFT
is considerably below the theoretical value given above. SUCTION

LIFT
Figure 4 has been prepared to show the theoretical

suction lift of water and the maximum recommended for
water at various temperatures. As elevations above sea
level increase, atmospheric pressure decreases and
the maximum suction lifts permitted are reduced.
FIG. 3 - Typical Installation Showing Total Dynamic Head
* For additional discussion on Vapor Pressure,
see Application Data Sheet AD-19.

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510
510.
ROTARY PUMP FUNDAMENTALS Issue D
212 120
200
TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES FAHR.
THEORETICAL 110
180 CATALOG RATED SPEED
100
OPERATING SPEED IN PERCENT

160
90
140
80
120 70
MAXIMUM RECOMMENDED
100 60
80 50
60
40
30
40
12 8 4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
20
SUCTION HEAD (FT.) SUCTION LIFT (FT.)
10
FIG. 4 - Theoretical and Maximum Recommended 50 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Suction Lift for Water at Various Temperatures °F. VISCOSITY IN SECONDS SAYBOLT UNIVERSAL
FIG. 5 - Percentage of Rated Speed for Viscous Liquids
VISCOSITY
Viscosity and Units — Viscosity may be defined as Under some conditions, with high viscosity liquids, it
the resistance of a fluid to flow. In the United States the may be better to relocate the pump to obtain a static
most widely used instrument for measuring viscosity is suction head rather than to have a static suction lift.
the Saybolt Universal viscosimeter. In this instrument, This relocation will help guarantee filling of the tooth
adopted by the American Society for Testing Materials, spaces of the idler and rotor during the time they are
the time required for a given quantity of fluid to flow exposed to the suction port and result in improved pump
through a capillary tube is measured. This time, in performance.
seconds, gives a result in terms of Seconds Saybolt For additional discussion on Viscosity and its effect on
Universal (SSU). For high viscosities, a Saybolt Furol Pump Selection, see Application Data Sheet AD-3.
viscosimeter is used that gives a result in terms of
Seconds Saybolt Furol (SSF). SSF x 10 = SSU. CAPACITY
Conversions from other viscosity units to SSU are Capacity Units — The capacity is measured in terms of
shown in Figure 6 on the following page. US gallons per minute or gpm.
Effect on Pump Installation — The viscosity of the
liquid is a very important factor in the selection of a pump.
It is the determining factor in frictional head, motor size HORSEPOWER AND
required and speed reduction necessary. Frequently, EFFICIENCY
for high viscosity liquids, it is more economical to use Horsepower and Units — The work required to drive
a large pump operating at a reduced speed since the the pump or the power input is designated as brake
original higher total installation cost is more than offset horsepower or Pin. Power output or Pout may be com-
by reduced maintenance and subsequent longer life of puted by the formula:
the unit. Figure 5 shows the percentage of rated speed
used for pumping liquids of various viscosities. gals. per min. x total dynamic head in psi
Compared to other types of pumps, the rotary pump is Pout =
1715
best able to handle high viscosity liquids. The following
tabulation shows the approximate maximum viscosity
liquids that can be handled with various type pumps: Friction in the pump is the main loss of power so that
the power output is always less than the power input.
Centrifugal................................................. 3,000 SSU Pump efficiency is defined as power output divided by
Reciprocating............................................ 5,000 SSU power input or:
Rotary................................................. 2,000,000 SSU
The theoretical maximum allowable static suction lift is Pout
Efficiency =
equal to 14.7 psi minus the frictional head. If the frictional Pin
head is high, an increase in suction piping size and port gals. per min. x total dynamic head in psi
Pin =
size will reduce the frictional head and allow a greater 1715 x Efficiency
static suction lift. On high viscosity liquids, the reduction
of pump speed will also reduce frictional head and allow
a greater static suction lift.

Section
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510
510.
Issue D
ROTARY PUMP FUNDAMENTALS
FIG. 6 - VISCOSITY CONVERSION CHART

Centistokes
Redwood 1
Redwood 2
(Admiralty)
Cup No. 10
Cup No. 15
Cup No. 20
(Standard)
& Lambert
Universal,
Kinematic
Cup No. 7
Ford Cup
Ford Cup
Viscosity
Seconds
Seconds
Seconds
Seconds
Seconds
Seconds
Seconds
Seconds
Seconds
Seconds
Seconds
Seconds
Degrees
Degrees
Saybolt
Saybolt
Barbey
Engler
Engler
Parlin
Parlin
Parlin
Parlin
Furol,
No. 3
No. 4
Pratt
SSU
SSF
“F”
1 54 1.0 20
32
56
2 30 1.1
35 25
60
3
1.2
40 4 35
5 70
1.4 2.5
45 40
6 30
50 80 1.6
8
50 90
60 10 1.8
5.0
100 35
70 60 2
80 70 3.0
90 5.5
100 80 3
20 90
40
100
18 200 5
4
30 6.0
20 15 45 3.5
5
40 25
200 300 6 6
200 20 6.5
50 115
7
30 60 25 400 8 25 50
300 9 7
300 30 500 7.0 4.0
40 10
80
400 600
400 40 8
50 100 700 50 75 7.5
500 50 25
500 50 800
600 60 9 4.5
900
700 70 600 60 1,000 20
80 75 50 10 100
800 700 70 10
900 90 200 800 80
1,000 100 30
900 90 25
1,000 100 100 50 5.0
75 200
300 2,000 40 15
15
50 150 100
400 15
300 100 7.5
2,000 200 3,000 60
2,000 200 200 20
500
70 25
600 4,000 80 150 10 10
3,000 300 90
3,000 300 5,000 100 30
800 300 200
4,000 400 15
1,000 50 40
4,000 400 7,000 400 200
5,000 500 300 5
5,000 500 500 20
6,000 600
7,000 700 6,000 600 10,000 200 60
400 75 4.3 300 25
7,000 700 700
8,000 800 2,000 8,000 800 500 80 30
9,000 900 100 3.75
10,000 1,000 10,000 1,000 300
1,000 3.3 500 100
700 40
3,000 20,000 400 800 150
1,200 2.4 50
150
500 1,500 750
4,000 1,000
10,000 2,000 30,000 600 1,700 1,200 200 1.5 950 200 70
20,000 2,000
5,000
6,000 40,000 800
3,000
30,000
8,000
30,000 3,000 50,000 1,000 CONVERSION FACTORS
40,000 4,000 60,000
50,000 5,000
10,000 40,000 4,000 70,000 Centipoises
50,000 5,000 Centistokes =
60,000 6,000
60,000 6,000 100,000 2,000
Specific Gravity
80,000 8,000
20,000 80,000 8,000
SSU* = Centistokes x 4.55
100,000 10,000
100,000 10,000
3,000
Degrees Engler* = Centistokes x 0.132
30,000 200,000 4,000 Seconds Redwood 1* = Centistokes x 4.05
200,000 20,000
40,000
300,000
5,000
* Where Centistokes are greater than 50
200,000 20,000 6,000
50,000

Page
510
510.
SELECTING THE CORRECT VIKING PUMP — IN 10 EASY STEPS Issue D
____RESULTS____
A SATISFACTORY
VIKING PUMP
FOR EACH APPLICATION
❿ SELECT THE MOUNTING AND DRIVE

ARRANGEMENT
❾ LIQUID BEING PUMPED

CONSIDER THE TEMPERATURE OF THE
❽ SELECT THE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
❼ DETERMINE THE HORSEPOWER REQUIRED
❻ DETERMINE
PIPING
THE SIZE OF THE DISCHARGE
❺ DETERMINE THE SIZE OF THE SUCTION

PIPING
❹ SELECT THE TYPE AND CLASS OF PUMP

FIGS. 10 & 11
❸
FIGS. 12
SELECT THE PUMP SIZE

FIGS. 10 & 11
❷ DETERMINE THE LIQUID VISCOSITY AT THE

FIGS. 5 & 8
PUMPING TEMPERATURE
FIG. 9
DETERMINE THE CAPACITY REQUIRED

❶ IN GALLONS PER MINUTE (GPM) OR
CUBIC METERS PER HOUR (m3hr)

Section
Page
510
510.
Issue D
SELECTING THE CORRECT VIKING PUMP — IN 10 EASY STEPS
FOREWORD STEP 1
The purpose of this section “Selecting the Correct
Viking Pump in 10 Easy Steps” is to provide a means of Determine the Capacity Required in Gallons Per Minute
systematically arriving at the proper final pump selection Since desired capacity is not always known in terms
with a minimum of effort. Reference to the terms defined of gallons per minute, a few common conversions are
in the “Introduction” will aid in understanding this section. listed below:
Consult the factory when in doubt on any point in the
US gpm = .7 x barrels per hour (bph)
selection of a pump.
To aid in following the explanation, an example = .0292 x bbls. per day (bpd)
problem is given below. The example problem will be pounds per hour
=
followed through each of the “Ten Easy Steps” and the specific gravity x 500
selection of the proper pump for the application will be = 1.2 x Imperial GPM
given. One barrel is considered to contain 42 US or 35
Example: (See FIG. 7) Imperial Gallons. For other volumetric conversions, see
A canning factory desires to add syrup to a cooking Page 22.
kettle at the rate of 448 pounds of syrup per minute. Example:
The syrup must be taken from a basement storage tank The capacity required in gallons per minute is given
and delivered to the cooking kettle located on the third by the formula:
floor. The basement temperature will reach a minimum pounds per hour
of 60°F. at which temperature the syrup will have a US GPM =
specific gravity x 500
viscosity of 3,000 SSU. The specific gravity of the syrup
at 60°F. is 1.36. For a liquid of this viscosity, the pump 448 x 60
US GPM =
would usually be located in the basement below the 1.36 x 500
storage tank, however, space limitations prevent this US GPM = 40
and the pump must be located on the first floor. The
desired piping arrangement and dimensions are shown
on Figure 7. Select the proper size pipe and pump unit STEP 2
for this application.
Determine the Liquid Viscosity at the
Pumping Temperature (Lowest)
Viscosities of some common liquids are listed in
Figure 8 to aid in the viscosity determination of the
liquid pumped. For conversion to SSU from other units
of viscosity measurement, refer to Figure 6.
If it is impossible to determine the liquid viscosity, a
sample of the material may be sent to Viking Pump,
Inc., Cedar Falls, Iowa, where an accurate viscosity
determination will be made in the laboratory. A minimum
of one pint of liquid is needed for this purpose. In
submitting a sample, always specify the temperature at
which the liquid will be pumped.
Example:
The viscosity, in SSU, of the syrup is given.
SSU = 3,000
STEP 3
Select the Pump Size

When the capacity required in gpm and the viscosity
in SSU at the pumping temperature are known, the
proper size pump can be selected from Figure 9.
Note: Figure 9 is presented as an illustrative example,
FIG. 7 - Installation for Example Problem only.

Page
510
510.
FIG. 8 - APPROXIMATE VISCOSITIES & SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF COMMON LIQUIDS

Specific Temp., Viscosity Temp., Specific Temp., Viscosity Temp., Specific Temp., Viscosity Temp.,
LIQUID Gravity °F. SSU °F. LIQUID Gravity °F. SSU °F. LIQUID Gravity °F. SSU °F.
Asphalt No. 2 Fuel Oil* . . . . . . . . .88 60 43 70 Rosin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 60 1,500 100
Virgin* . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.03 60 7,500 250 37 100 600 130
2,000 300 No. 3 Fuel Oil* . . . . . . . . .88 60 40 100 Sesame . . . . . . . . . . . .92 60 190 100
Blended 36 130 110 130
RC-1, MC-1 No. 5A Fuel Oil* . . . . . . . .88 60 90 100 Soya Bean . . . . . . . . . .94 60 170 100
or SC-1* . . . . . . . . . 1.0 60 3,700 100 60 130 100 130
RC-3, MC-3 1,100 122 No. 5B Fuel Oil* . . . . . . . .88 60 250 100 Turpentine . . . . . . . . . .86 60 33 60
or SC-3* . . . . . . . . . 1.0 60 9,000 122 175 130 32 100
3,700 140 No. 6 Fuel Oil* . . . . . . . . .88 60 1,700 122 Syrups
RC-5, MC-5 500 160 Corn* . . . . . . . . . . . 1.43 100 250,000 100
or SC-5* . . . . . . . . . 1.0 60 55,000 140 SAE No. 10* . . . . . . . . . . .91 60 200 100 30,000 130
4,500 180 105 130 Sugar . . . . . . . . . 1.29 60 230 70
Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 70 31 70 SAE No. 30* . . . . . . . . . . .91 60 490 100 (60 Brix) 90 100
Glucose* . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 60 70,000 100 220 130 1.30 60 300 70
7,500 150 SAE No. 50* . . . . . . . . . . .91 60 1,300 100 (62 Brix) 110 100
Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.25 70 3,000 70 90 210 1.31 60 450 70
800 100 SAE No. 70* . . . . . . . . . . .91 60 2,700 100 (64 Brix) 150 100
Glycol: 140 210 1.32 60 650 70
Propylene . . . . . . . . . . 1.04 70 240 70 SAE No. 90 (66 Brix) 200 100
Triethylene . . . . . . . . . 1.13 70 190 70 (Trans.)* . . . . . . . . . . . .91 60 1,200 100 1.34 60 1,000 70
Diethylene . . . . . . . . . 1.12 70 150 70 400 130 (68 Brix) 280 100
Ethylene . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13 70 90 70 SAE No. 140 1.35 60 1,700 70
Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.03 70 33 70 (Trans.)* . . . . . . . . . . . .91 60 1,600 130 (70 Brix) 400 100
Molasses 160 210 1.36 60 2,700 70
“A”* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.43 60 12,000 100 SAE No. 250 (72 Brix) 650 100
4,500 130 (Trans.)* . . . . . . . . . . . .91 60 Over 2,300 130 1.38 60 5,500 70
“B”* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.45 60 33,000 100 Over 200 210 (74 Brix) 1,150 100
9,000 130 Vegetable 1.39 60 10,000 70
“C”* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.48 60 130,000 100 Castor . . . . . . . . . . . . .97 60 1,300 100 (76 Brix) 2,000 100
(Blackstrap) 40,000 130 500 130 Tar
Oils China Wood . . . . . . . . .94 160 1,400 70 Coke Oven* . . . . . . . . 1.12 60 5,000 70
Petroleum 600 100 1,000 100
Crude Coconut . . . . . . . . . . . .93 60 140 100 Gas House* . . . . . . . . 1.24 60 150,000 70
(Penn.)* . . . . . . . . . .82 60 130 60 80 130 11,000 100
60 100 Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 60 140 130 Road
Crude 50 212 RT-2* . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.07 60 250 122
(Texas. .85 60 400 60 Cotton Seed . . . . . . . . .90 60 170 100 60 212
Okla.)* 120 100 100 130 RT-6* . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.09 60 1,500 122
Crude Linseed, Raw . . . . . . . .93 60 140 100 110 212
(Wyo. .87 60 650 60 90 130 RT-10* . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.14 60 40,000 122
Mont.)* 180 100 Olive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 60 200 100 300 212
Crude 110 130 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 60 32 70
(Calif.)* . . . . . . . . . .85 60 2,600 60 Palm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 60 220 100
* Values given are average values and the actual
380 100 125 130
viscosity may be greater or less than the value
No. 1 Fuel .88 60 37 70 Peanut . . . . . . . . . . . . .92 60 200 100
Oil* 34 100 110 130 given.
It includes some of the Pump sizes which cover the Following the example below, using Figure 9 on Page
entire capacity range that can be handled by Viking 10, the intersection of 40 GPM and 3,000 SSU falls in
Pumps. the zone of a K size pump.
Viking’s varied product line occasionally offers an Example: (Dotted Line)
alternate choice of pump sizes depending upon the Viscosity, SSU . ........................................................... 3,000
application and the type of pump desired. Capacity, GPM .................................................................. 40
Refer to specific section(s) of the catalog for complete Basic Pump Size . ...............................................................K
performance data and specifications on particular pump
models, series and sizes.
STEP 4
A. Locate the capacity required along the left edge of
the chart. Select the Type and Class of Pump
B. Locate the viscosity of the liquid along the bottom After the pump size has been determined, the choice
edge of the chart. of a type of pump will depend on several factors.
C. Follow the capacity line horizontally and the viscosity To serve the needs of all industries and pump users,
line vertically until they intersect. Viking pumps are grouped by types to serve the num-
erous needs of the users. These pump types, together
D. The zone in which these lines intersect denotes the
with pressure limitations are to be found in the catalog.
correct size pump for the application.
As the name implies, General Purpose pumps are
E. If the point of intersection of the capacity and vis- used for normal duty operation and where pressures are
cosity lines lies to the right of the solid vertical line not excessive. For continuous duty at higher pressures,
A-A, a steel fitted pump or one of equal strength the Heavy-Duty pump fulfills the job.
must be used. Intersection points to the left of the The liquid handled is often instrumental in the selection
line A-A indicate a pump of standard construction of a type of pump. Milk should be handled by a Sanitary
may be used. pump, propane by an LP Gas pump, etc.

Section
Page
510
510.10
Issue D
PUMP SIZE SELECTION DIAGRAM
Standard Construction Steel Fitted
P/RS
1000
N
QS
LS
L/LQ/LL M
100 LL
KK
L/LQ
K
Capacity
(GPM)
HL
K
H
10
H
FH
F
1
0.1
10 20 100 160 550 1000 1600 5400 10000 16000 54000 100000
( 100 SSU) ( 750 SSU) ( 2500 SSU) ( 7500 SSU) ( 25000 SSU) ( 75000 SSU) ( 250000 SSU)
Viscosity (cSt)
FIG. 9
VIKING MODEL NUMBER SYSTEM

The Viking Model Number System hinges on a number of These letters are as follows and most appear in the
basic letters which stand for the pump size or capacity. chart above.
Pump
Letter L or
Size C F FH G GG H HJ HL AS AK AL K KK LQ LL LS Q M QS N R P RS
GPM ½ 1½ 3 5 10 15 20 30 50 50 75 75 100 135 140 200 300 420 500 600 1100 1500 1600
RPM 1800 1800 1800 1200 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1200 1200 780 780 640 520 640 520 420 520 350 280 230 280
NOTE: Nominal capacities and rated speeds may vary depending upon pump series.

Page
510
510.11
For clean liquids of low to medium viscosities at low Determining NPSHr values for Viking pumps, over the
to medium temperatures, the mechanical seal pumps wide range of speeds and viscosities they are used for, is
are desirable. Packed pumps with special packing are a large undertaking and a great deal of NPSHr data has
usually recommended for applications involving high been and continues to be, accumulated. However, the
temperatures, high viscosities. Pumps with special following discussion is intended as a general guideline
wear resistant features are available for handling liquids and refers to allowable vacuum gage readings in in.
containing abrasive particles. Hg. which is in keeping with rotary pump application
Insurance Underwriters or city or state law require- traditions.
ments may determine the choice of an Underwriters Since many pump application problems are related to
Approved pump when handling flammable liquids. the suction side of the pump, it is always good to practice
Example: to pay particular attention to this portion of the proposed
Two types of pumps could be selected, the General installation. Feel free to contact your Viking distributor,
Purpose or the Heavy-Duty. For long life and continuous Viking sales representative or the factory for answers to
duty, the Heavy-Duty pump would be the choice. The questions you may have regarding this matter.
final decision, in this case, need not be made until the For ideal pumping conditions, the total suction lift
total discharge head is calculated. should never exceed 15 in. Hg. when pumping non-
volatile liquids (See “Vapor Pressure”). For volatile
liquids, the total suction lift should never exceed 10
STEP 5 in. Hg., becoming less as the vapor pressure of the
liquid increases.
Determine the Size of the Suction Piping Considering non-volatile liquids, the static suction lift,
The use of ample size suction piping is a prime in psi, must first be subtracted from the allowable 15 in.
requirement of a good installation. This is especially Hg. (7.4 PSI)* to obtain the allowable PSI friction head
true for viscous liquids, previously discussed under the for the suction line (A).
heading “Viscosity.” Referring to Figure 10, determine if the flow of liquid
When considering the suction side of a pump in- in the suction piping will be laminar or turbulent by
stallation, reference is often made to Net Positive following the capacity line horizontally and the viscosity
Suction Head (NPSH) which was defined in the fun- line vertically until they intersect.
damentals section. For laminar flow, disregard friction losses for fittings
NPSH is the energy that forces liquid into the pump. and valves. Divide the allowable PSI friction head for
Determining the Net Positive Suction Head Available suction line (A) by the total length of suction pipe to
(NPSHa) on an existing pumping system involves obtain the maximum allowable loss in PSI per foot
measuring the absolute pressure at the suction port of suction pipe for laminar flow (B). From Figure 10,
by means of a gage and subtracting the liquid’s vapor select the pipe size having a per foot friction loss less
pressure at the pumping temperature. To calculate than the maximum allowable loss per foot of suction
NPSHa for an existing or proposed installation, de- pipe for laminar flow (B).
termine the absolute pressure above the source of For turbulent flow, assume the suction port size as the
liquid, add the suction head or subtract the suction lift, proper size suction pipe and determine the equivalent
subtract the piping friction losses and the liquid’s vapor lengths of straight pipe for the valves and fittings from
pressure. Remember all measurements and calculations Figure 11. Add these values to the length of straight
are expressed in feet of liquid pumped. suction pipe to obtain the total equivalent length of
For a given pump with specific operating conditions a straight suction pipe (C). Divide the allowable PSI
minimum value of NPSH is required to assure desirable friction head for suction line (A) by the total equivalent
full flow operation. This is referred to as the Net Positive length of straight suction pipe (C) to obtain the
Suction Head Required (NPSHr) for the pump and can maximum allowable PSI loss per foot of suction pipe
be determined only by closely controlled testing. for turbulent flow (D). If the maximum allowable PSI
If the NPSHa on a proposed installation does not loss per foot of suction pipe for turbulent flow (D) is
exceed the NPSHr, the pump may operate in a “starved” greater than the value given in Figure 10, the correct
condition or will cavitate, as discussed previously. size suction pipe has been selected. If the maximum
The effects of such a condition may vary from a slight allowable PSI loss per foot of suction pipe for turbulent
reduction in expected capacity to serious vibration, flow (D) is less than the value given in Figure 10, repeat
extremely noisy operation and/or abnormal wear. the above process for the next larger pipe size until the
Many Viking pumps are called upon to operate with maximum allowable PSI loss per foot of suction pipe
marginal suction conditions and do so successfully. for turbulent flow (D) becomes greater than the value
Frequently it is possible to obtain pumps with oversize given in Figure 10 for the pipe size checked.
ports to aid in reducing NPSHr. *See * on page 510.12

Section
Page
510
510.12
Issue D
FRICTION LOSS IN STANDARD VALVES AND FITTINGS

TABLE GIVES EQUIVALENT LENGTHS IN FEET OF STRAIGHT PIPE
NOMINAL PIPE DIAMETER

TYPE OF FITTING
½” ¾” 1” 1¼” 1½” 2” 2½” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10”
Gate Valve (open) .35 .50 .60 .80 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.3 2.8 3.5 4.5 5.7
Globe Valve (open) 17 22 27 38 44 53 68 80 120 140 170 220 280
Angle Valve (open) 8 12 14 18 22 28 33 42 53 70 84 120 140
Standard Elbow 1.5 2.2 2.7 3.6 4.5 5.2 6.5 8.0 11.0 14 16 21 26
Medium Sweep Elbow 1.3 1.8 2.3 3.0 3.6 4.6 5.5 7.0 9.0 12.0 14.0 18.0 22.0
Long Sweep Elbow 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.3 2.8 3.5 4.3 5.2 7.0 9.0 11.0 14.0 17.0
Tee (straight thru) 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.3 2.8 3.5 4.3 5.2 7.0 9.0 11.0 14.0 17.0
Tee (right angle flow) 3.2 4.5 5.7 7.5 9.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 22.0 27.0 33.0 43.0 53.0
Return Bend 3.5 5.0 6.0 8.5 10.0 13.0 15.0 18.0 24.0 30.0 37.0 50.0 63.0
For other values, see page 26.
FIG. 11
STEP 6
Example:
Since sugar syrup may be considered non-volatile, a Determine the Size of the Discharge Piping
total suction lift of 15 in. Hg. (7.4 PSI) may be used. The method of selection of the proper size discharge
Considering a minimum amount of syrup in the storage pipe is much the same as the method used in the
tank, the static suction lift is eight feet of syrup. This selection of the proper size suction pipe. In the choice of
equals 8 x 1.36 or 4.7 PSI. The allowable PSI friction head the suction pipe size, the maximum allowable vacuum
2.31 (15 in. Hg. or 7.4 PSI for non-volatile liquids) is used as
is then 7.4 PSI – 4.7 PSI, or 2.7 PSI. Referring to figure the basis of calculations. For the discharge pipe, the
10, for 40 GPM and 3,000 SSU, the flow is indicated to maximum allowable discharge pressure value for the
be laminar and no losses need to be taken into account type of pump selected (See Step 4) is used as the basis
for the valves and fittings. The allowable friction head of calculations.
(A) divided by the total length of suction pipe is equal to The static discharge head, in PSI, is first subtracted
2.7 from the maximum allowable discharge pressure to
or .225 PSI per foot of suction pipe (B), the maximum
12 obtain the allowable PSI friction head for the discharge
allowable loss per foot of suction pipe. From figure 10,
line (E).
for 40 GPM and 3,000 SSU, the pipe size having a per
Since the suction and discharge pipe may be of
foot friction loss less than .225 PSI is 3 inch which has
different size, it is again necessary to determine if the
a loss of .111 PSI per foot of pipe (Loss equals .082
flow will be laminar or turbulent in the discharge piping.
times the specific gravity of the syrup 1.36 or .111 PSI
Proceed as in Step 5, using first a pipe size equal to the
per foot).
discharge port size.
“K” size pumps are furnished as standard with casings
For laminar flow, disregard losses for fittings and
featuring 2 inch tapped ports so it will be necessary to
valves. Divide the allowable PSI friction head for
use a 3 inch x 2 inch reducing coupling at the pump
discharge line (E) by the total length of discharge pipe
suction port with the remainder of the piping being 3
to obtain the maximum allowable PSI loss per foot of
inch size.
discharge pipe for laminar flow (F). If the calculated
Having determined the size of the suction pipe, the
maximum allowable loss (F) is less than the value
total suction lift may be determined by adding the static
given in Figure 10 for the discharge port size, check
suction lift and friction head or:
larger pipe sizes until the pressure loss value given is
Static suction lift........................................... 4.7 PSI
less than (F).
Friction head (.111 PSI per foot x 12 feet).... 1.33 PSI
For turbulent flow, using a pipe size equal to the
Total suction lift . .......................................... 6.03 PSI
discharge port size, determine the equivalent lengths
This value is less than the allowable 7.4 PSI Total
of straight pipe for the valves and fittings from Figure
Suction lift illustrating that the selection of 3 inch suction
11. Add these values to the length of straight discharge
pipe is correct.
pipe to obtain the total equivalent length of straight
The total suction lift will be used later to help determine
discharge pipe (G). Divide the allowable PSI friction
the horsepower required to drive this pump.
head for discharge line (E) by the total equivalent
* For a static suction head (pump below the liquid source) the value of the length of straight discharge pipe (G) to obtain the
static suction head should be added to the 15 in. Hg. or 7.4 PSI allowable. maximum allowable PSI loss per foot of discharge pipe

Page
510
510.13
FIG. 10 PRESSURE LOSSES FROM PIPE FRICTION

(New Schedule 40 Steel Pipe)
Loss in Pounds Per Square Inch Per Foot of Pipe*
VISCOSITY, SSU
PIPE 32
GPM SIZE (Water) 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000
⅜ .033 .050 .14 .28 .60 .87 1.2 1.5 3.3 4.5 6.0 7.5 8.8
½ .013 .020 .055 .11 .24 .35 .47 .60 1.3 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.5 4.2 5.0 5.4 6.0
1½ ¾ .0038 .0065 .018 .038 .080 .12 .16 .20 .40 .60 .80 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
1 .0010 .0025 .0070 .015 .030 .045 .060 .075 .15 .23 .30 .36 .45 .52 .60 .67 .73
½ .060 .10 .13 .27 .56 .85 1.1 1.4 2.8 4.3 5.6 7.0 8.5 9.8
¾ .014 .015 .044 .090 .18 .28 .36 .45 .90 1.4 1.9 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.7 4.1 4.6
3½ 1 .0045 .0060 .016 .035 .070 .10 .13 .18 .35 .50 .70 .85 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.6 1.8
1¼ .0011 .0020 .0055 .011 .023 .035 .046 .059 .12 .17 .24 .29 .34 .40 .46 .52 .59
¾ .029 .045 .060 .13 .26 .40 .52 .65 1.3 2.0 2.6 3.2 4.0 4.5 5.2 6.0 6.5
1 .0090 .0092 .018 .050 .10 .15 .20 .25 .50 .72 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.5
5 1¼ .0022 .0028 .0079 .016 .033 .050 .066 .083 .17 .25 .33 .41 .50 .56 .66 .72 .83
1½ .0012 .0015 .0041 .0090 .018 .027 .036 .045 .090 .13 .18 .23 .27 .32 .36 .40 .45
¾ .055 .075 .090 .18 .36 .55 .73 .90 1.8 2.8 3.6 4.5 5.5 6.2 7.3 8.1 9.0
1 .016 .025 .032 .070 .14 .21 .28 .35 .70 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.5 2.8 3.1 3.5
7 1¼ .0040 .009 .011 .023 .046 .070 .092 .11 .23 .35 .46 .60 .70 .80 .92 1.0 1.1
1½ .0019 .0021 .0060 .013 .025 .038 .050 .062 .13 .19 .25 .31 .37 .45 .50 .55 .62
¾ .10 .14 .14 .26 .52 .80 1.1 1.3 2.6 4.0 5.2 6.4 8.0 9.0
1 .030 .045 .047 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
10 1¼ .0080 .013 .016 .033 .066 .10 .13 .17 .34 .50 .68 .85 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7
1½ .0035 .0055 .0085 .018 .036 .053 .071 .090 .18 .27 .35 .45 .54 .62 .71 .81 .90
1 .064 .092 .14 .15 .30 .45 .60 .75 1.5 2.3 3.0 3.8 4.5 5.2 6.0 7.0 7.5
1¼ .016 .025 .025 .050 .10 .15 .20 .25 .50 .75 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5
15 1½ .0075 .011 .013 .026 .052 .080 .11 .13 .28 .40 .52 .66 .80 .92 1.1 1.2 1.3
2 .0022 .0036 .0047 .010 .020 .030 .040 .050 .10 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .45 .50
1 .090 .12 .17 .18 .36 .54 .70 .90 1.8 2.7 3.6 4.5 5.4 6.1 7.0 8.0 9.0
1¼ .023 .030 .033 .060 .12 .18 .24 .30 .60 .90 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.8 3.0
18 1½ .011 .016 .016 .032 .064 .098 .13 .16 .32 .49 .64 .82 .98 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.6
2 .0031 .0050 .0056 .012 .024 .036 .050 .060 .12 .18 .24 .30 .36 .42 .50 .55 .60
1 .11 .15 .20 .28 .40 .60 .80 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
1¼ .028 .040 .060 .065 .13 .20 .26 .32 .65 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.2
20 1½ .013 .018 .019 .036 .071 .11 .15 .18 .36 .53 .70 .80 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8
2 .0039 .0058 .0061 .013 .026 .040 .054 .067 .13 .20 .27 .34 .40 .48 .54 .60 .67
1¼ .042 .060 .075 .080 .16 .25 .34 .42 .82 1.3 1.6 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.4 3.7 4.2
1½ .020 .029 .035 .045 .090 .13 .18 .23 .45 .67 .90 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.3
25 2 .0058 .0083 .0085 .017 .033 .050 .069 .083 .17 .25 .33 .42 .50 .60 .69 .78 .83
2½ .0025 .0036 .0038 .0080 .016 .025 .032 .038 .080 .14 .16 .20 .25 .29 .32 .36 .38
1¼ .060 .083 .10 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
1½ .027 .040 .045 .054 .11 .16 .21 .28 .52 .80 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.1 2.4 2.8
30 2 .0080 .012 .016 .020 .040 .060 .080 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.0
2½ .0034 .0047 .0048 .0095 .019 .030 .038 .047 .098 .15 .19 .24 .30 .35 .38 .44 .47
1¼ .080 .11 .13 .13 .23 .35 .46 .59 1.1 1.8 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.0 4.6 5.2 5.9
1½ .037 .052 .065 .065 .13 .19 .25 .32 .62 .94 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.2
35 2 .011 .015 .020 .023 .046 .070 .094 .12 .23 .35 .46 .59 .70 .81 .94 1.1 1.2
2½ .0045 .0065 .009 .011 .023 .035 .045 .056 .11 .17 .22 .28 .35 .40 .45 .51 .56
1½ .047 .066 .078 .080 .15 .22 .29 .36 .72 1.1 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.6
2 .013 .020 .024 .026 .053 .080 .11 .13 .30 .40 .53 .68 .80 .92 1.1 1.2 1.3
40 2½ .0056 .0084 .011 .013 .025 .039 .050 .064 .13 .19 .25 .31 .39 .45 .50 .58 .64
3 .0020 .0025 .0025 .0053 .011 .016 .022 .027 .055 .082 .11 .13 .16 .20 .22 .25 .27
1½ .072 .097 .10 .10 .18 .28 .36 .46 .90 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.6
2 .020 .029 .033 .033 .067 .10 .13 .17 .34 .50 .68 .83 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7
50 2½ .0085 .012 .016 .016 .032 .050 .064 .080 .16 .24 .32 .40 .50 .59 .64 .72 .80
3 .0030 .0045 .0060 .0068 .014 .020 .028 .035 .070 .10 .13 .17 .20 .24 .28 .31 .35
1½ .10 .14 .16 .16 .22 .32 .43 .54 1.0 1.6 2.2 2.8 3.2 3.8 4.3 4.9 5.4
2 .029 .040 .044 .044 .080 .12 .16 .20 .40 .60 .80 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
60 2½ .012 .017 .022 .019 .038 .059 .078 .097 .19 .29 .38 .49 .59 .70 .78 .88 .97
3 .0040 .0060 .0080 .0080 .017 .025 .032 .040 .081 .13 .16 .20 .25 .28 .32 .37 .40
2 .050 .068 .086 .093 .10 .16 .22 .28 .52 .80 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8
2½ .020 .028 .037 .045 .050 .079 .10 .13 .26 .39 .50 .65 .79 .90 1.0 1.1 1.3
80 3 .0070 .010 .012 .012 .022 .032 .044 .054 .11 .17 .22 .28 .32 .37 .44 .50 .54
4 .0018 .0027 .0030 .0035 .0072 .011 .015 .018 .036 .056 .074 .091 .11 .13 .15 .17 .18
2 .063 .082 .10 .11 .12 .18 .25 .30 .60 .90 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.0
2½ .025 .035 .045 .052 .058 .089 .11 .14 .29 .44 .58 .73 .89 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.4
90 3 .0089 .013 .016 .022 .025 .037 .049 .060 .13 .19 .25 .30 .37 .42 .49 .55 .60
4 .0022 .0034 .0040 .0040 .0081 .013 .016 .020 .040 .062 .081 .10 .13 .14 .16 .18 .20
2 .080 .10 .13 .13 .13 .20 .28 .34 .68 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.4
2½ .032 .043 .055 .060 .063 .099 .13 .16 .33 .50 .63 .80 .99 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.6
100 3 .011 .015 .019 .024 .027 .040 .053 .068 .14 .21 .27 .35 .40 .47 .53 .61 .68
4 .0028 .0040 .0046 .0046 .0091 .014 .018 .023 .045 .070 .092 .11 .14 .16 .18 .21 .23
* For liquids with a specific gravity other than 1.00, multiply the value from the above table To convert the above values to kPa (kilopascals) per metre of pipe, multiply by 22.6.
by the specific gravity of the liquid. For old pipe, add 20% to the above values. To convert the above values to kg per cm² per metre of pipe, multiply by 0.23.
Figures to right of dark line are laminar flow. Figures to left of dark line are turbulent flow.

Section
Page
510
510.14
Issue D
FIG. 10 (Continued) PRESSURE LOSSES FROM PIPE FRICTION

VISCOSITY, SSU
PIPE
GPM SIZE 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 150,000 250,000
1¼ .37 .50 .62 .73 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.5 3.7 6.2
1½ .20 .27 .35 .40 .53 .69 .80 .92 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.0 3.5
1½ 2 .075 .10 .13 .15 .20 .25 .30 .35 .40 .46 .50 .75 1.3
2½ .036 .050 .060 .072 .095 .12 .14 .17 .20 .23 .25 .36 .60
1¼ .88 1.2 1.5 1.7 2.4 2.9 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.1 5.9 8.8
1½ .47 .60 .80 .92 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.1 4.7 8.0
3½ 2 .18 .23 .29 .35 .46 .57 .70 .85 .93 1.1 1.2 1.8 2.9
2½ .085 .11 .14 .17 .22 .28 .34 .40 .45 .50 .55 .85 1.4
1½ .66 .89 1.1 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.2 3.6 4.1 4.5 6.6
2 .25 .33 .41 .50 .67 .82 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 2.5 4.1
5 2½ .13 .16 .21 .25 .33 .41 .50 .59 .66 .75 .81 1.3 2.1
3 .050 .070 .085 .10 .13 .17 .20 .24 .28 .30 .34 .50 .85
1½ .92 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.5 3.1 3.8 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.1 9.2
2 .35 .46 .59 .70 .93 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.4 3.5 5.8
7 2½ .17 .23 .28 .34 .45 .55 .68 .80 .90 1.0 1.1 1.7 2.8
3 .070 .095 .12 .15 .19 .24 .29 .34 .38 .43 .47 .70 1.2
1½ 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.5 4.5 5.4 6.3 7.1 8.0 8.9
2 .40 .65 .84 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.0 3.3 4.0 8.4
10 2½ .25 .33 .40 .49 .64 .80 .98 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.6 2.5 4.0
3 .10 .14 .17 .20 .27 .35 .40 .48 .55 .61 .69 1.0 1.7
2 .75 1.0 1.3 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.6 4.1 4.6 5.0 7.5
2½ .36 .50 .60 .72 .95 1.2 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.5 3.6 5.0
15 3 .15 .20 .25 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.0 1.5 2.5
4 .050 .066 .085 .10 .13 .17 .21 .24 .28 .31 .34 .50 .85
2 .90 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.4 6.0 9.0
2½ .44 .59 .72 .88 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.9 4.4 7.2
18 3 .18 .25 .30 .36 .50 .60 .71 .85 .98 1.1 1.2 1.8 3.0
4 .060 .080 .10 .13 .17 .20 .25 .28 .32 .37 .41 .60 1.0
2 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.7 3.4 4.1 4.8 5.4 6.1 6.8 10.0
2½ .49 .65 .80 .96 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.3 2.6 2.9 3.2 4.9 8.0
20 3 .20 .28 .34 .41 .54 .69 .80 .95 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.0 3.4
4 .069 .090 .11 .14 .18 .23 .28 .31 .36 .41 .46 .69 1.1
2½ .60 .80 1.0 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.9 3.2 3.7 4.0 6.0 10.0
3 .25 .35 .42 .51 .70 .85 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.7 2.5 4.2
25 4 .085 .11 .14 .18 .23 .28 .35 .40 .45 .52 .58 .85 1.4
6 .016 .022 .028 .032 .043 .053 .064 .074 .085 .095 .11 .16 .28
2½ .72 .99 1.2 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.5 4.9 7.2
3 .30 .40 .50 .61 .81 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 3.0 5.0
30 4 .10 .13 .18 .21 .28 .34 .42 .49 .55 .64 .70 1.0 1.8
6 .020 .026 .033 .040 .051 .065 .078 .092 .10 .12 .13 .20 .33
2½ .85 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.3 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 8.5
3 .35 .48 .60 .72 .95 1.2 1.4 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.4 3.5 6.0
35 4 .12 .16 .20 .25 .32 .40 .50 .55 .64 .73 .80 1.2 2.0
6 .023 .030 .039 .046 .060 .076 .091 .10 .12 .13 .15 .23 .39
2½ .97 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.2 3.8 4.5 5.0 5.8 6.3 9.7
3 .40 .55 .69 .82 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.7 4.0 6.9
40 4 .14 .18 .23 .28 .37 .46 .57 .65 .73 .83 .90 1.4 2.3
6 .027 .035 .045 .052 .070 .089 .10 .12 .14 .16 .19 .27 .45
2½ 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.5 6.4 7.3 8.0
3 .50 .70 .85 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.1 3.4 5.0 8.5
50 4 .17 .23 .29 .35 .46 .60 .70 .81 .90 1.0 1.1 1.7 2.9
6 .033 .044 .055 .065 .086 .11 .13 .15 .17 .19 .22 .33 .55
3 .60 .81 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.7 4.0 6.0 10.0
4 .20 .27 .35 .41 .55 .70 .84 .99 1.1 1.3 1.4 2.0 3.5
60 6 .040 .052 .065 .079 .10 .13 .15 .18 .20 .24 .26 .40 .65
8 .014 .018 .023 .027 .036 .045 .054 .063 .072 .081 .090 .14 .23
3 .80 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.2 2.8 3.2 3.8 4.3 5.0 5.4 8.0
4 .27 .36 .46 .55 .74 .91 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.8 2.7 4.6
80 6 .052 .070 .090 .10 .14 .18 .21 .25 .28 .31 .35 .52 .90
8 .018 .024 .030 .036 .048 .060 .072 .085 .096 .11 .12 .18 .30
3 .91 1.2 1.6 1.9 2.5 3.0 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.5 6.1 9.1
4 .30 .40 .51 .62 .83 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 3.0 5.1
90 6 .060 .079 .10 .12 .15 .20 .23 .27 .31 .36 .39 .60 .79
8 .020 .027 .034 .040 .055 .067 .080 .095 .11 .12 .13 .20 .34
3 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.7 5.4 6.1 6.9 10.0
4 .35 .45 .60 .70 .91 1.1 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.3 3.5 6.0
100 6 .065 .085 .11 .13 .18 .22 .26 .30 .35 .38 .44 .65 1.1
8 .023 .030 .037 .045 .060 .073 .090 .10 .12 .13 .15 .23 .37
All figures on this page are laminar flow.

Page
510
510.15

VISCOSITY, SSU
PIPE 32
GPM SIZE (Water) 50 100 200 400 600 800 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10,000
2 .11 .14 .15 .18 .18 .24 .32 .40 .80 1.1 1.5 2.0 2.4 2.9 3.2 3.7 4.0
2½ .045 .060 .075 .078 .078 .12 .15 .19 .40 .60 .77 .99 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.8 1.9
120 3 .015 .020 .026 .032 .032 .050 .065 .080 .16 .25 .32 .40 .50 .56 .65 .72 .80
4 .0040 .0057 .0072 .010 .011 .017 .022 .028 .054 .083 .11 .14 .17 .19 .22 .24 .28
2½ .060 .078 .10 .11 .11 .14 .18 .23 .45 .68 .90 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.3
3 .020 .027 .034 .038 .038 .058 .076 .095 .19 .29 .38 .46 .58 .66 .76 .85 .95
140 4 .0054 .0075 .0098 .011 .013 .020 .025 .031 .063 .10 .13 .16 .20 .23 .25 .29 .32
6 .00067 .0010 .0013 .0013 .0024 .0037 .0050 .0060 .012 .018 .024 .030 .037 .042 .050 .055 .060
2½ .065 .085 .11 .13 .14 .14 .19 .24 .50 .70 .95 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.4
3 .022 .030 .038 .040 .040 .060 .080 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.0
150 4 .0060 .0085 .011 .013 .014 .021 .027 .035 .078 .10 .14 .17 .21 .24 .27 .32 .35
6 .00075 .0011 .0013 .0013 .0026 .0040 .0052 .0065 .013 .020 .026 .032 .040 .047 .052 .058 .065
2½ .0077 .10 .11 .11 .11 .15 .20 .25 .50 .75 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.5
3 .025 .035 .044 .050 .050 .065 .087 .11 .22 .33 .44 .55 .65 .76 .87 .98 1.1
160 4 .0070 .0095 .012 .014 .015 .022 .030 .037 .071 .11 .15 .18 .22 .26 .30 .33 .37
6 .00086 .0012 .0015 .0015 .0028 .0042 .0055 .0070 .014 .021 .028 .035 .041 .049 .055 .064 .070
2½ .10 .12 .15 .18 .18 .18 .23 .29 .58 .87 1.1 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.6 2.9
3 .032 .042 .053 .065 .071 .074 .10 .12 .25 .37 .50 .62 .74 .85 1.0 1.1 1.2
180 4 .0084 .012 .015 .016 .016 .025 .032 .041 .081 .13 .17 .21 .25 .30 .32 .37 .41
6 .0011 .0016 .0020 .0027 .0031 .0047 .0063 .0080 .016 .023 .031 .040 .047 .055 .063 .070 .080
2½ .12 .14 .18 .19 .20 .20 .25 .32 .63 .96 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.2
3 .040 .052 .064 .075 .078 .081 .11 .13 .27 .42 .55 .70 .81 .95 1.1 1.2 1.3
200 4 .010 .014 .018 .020 .020 .027 .036 .045 .090 .14 .18 .23 .28 .32 .36 .41 .45
6 .0013 .0019 .0025 .0032 .0035 .0052 .0070 .0089 .018 .026 .035 .045 .052 .060 .070 .079 .089
3 .060 .075 .092 .10 .11 .11 .14 .17 .35 .50 .68 .84 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7
4 .016 .021 .026 .031 .033 .035 .045 .058 .11 .18 .23 .29 .35 .40 .45 .52 .58
250 6 .0020 .0028 .0035 .0042 .0044 .0066 .0088 .011 .022 .033 .044 .055 .066 .077 .088 .099 .11
8 .00051 .00079 .0010 .0013 .0015 .0022 .0027 .0037 .0075 .011 .015 .019 .023 .028 .030 .034 .037
3 .085 .10 .13 .15 .17 .18 .18 .20 .40 .60 .80 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
4 .022 .030 .036 .042 .044 .045 .055 .070 .14 .21 .28 .35 .42 .48 .55 .62 .70
300 6 .0028 .0040 .0050 .0058 .0060 .0080 .010 .013 .026 .040 .052 .065 .080 .090 .10 .11 .13
8 .00070 .0011 .0014 .0017 .0018 .0027 .0033 .0045 .0090 .013 .018 .023 .027 .031 .035 .040 .045
3 .15 .18 .21 .25 .26 .26 .27 .28 .56 .84 1.1 1.4 1.7 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.8
4 .040 .050 .060 .070 .073 .075 .078 .090 .18 .28 .37 .46 .55 .64 .72 .82 .90
400 6 .0047 .0065 .0080 .0097 .010 .010 .014 .017 .035 .051 .070 .089 .10 .12 .14 .16 .17
8 .0012 .0018 .0023 .0027 .0027 .0035 .0045 .0060 .012 .018 .024 .030 .035 .041 .047 .053 .060
4 .048 .060 .073 .088 .095 .098 .10 .10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.0
6 .0060 .0080 .010 .012 .013 .013 .016 .020 .040 .060 .080 .10 .12 .14 .16 .18 .20
450 8 .0016 .0022 .0029 .0033 .0033 .0040 .0050 .0066 .013 .020 .027 .034 .040 .046 .053 .060 .068
10 .00052 .00075 .00095 .0012 .0012 .0016 .0022 .0028 .0055 .0082 .011 .014 .016 .019 .022 .025 .028
4 .060 .071 .090 .11 .12 .13 .13 .13 .23 .35 .46 .57 .70 .80 .90 1.0 1.1
6 .0074 .010 .012 .014 .016 .016 .018 .022 .044 .065 .086 .10 .13 .15 .18 .20 .22
500 8 .0018 .0026 .0034 .0041 .0043 .0045 .0055 .0063 .015 .023 .030 .037 .045 .051 .060 .066 .075
10 .00061 .00090 .0011 .0013 .0013 .0018 .0024 .0030 .0060 .0090 .012 .015 .018 .021 .025 .027 .030
4 .085 .10 .12 .14 .17 .20 .23 .25 .28 .42 .55 .70 .82 .93 1.0 1.2 1.4
6 .010 .014 .016 .020 .022 .023 .024 .026 .051 .079 .10 .13 .16 .18 .21 .23 .26
600 8 .0026 .0036 .0046 .0054 .0056 .0058 .0066 .0090 .018 .028 .036 .045 .054 .061 .071 .081 .090
10 .00086 .0012 .0016 .0020 .0021 .0022 .0029 .0036 .0072 .011 .015 .018 .022 .025 .029 .033 .036
4 .13 .15 .18 .22 .27 .28 .29 .30 .34 .51 .70 .88 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.8
6 .015 .020 .025 .028 .030 .031 .032 .032 .064 .10 .12 .16 .20 .22 .25 .29 .32
750 8 .0040 .0055 .0065 .0081 .0090 .0095 .010 .011 .023 .034 .045 .055 .066 .080 .090 .10 .11
10 .0013 .0018 .0022 .0027 .0028 .0028 .0036 .0045 .0090 .014 .018 .022 .027 .032 .036 .041 .045
6 .018 .024 .027 .032 .032 .033 .033 .035 .070 .10 .13 .17 .21 .25 .28 .31 .35
8 .0046 .0062 .0080 .0095 .010 .011 .011 .012 .024 .036 .048 .060 .072 .084 .096 .10 .12
800 10 .0014 .0020 .0026 .0032 .0033 .0033 .0038 .0050 .0098 .015 .020 .025 .029 .034 .040 .045 .050
12 .00060 .00090 .0011 .0014 .0015 .0015 .0019 .0024 .0047 .0070 .0095 .012 .014 .017 .019 .022 .024
6 .028 .035 .040 .050 .057 .065 .072 .079 .086 .13 .17 .21 .26 .30 .35 .39 .45
8 .0070 .0093 .011 .014 .014 .015 .015 .015 .030 .045 .060 .075 .090 .10 .11 .12 .15
1000 10 .0022 .0030 .0038 .0047 .0047 .0048 .0049 .0060 .012 .018 .024 .030 .036 .042 .048 .055 .060
12 .0095 .0013 .0017 .0020 .0022 .0022 .0024 .0030 .0060 .0090 .012 .015 .018 .021 .024 .027 .030
6 .030 .037 .045 .054 .062 .070 .078 .085 .090 .13 .18 .23 .28 .31 .36 .40 .46
8 .0080 .010 .012 .015 .015 .016 .016 .016 .031 .047 .063 .080 .094 .10 .12 .13 .16
1050 10 .0025 .0034 .0043 .0047 .0050 .0051 .0051 .0064 .013 .020 .026 .032 .039 .045 .051 .060 .065
12 .0010 .0014 .0018 .0022 .0024 .0025 .0025 .0031 .0062 .0093 .013 .016 .019 .022 .026 .029 .032

Section
Page
510
510.16
Issue D

VISCOSITY, SSU
PIPE
GPM SIZE 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000 100,000 150,000 250,000
3 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.2 4.0 4.9 5.8 2.5 7.5 8.0
4 .40 .53 .70 .84 1.1 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.8 4.0 7.0
120 6 .080 .10 .13 .15 .21 .26 .31 .36 .41 .47 .52 .80 1.3
8 .023 .035 .045 .055 .072 .090 .11 .13 .14 .16 .18 .23 .45
3 1.4 1.9 2.4 2.9 3.8 4.7 5.8 6.8 7.6 8.5 9.5
4 .47 .62 .81 .99 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.8 3.2 4.7 8.1
140 6 .091 .12 .15 .18 .25 .30 .36 .42 .48 .55 .60 .81 1.5
8 .031 .042 .052 .063 .085 .10 .13 .15 .17 .19 .21 .31 .52
3 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.1 4.0 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.1 9.1
4 .51 .68 .88 1.0 1.4 1.7 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.2 3.5 5.1 8.8
150 6 .099 .13 .16 .19 .26 .32 .38 .46 .51 .57 .65 .99 1.6
8 .033 .045 .055 .066 .090 .11 .13 .16 .18 .21 .23 .33 .55
4 .55 .71 .92 1.1 1.5 1.8 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.6 5.5 9.2
6 .10 .14 .18 .21 .28 .35 .41 .48 .55 .62 .70 1.0 1.8
160 8 .036 .048 .060 .072 .096 .12 .14 .17 .19 .21 .24 .36 .60
10 .015 .020 .025 .030 .039 .049 .058 .070 .079 .090 .099 .15 .25
4 .61 .80 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.1 2.5 2.9 3.2 3.7 4.1 6.1 10.0
6 .12 .16 .20 .23 .31 .40 .47 .55 .61 .70 .79 1.2 2.0
180 8 .040 .052 .068 .080 .11 .13 .16 .19 .21 .24 .28 .40 .68
10 .017 .022 .027 .033 .044 .055 .066 .077 .088 .099 .11 .17 .27
4 .70 .90 1.2 1.4 1.9 2.3 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.2 4.5 7.0
6 .13 .18 .22 .26 .35 .45 .51 .60 .70 .78 .85 1.3 2.2
200 8 .045 .060 .075 .090 .12 .15 .18 .21 .24 .28 .30 .45 .75
10 .018 .025 .030 .036 .048 .060 .071 .085 .098 .11 .12 .18 .30
4 .85 1.1 1.5 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.2 5.8 8.5
6 .17 .22 .28 .32 .44 .55 .64 .75 .86 1.0 1.1 1.7 2.8
250 8 .056 .074 .092 .11 .15 .18 .22 .26 .30 .34 .37 .56 .92
10 .023 .030 .038 .046 .060 .075 .090 .10 .12 .14 .15 .23 .38
4 1.0 1.3 1.8 2.1 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.7 5.4 6.2 7.0 10.0
6 .20 .26 .33 .40 .51 .65 .78 .90 1.0 1.2 1.3 2.0 3.3
300 8 .068 .090 .11 .13 .18 .22 .27 .31 .35 .40 .45 .68 1.1
10 .028 .036 .045 .055 .062 .090 .11 .13 .15 .17 .18 .28 .45
4 1.4 1.8 2.3 2.8 3.7 4.6 5.5 6.4 7.3 8.2 9.1
6 .26 .35 .45 .51 .70 .88 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.6 4.5
400 8 .090 .12 .15 .18 .24 .30 .36 .41 .47 .54 .60 .90 1.5
10 .037 .048 .060 .073 .096 .12 .15 .17 .19 .22 .25 .37 .60
4 1.5 2.0 2.6 3.1 4.2 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
6 .30 .40 .50 .60 .80 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 3.0 5.0
450 8 .10 .14 .17 .20 .28 .34 .40 .46 .54 .61 .68 1.0 1.7
10 .042 .055 .070 .082 .11 .14 .16 .19 .22 .25 .28 .42 .70
4 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.6 5.7 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
6 .33 .44 .55 .66 .87 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.2 3.3 5.5
500 8 .11 .15 .19 .23 .30 .37 .45 .51 .60 .66 .74 1.1 1.9
10 .046 .060 .075 .091 .12 .15 .18 .21 .25 .28 .30 .46 .75
4 2.0 2.8 3.5 4.2 5.5 6.9 8.3 9.5
6 .40 .51 .65 .80 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.6 4.0 6.5
600 8 .13 .18 .23 .27 .36 .45 .54 .63 .72 .81 .90 1.3 2.3
10 .055 .072 .090 .11 .15 .18 .22 .25 .29 .32 .37 .55 .90
6 .50 .65 .82 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.5 2.9 3.2 5.0 8.2
8 .17 .22 .28 .34 .45 .55 .65 .79 .90 .98 1.1 1.7 2.8
750 10 .070 .090 .11 .14 .18 .23 .27 .32 .37 .41 .46 .70 1.1
12 .032 .043 .055 .066 .090 .11 .14 .16 .18 .20 .23 .32 .55
6 .52 .70 .89 1.0 1.4 1.6 2.1 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.5 5.2 8.9
8 .18 .24 .30 .36 .48 .60 .71 .84 .95 1.0 1.2 1.8 3.0
800 10 .072 .096 .12 .15 .19 .25 .29 .34 .40 .45 .50 .72 1.2
12 .035 .046 .060 .070 .096 .12 .15 .17 .18 .21 .25 .35 .60
6 .65 .86 1.1 1.3 1.7 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.5 3.9 4.5 6.5
8 .23 .30 .37 .45 .60 .74 .90 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.5 2.3 3.7
1000 10 .091 .12 .15 .18 .25 .30 .36 .42 .49 .55 .61 .91 1.5
12 .045 .059 .075 .090 .12 .15 .18 .21 .24 .27 .30 .45 .75
6 .70 .90 1.1 1.3 1.8 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.6 4.1 4.7 7.0
8 .24 .31 .40 .47 .62 .80 .94 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.5 2.4 4.0
1050 10 .098 .13 .16 .20 .26 .32 .39 .45 .51 .59 .65 .98 1.6
12 .047 .061 .080 .095 .13 .16 .19 .22 .25 .29 .31 .47 .80

Page
510
510.17
for turbulent flow (H). If the maximum allowable PSI would require a 2 x 2½ increaser in the pump discharge
loss per foot of discharge pipe for turbulent flow (H) port. Horsepower requirements will be discussed in
is greater than the value given in Figure 10, the proper step 7.
size pipe has been selected. If the maximum allowable
STEP 7
PSI loss per foot of discharge pipe for turbulent flow
(H) is less than the value in Figure 10, select the pipe
Determine the Horsepower* Required
size for which the value given in Figure 10 is less than
To determine brake horsepower (Pin) required by a
(H).
pump per the formula on Page 510.5, it is necessary to
Example: know the capacity in GPM, the total dynamic head in
In step 4 a heavy duty pump was tentatively selected. PSI and the pump efficiency. The capacity and head or
This pump has a maximum allowable total dynamic differential pressure are determined by the application.
head of 200 PSI for viscous liquids. The static discharge The pump or mechanical efficiency cannot be calculated
head, in PSI, equals 45 x 1.36 or 26.4 PSI. The maxi- until after the brake horsepower has been determined
2.31 by laboratory tests. Since it is necessary to test a pump
mum total discharge head equals total dynamic head before the mechanical efficiency can be determined,
less the total suction lift, 200 PSI – 6.03 PSI or 193.97 it is more logical to present the actual horsepower
PSI. The maximum allowable PSI discharge line friction data in the form of performance curves rather than to
loss is then 193.7 – 26.4 or 167.57 PSI. Assuming the provide mechanical efficiency values which then require
discharge pipe size to be the same as the pump port additional calculations.
size (2 inch for “K” pumps), for a first trial, and referring Viking catalogs a series of performance curves based
to figure 10, a flow of 40 GPM and 3,000 SSU is found on extensive tests of all pump models. These curves
to be laminar and no losses need to be considered for plot brake horsepower and pump capacity against
valves and fittings. The allowable PSI friction head (E) pump speed at several pressures and for up to 8
divided by the total length of discharge pipe is equal to different viscosities ranging from 38 SSU (No. 2 Fuel
167.57
or 1.3 PSI per foot of discharge pipe (F). Oil) through 250,000 SSU. Horsepower for viscosities
128
Again referring to figure 10, we find that the pressure between those shown on the performance curves can
per foot of 2 inch pipe is .544 PSI (.4 times the specific be taken from the nearest higher viscosity curve or can
gravity, 1.36 equals .544 PSI per foot). Since this value be determined by averaging the values from the curves
is substantially below the 1.3 PSI loss per foot allowable, with viscosities immediately above and below that of the
consideration may be given to more economical 1½ inch application. The performance curves are printed on buff-
pipe with a PSI friction loss per foot of 1.49 (1.1 times colored paper and are grouped in back of the individual
specific gravity 1.36 equals 1.49 PSI per foot). Since General Catalog sections.
this value of pressure drop per foot of pipe is higher For those occasions when it is desirable to calculate
than the allowable 1.3 PSI, selection of 2 inch pipe for the mechanical efficiency of a pump for a specific
the discharge line appears to be proper. application, use the following formula which appears on
The total discharge head for 2 inch pipe is equal to the many of the General Catalog performance curve pages:
static discharge head plus the friction head or: (Diff. Press., PSI)(Cap., GPM)(100)
M.E. in % =
Static discharge head....................................26.4 PSI (Horsepower, BHP)(1715)
Friction head (.544 PSI per foot x 128 feet)....69.5 PSI There are times when it is convenient to be able to
Total discharge head.....................................95.9 PSI quickly arrive at a “ballpark” figure for horsepower. For
Note here that if a general purpose pump had been an application involving viscosities in the range of 100
selected in step 4 instead of a heavy-duty, the total to 2500 SSU and pressures above 50 PSI, this can be
dynamic head, which equals the total discharge head done by multiplying the differential pressure in PSI by the
plus the total suction lift or 95.9 + 6.03 = 101.93 PSI, capacity in GPM and dividing by 1000. It can be seen by
would have slightly exceeded the maximum allowable looking at the formula on Page 510.5 that if an efficiency
total head for general purpose pumps. NOTE: for a of approximately 58% is used, the value below the line
2½ inch discharge line, the total discharge head would comes out to be 1000 (1715 x 0.58). This formula for
equal 128 x .19 x 1.36 + 26.4 or 59.4 PSI and the total estimating horsepower is strictly a convenience for use
dynamic head would have been 59.4 + 6.03 PSI or on a limited number of applications; for exact values it is
65.43 PSI. necessary to refer to the General Catalog performance
Selection of the more expensive 2½ inch discharge curves.
line would permit consideration of a more economical For some applications it is desirable to be able to
general purpose pump and perhaps the use of a drive determine the torque** requirements of the pump; this is
with less horsepower resulting from the reduced total * See definitions on Page 510.5.
** Torque is a turning or twisting force; applying a 10 pound force perpendicular to the
dynamic head. The use of a 2½ inch discharge line end of a 12 inch long crank or wrench results in a torque or twisting force of 120 inch

Section
Page
510
510.18
Issue D
particularly true when selecting variable speed drive PERFORMANCE CURVE FOR A MODEL K124
equipment. With the pump speed and horsepower VIKING PUMP HANDLING 2500 SSU LIQUID
known, torque in inch pounds can be determined from MOTOR
the formula: HP x 63,000

SIZES
T (”#’s) =
RPM
To illustrate, a 1 horsepower motor operating at 1750
HORSEPOWER INPUT – BHP

15 15
RPM delivers a torque of 36 inch pounds 1 x 63,000

1750 ﴾ ﴿ 10 10
With constant pressure and viscosity, the torque re- 1 150 PSI
72
100 PSI
quirements of a Viking pump increase only slightly with 5 5

4.6 HP AT 100 PSI
50 PSI
speed.
3
An important consideration to keep in mind when 0

3.5 HP AT 65 PSI
figuring horsepower is the fact that almost all Viking 60

pumps are cataloged complete with a safety relief valve. 50 PSI
Viking safety relief valves, be they internal, return- 50

150 PSI
to-tank or in-line, are to be used only for protection
CAPACITY – U.S. GPM

against excessive pressure buildup caused by a closed 42
40
discharge line or from unexpectedly high viscosity.

The Viking safety relief valve is strictly a safety device 30
which relieves excess pressure and thus prevents

damage to the pump, the piping system, the drive
20
equipment or the motor. The safety relief valve should 10

VISC: 2500 SSU
not be used as a pressure or flow control device. BASED ON 15 IN.-HG.

The Viking safety relief valve is of the adjustable 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
spring-loaded poppet type. The pump builds up pressure VIKING
DRIVE SPEEDS 84 125 190 230 280 350 420 520
under the poppet until it starts to lift from the valve seat K124
PUMP SPEED – RPM
(this is the cracking point or pressure at which there is

first flow through the valve). As the pressure buildup FIG. 12
continues, the poppet lifts further from the seat until all size (“K”) was determined in Step 3; the total dynamic
of the liquid is flowing or bypassing through the valve – head of 101.93 (102) PSI was determined in Step 6 and
no liquid is going into the discharge line. This pressure – to provide the best possible service life consider the
in Viking terminology - is the safety relief valve setting; 124 heavy-duty series pump. With this information in
more frequently referred to as the “valve setting”. The hand, the horsepower required can be determined from
pressure spread between the cracking point and the Figure 12 or from performance curve #110-20 in the
complete bypass pressure or valve setting is a function General Catalog for the K124 pump handling 2500 SSU
of the setting, of the flow through the valve and of the liquid. Since the 3,000 SSU is a maximum figure and
liquid viscosity.* not the normal operating viscosity and since the actual
The safety relief valve is not expected to function horsepower difference between a pump handling 3,000
during normal operation of the pump. Therefore, it is SSU and 2500 SSU is very slight, there is no hesitation
generally not necessary to consider the valve setting in using the performance data based on 2500 SSU.
pressure when making horsepower determinations. The If there was a possibility that the viscosity could go
additional horsepower required to develop the pressure significantly higher or if the normal viscosity was 3,000
to open the safety relief valve – since it is required very SSU, then the conservative approach would be to use
infrequently and only for very short periods of time – the horsepower from the performance curve for 7500
can normally be provided by the drive furnished with SSU. The 2500 SSU curve, see Figure 12, shows that the
the pump. If there are extenuating circumstances, such K124 operating at a pump speed of 420 RPM* will deliver
as frequent safety relief valve operation, an unusually about 42 GPM and at 100 PSI discharge** will require
viscous liquid, a very low operating pressure, a valve approximately 4.6 brake horsepower. A 5 HP motor
being used at the upper end of its capacity range or specs would be used. The mechanical efficiency of thepump
that spell out that the motor should not be overloaded at * The 420 RPM speed was selected since this is the nearest AGMA gear head motor
the relief valve setting, then, of course, they should be speed that will give at least 40 GPM. Viking reducer and V-belt drives have been
standardized on the AGMA speeds.
taken into account when determining horsepower.
** All performance curves in the General Catalog are based on an indicated vacuum
Example: in inches of mercury. The pressure lines shown on the curves are for discharge port
gage readings. The actual total dynamic head or differential across the pump is the
A liquid viscosity of 3,000 SSU at the lowest pumping sum of the vacuum and discharge pressure. For the curve in Figure 12, the vacuum
temperature was given as part of the application in- (15” Hg) can be expressed as –7.35 PSIG. This, when combined with the 100 PSI,
gives a total dynamic head across the pump of 107.35 (107) PSI. This is greater than
formation with the problem (also see Step 2); the pump the 102 PSI in the example and is thus conservative; therefore, it is logical to use the
* For more information on relief valves, ask for ESB-31 100 PSI pressure line to determine the horsepower.

Page
510
510.19
would be determined as follows using the formula selection of materials with low corrosion rates will
discussed earlier: normally result in high first cost and low maintenance
PSI (102) x GPM (42) x 100 cost. In addition, the contamination of the customer’s
M.E. % =
BHP (4.6) x 1715 product or process when using materials with rapid
M.E. = 54% corrosion rates may be objectionable and may dictate
In Step 6 when a 2½” diameter discharge line was the use of materials with lower rates of corrosion.
considered instead of a 2” line, the total dynamic head When new liquids are encountered, the materials
was determined to be 65.43 (65) PSI. From Figure 12 presently used in handling or storing the liquid may be a
the horsepower is shown to be 3.5; a 5 HP motor would guide to the proper materials of pump construction.
still be required. Corrosion tests on possible materials of construction
From the above discussion it can be seen that the use can be made for any liquid in the Viking chemical
of larger pipe, while involving a greater initial expense, laboratory but these tests are very expensive and due to
would require considerably less electrical energy over liquid aeration etc., the tests are not entirely conclusive.
the operating life of the pump. Also, since the pump However, without any previous knowledge of proper
would be operating at a lower total dynamic head or materials of construction, these facilities should then be
differential pressure, it would have a longer service life utilized. A minimum of one pint of liquid is required for a
with less maintenance. Another consideration, which corrosion test.
is well to keep in mind, is that with the larger pipe it Many liquids that are pumped or can be pumped are
would be relatively easy to increase the flow rate or not listed. When not familiar with a liquid, the selection of
to increase the viscosity of the liquid pumped without the proper materials of construction should be a factory
extensive changes to the system. choice since a vast amount of proper material data has
In summary, the use of generously-sized suction and been collected over a period of years of successful
discharge lines is highly recommended as a means of pump operation.
lowering the overall cost per gallon of liquid pumped. Example: a pump of Standard Construction should be con-
sidered for this application.
STEP 8
STEP 9
Select the Materials of Construction
A choice of the proper materials of construction of Consider the Temperature of the Liquid Pumped
a pump for handling a specific liquid is important and Although rotary pumps can successfully handle liquids
often quite complicated. In the selection of materials up to viscosities of 2,000,000 SSU, the liquids are often
of construction, factors that must be considered, other heated prior to pumping for reasons such as 1) higher
than consideration of the liquid itself, are temperature, allowable speeds for greater capacities 2) desirability
contamination, concentration of the liquid, etc. Each of a specific temperature of liquid in a heat transfer
of these variables may play a vital role in a choice of process and 3) lower power requirements. Conversely,
materials of construction. pumps are often required to handle low temperature
Section 520 of the Viking catalog includes a com- liquids, particularly in refrigeration or air conditioning
prehensive listing of a wide variety of liquids that are equipment. In either case, special consideration must
handled by Viking pumps, including information about be given to pump construction at extreme temperature
the liquids, recommendations about material of con- conditions.
struction selection as well as pump types and special Extreme sub-zero temperatures cause reduction
pump features that have been found desirable for the of strength and brittleness in some metals. For these
specific liquid. In addition, the catalog contains infor- reasons, the factory should always be consulted on all
mation about materials of construction and features that low temperature installations.
are available on specific pump models or pump model Temperature ranges within which standard pumps with
series. You are directed to these sources for answers no modifications may be used are listed throughout the
to questions you may have regarding selection of pump Viking catalog in specification charts. These temperature
materials of construction. ranges may vary with the size and pump model.
Recommendations given in Section 520 are to be ap- Temperatures in excess of those listed in specification
praised as general since the variables mentioned above charts require varying amounts of extra clearances
may alter the choice of materials. All of the recom- applied to the internal parts of the pump to avoid scoring,
mendations, however, have been successfully used in galling, and other mechanical failures.
actual installations. For temperatures above 300°F. special gaskets and
The final choice is usually left up to the customer since packing materials are required.
selection of materials with the most rapid corrosion rate Bronze bushings with proper operating clearances
will normally result in low first cost and high maintenance are suitable for operation up to 450°F.
cost or eventual pump replacement. Conversely,
Section
Page
510
510.20
Issue D
Carbon graphite bushings are recommended for use 2. Direct Connected — coupled to standard electric
with high temperature, low viscosity liquids such as motor, gear head motor, variable speed motor or
heat transfer oils. Because of the low expansion rate of other driven (type “D” drive).
the carbon graphite, there is an operating temperature
above which it is necessary to use special interference 3. Viking Reducer Drive — coupled to standard electric
fits at assembly. This temperature varies depending on motor with a Viking helical gear speed reducer (type
pump size. See Engineering Service Bulletin ESB-3 for “R” drive).
specifics. 4. Commercial Reducer Drive — coupled to driver by
Special idler pin materials are recommended for means of a Commercial speed reducer (Type “P”
operation above 450°F. drive).
Viking Cast Iron parts have been found satisfactory
for operation up to 650°F. 5. V-Belt Drive — connected to driver by V-Belt(s) and
For operation above 650°F. or when required by sheaves (type “V” drive).
various safety codes and specifications, Viking pumps
are available with steel externals to resist thermal shock 6. Motor Mounted — coupled and mounted directly to
or comply with such codes or specifications. flanged faced electric motor (type “M” drive).
Steel relief valve springs are considered suitable for 7. Bracket Drive — pump mounted on bracket type
operation up to 350°F. For temperatures above 350°F. sub-base complete with outboard shaft bearing.
stainless steel or other special spring materials are (Type “B” drive) This type of drive unit may be used
recommended. to build direct or V-Belt units on small general
The heating or cooling of liquids that are being purpose pump units.
pumped is often accomplished by circulating steam or
hot or cold liquids through external jackets provided as
standard features or options on many Viking pumps.
Consult the specific section of the general catalog for Example: The K125 Heavy-Duty pump should be
further information regarding the availability of jacketing mounted with a drive arrangement that will give a shaft
features on the pump you are interested in using. speed of 420 RPM and that can transmit 5 horsepower.
Provisions can be made for the operation of mechanical Of the several drive arrangements listed above that
seals at temperatures in excess of those listed in the could be used with this unit – “D”, “R”, “P” and “V” –
catalog specification charts. This may involve special the Viking Reducer or “R” type is the most popular and
materials, different seal configurations, different seal would be the first choice for the example. The model
locations on the pump or special provisions for cooling number of the unit would be K125R.
the seal to an acceptable operating temperature. For
additional discussion on Temperature considerations,
see Application Data Sheet AD-5.
Example:
Since the operating temperature is below 200°F., no
special consideration need to given to temperature.
STEP 10
Select the Mounting and Drive Arrangement

When a pump is to become a component part of
another piece of equipment, the unmounted pump is
usually the selection made.
Adaptation to an existing drive, desirability of quietness
of operation, operation without undue maintenance and
speed desired are but a few of the factors that may enter
into the choice of a mounting arrangement.
The drive arrangements available with Viking pumps
are listed below.
1. Unmounted Pump — Refer to pump model number
only.

Page
510
510.21
USEFUL ENGINEERING INFORMATION Issue D

Section
Page
510
510.22
Issue D
USEFUL ENGINEERING INFORMATION
VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE CHART 200,000
SUGAR AND CORN SYRUPS 100,000
45
°B
50,000
44
AU
°B
M
AU
43
E
¹
M
°B
42
E
°B
¹
AU
20,000
41
AU
M
°B
E
M
¹
E
AU
¹
76
72
M
VISCOSITY — SSU
10,000
°B
E
°B
¹
RI
RI
X
X
68
5,000
°B
RI
4,000
X
3,000
2,000
1,500
SUGAR SYRUPS CORN SYRUPS
1,000
750
500
400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
TEMPERATURE — DEGREES F.
CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply By To Obtain Multiply By To Obtain
Atmospheres................................ 14.7.............................. PSI Foot Pounds / Minute...............................3.03 x 10ֿ⁵......... Horsepower

Atmospheres................................ 33.9.............................. Feet of Water Gallons (U.S.).......................................231........................ Cubic Inches
Atmospheres................................ 29.9.............................. Inches of Mercury Gallons (U.S.)...........................................0.833................. Imperial Gallons
Bar.................................................. 1.0197........................ Kilograms / Sq. Centimeter Gallons (U.S.).......................................128........................ Ounces (Fluid)
Bar................................................ 14.5038........................ PSI Gallons (U.S.)...........................................3.785................. Liters
Barrels (Oil).................................. 42.0.............................. U.S. Gallons Gallons (U.S.)...........................................0.0038............... Cubic Meters
Barrels (Oil).................................. 35.0.............................. Imperial Gallons Gallons (Imperial).................................277.3..................... Cubic Inches
Centimeters.................................... 0.39............................ Inches Gallons (Imperial).....................................1.2..................... U.S. Gallons
Centipoises..................................... 0.01............................ Poises Gallons (Imperial).................................154........................ Ounces (Fluid)
Centistokes..................................... 0.01............................ Stokes Gallons (Imperial).....................................4.546................. Liters
Cubic Centimeters.......................... 1.0.............................. Milliliters Gallons (Imperial).....................................0.0045............... Cubic Meters
Cubic Centimeters.......................... 0.061.......................... Cubic Inches U.S. Gallons of Water...............................8.33................... Pounds of Water
Cubic Centimeters.......................... 0.000264.................... U.S. Gallons Imperial Gallons of Water.......................10.02................... Pounds of Water
Cubic Centimeters.......................... 0.000218.................... Imperial Gallons Horsepower....................................... 33000....................... Foot Pounds / Minute
Cubic Feet...................................... 7.48............................ U.S. Gallons Horsepower..........................................746........................ Watts
Cubic Feet...................................... 6.23............................ Imperial Gallons Inches.......................................................2.54................... Centimeters
Cubic Feet................................ 1728................................. Cubic Inches Inches of Mercury.....................................1.133................. Feet of Water
Cubic Feet.................................... 28.32............................ Liters Inches of Mercury.....................................0.49................... PSI
Cubic Feet Water......................... 62.4.............................. Pounds Inches of Mercury.....................................0.0334............... Atmospheres
Cubic Feet Water...................... 998.8.............................. Ounces Inches of Water........................................0.074................. Inches of Mercury
Cubic Inches................................... 0.00433...................... U.S. Gallons Inches of Water........................................0.036................. PSI
Cubic Inches................................... 0.00364...................... Imperial Gallons Kilograms / Sq. Centimeter......................0.9807............... Bar
Cubic Inches................................. 16.39............................ Cubic Centimeters Kilograms / Sq. Centimeter....................14.23................... PSI
Cubic Inches................................... 0.00058...................... Cubic Feet Kilowatts...................................................1.341................. Horsepower
Cubic Inches................................... 0.0164........................ Liters Liters.................................................. 1000........................ Cubic Centimeters
Cubic Meters............................. 264................................. U.S. Gallons Liters.........................................................0.264................. U.S. Gallons
Cubic Meters............................. 220................................. Imperial Gallons Liters.........................................................0.220................. Imperial Gallons
Cubic Meters................................ 35.3.............................. Cubic Feet Liters.......................................................33.8..................... Ounces (Fluid)
Cubic Meters.................................. 1.308.......................... Cubic Yards Meters....................................................39.37................... Inches
Cubic Yards.................................. 27................................. Cubic Feet Milliliters....................................................0.06................... Cubic Inches
Cubic Yards.................................... 0.765.......................... Cubic Meters Ounces (Fluid)..........................................1.805................. Cubic Inches
Drams (Fluid).................................. 3.7.............................. Milliliters Pounds of Water.......................................0.12................... U.S. Gallons of Water
Feet.............................................. 30.48............................ Centimeters Pounds of Water.......................................0.10................... Imperial Gallons of Water
Feet of Water.................................. 0.0295........................ Atmospheres PSI............................................................2.31................... Feet of Water
Feet of Water.................................. 0.433.......................... PSI PSI............................................................2.04................... Inches of Mercury
Feet of Water.................................. 0.883.......................... Inches of Mercury PSI............................................................0.068................. Atmospheres
Foot Pounds................................... 5.05 x 10ֿ⁷................. Horsepower Hours PSI............................................................0.06895............. Bar
To Obtain By Divide To Obtain By Divide

Page
510
510.23
COMPARATIVE EQUIVALENTS OF LIQUID MEASURES AND WEIGHTS Frequently Used

Material Of pH Ratings
MEASURES AND MEASURE AND WEIGHT EQUIVALENTS OF ITEMS IN FIRST COLUMN Construction
WEIGHTS FOR U.S. IMPERIAL CUBIC CUBIC CUBIC POUNDS pH 14.0
COMPARISON GALLON GALLON INCH FOOT METER LITER OF WATER 300 Series 13.0
Stainless 12.0
U.S. GALLON 1. .833 231. .1337 .00378 3.785 8.33 All Iron 11.0
IMPERIAL GALLON 1.20 1. 277.27 .1604 .00454 4.542 10. 10.0 INCREASING
9.0 ALKALINITY
CUBIC INCH .0043 .00358 1. .00057 .000016 .0163 .0358 Bronze 8.0
CUBIC FOOT 7.48 6.235 1728. 1. .02827 28.312 62.355 and/or Iron pH 7.0 NEUTRAL
6.0
CUBIC METER 264.17 220.05 61023. 35.319 1. 1000. 2200.54 All Bronze 5.0
LITER .26417 .2200 61.023 .0353 .001 1. 2.2005 4.0 INCREASING
3.0 ACIDITY
POUNDS OF WATER .12 .1 27.72 .016 .00045 .454 1. 300 Series
Stainless 2.0
1.0
THE NUMBER OF GALLONS IN ROUND VERTICAL TANKS

Depth of DIAMETER IN FEET OF ROUND TANKS OR CISTERNS
Liquid in
Feet 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 18 20 22 24 25
5 725 1060 1440 1875 2308 2925 3550 4237 4960 5765 6698 7520 9516 11750 14215 16918 18358
6 870 1270 1728 2250 2855 3510 4260 5084 5952 6918 8038 9024 11419 14100 17059 20302 22030
7 1015 1480 2016 2625 3330 4095 4970 5931 6944 8071 9378 10528 13322 16450 19902 23680 25701
8 1160 1690 2304 3000 3805 4680 5680 6778 7936 9224 10718 12032 15225 18800 22745 27070 29372
9 1305 1900 2592 3375 4280 5265 6390 7625 8928 10377 12058 13536 17128 21150 25588 30454 33043
10 1450 2110 2880 3750 4755 5850 7100 8472 9920 11530 13398 15040 19031 23500 28431 33838 36714
11 1595 2320 3168 4125 5230 6435 7810 9319 10912 12683 14738 16544 20934 25850 31274 37222 40385
12 1740 2530 3456 4500 5705 7020 8520 10166 11904 13836 16078 18048 22837 28200 34117 40606 44056
13 1885 2740 3744 4875 6180 7605 9230 11013 12896 14989 17418 19552 24740 30550 36960 43990 47727
14 2030 2950 4032 5250 6655 8190 9940 11860 13888 16142 18758 21056 26643 32900 39803 47374 51398
15 2175 3160 4320 5625 7130 8775 10650 12707 14880 17295 20098 22260 28546 35250 42646 50758 55069
16 2320 3370 4608 6000 7605 9360 11360 13554 15872 18448 21438 24064 30449 37600 45489 54142 58740
17 2465 3580 4896 6375 8080 9945 12070 14401 16864 19601 22778 25568 32352 39950 48332 57520 62411
18 2610 3790 5184 6750 8535 10530 12780 15248 17856 20754 24118 27072 34255 42300 51175 60910 66082
19 2755 4000 5472 7125 9010 11115 13490 16095 18848 21907 25458 28576 36158 44650 54018 64294 69753
20 2900 4210 5760 7500 9490 11700 14200 16942 19840 23060 26798 30080 38062 47000 56861 67678 73424
LOSS IN PSI PRESSURE PER 100 FEET OF SMOOTH BORE RUBBER HOSE
Data is for liquid having viscosity of 38 SSU
U.S. ACTUAL INSIDE DIAMETER IN INCHES

GPM
½ ⅝ ¾ 1 1¼ 1½ 2 2½ 3 4 5
1½ 2.8 0.7 0.5
2½ 7.6 2.1 1.1
5 28.5 9.6 4.0 1.1 0.4 0.2
10 101.0 33.8 14.0 4.1 1.2 0.5 0.2
15 ...... 70.0 30.0 8.9 2.5 1.1 0.4 0.1
20 ...... 112.0 53.0 14.0 4.3 1.8 0.7 0.2
25 ...... ...... 79.0 22.0 6.5 2.9 1.0 0.3
30 ...... ...... 112.0 31.0 9.2 4.0 1.4 0.4 0.1
35 ...... ...... 147.0 41.0 12.0 5.3 1.8 0.5 0.2
40 ...... ...... ...... 53.0 15.0 6.7 2.4 0.6 0.3
45 ...... ...... ...... 66.0 19.0 8.4 3.0 0.8 0.4
50 ...... ...... ...... 80.0 24.0 10.0 3.6 1.0 0.5
60 ...... ...... ...... 101.0 35.0 14.0 5.1 1.4 0.6
70 ...... ...... ...... ...... 45.0 19.0 6.6 1.8 0.8
80 ...... ...... ...... ...... 58.0 24.0 8.6 2.3 1.1
90 ...... ...... ...... ...... 71.0 30.0 11.0 3.0 1.4 0.3
100 ...... ...... ...... ...... 88.0 37.0 12.5 3.5 1.7 0.4 0.1
125 ...... ...... ...... ...... 132.0 55.0 20.0 5.3 2.5 0.6 0.2
150 ...... ...... ...... ...... 183.0 78.0 27.0 7.5 3.5 0.7 0.3
175 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 100.0 37.0 10.0 4.6 1.1 0.4
200 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 133.0 46.0 13.0 5.9 1.4 0.5
250 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 70.0 19.0 9.1 2.1 0.7
300 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 95.0 27.0 12.0 2.9 1.0
350 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 126.0 36.0 17.0 4.0 1.3
400 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 46.0 21.0 5.1 1.7
450 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 57.0 26.0 6.3 2.1
500 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 70.0 32.0 7.4 2.6
1000 ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... 116.0 27.0 9.6
EXAMPLE: What pressure is required at intake end of a 150 ft. line of 1½ required 10 PSI per 100 ft. or 15 PSI for the 150 ft. Adding 5% for each of three
in. hose joined in 50 ft. lengths with shank coupling? A delivery of 50 gal. of sets of couplings, we have a total of 17.25 PSI.
No. 2 fuel oil per minute is desired. Consulting the table we find the hose

Section
Page
510
510.24
Issue D
CONVERTING PRESSURE CONVERTING FEET HEAD

INTO FEET HEAD OF WATER OF WATER INTO PRESSURE
Pounds Per Pounds Per Pounds Per Pounds Per Pounds Per Pounds Per
Square Inch Feet Head Square Inch Feet Head Square Inch Feet Head Feet Head Square Inch Feet Head Square Inch Feet Head Square Inch
1 2.31 40 92.36 170 392.52 1 .43 60 25.99 200 86.62
2 4.62 50 115.45 180 415.61 2 .87 70 30.32 225 97.45
3 6.93 60 138.54 190 438.90 3 1.30 80 34.65 250 108.27
4 9.24 70 161.63 200 461.78 4 1.73 90 38.98 275 119.10
5 11.54 80 184.72 225 519.51 5 2.17 100 43.31 300 129.93
6 13.85 90 207.81 250 577.24 6 2.60 110 47.64 325 140.75
7 16.16 100 230.90 275 643.03 7 3.03 120 51.97 350 151.58
8 18.47 110 253.98 300 692.69 8 3.40 130 56.30 400 173.24
9 20.78 120 277.07 325 750.41 9 3.90 140 60.63 500 216.55
10 23.09 125 288.62 350 808.13 10 4.33 150 64.96 600 259.85
15 34.63 130 300.16 375 865.89 20 8.66 160 69.29 700 303.16
20 46.18 140 323.25 400 922.58 30 12.99 170 73.63 800 346.47
25 57.72 150 346.34 500 1154.48 40 17.32 180 77.96 900 389.78
30 69.27 160 369.43 1,000 2308. 50 21.65 190 83.29 1,000 433.09
EQUIVALENT VALUES OF PRESSURE

Inches of Feet of Pounds Per Inches of Feet of Pounds Per Inches of Feet of Pounds Per
Mercury Water Square Inch Mercury Water Square Inch Mercury Water Square Inch
1 1.13 0.49 11 12.45 5.39 21 23.78 10.3
2 2.26 0.98 12 13.57 5.87 22 24.88 10.8
3 3.39 1.47 13 14.70 6.37 23 26.00 11.28
4 4.52 1.95 14 15.82 6.86 24 27.15 11.75
5 5.65 2.44 15 16.96 7.35 25 28.26 12.25
6 6.78 2.93 16 18.09 7.84 26 29.40 12.73
7 7.91 3.42 17 19.22 8.33 27 30.52 13.23
8 9.04 3.91 18 20.35 8.82 28 31.65 13.73
9 10.17 4.40 19 21.75 9.31 29 32.80 14.22
10 11.30 4.89 20 22.60 9.80 29.929 33.947 14.6969
ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE, BAROMETER READING AND EQUIVALENT HEAD OF WATER AT DIFFERENT ALTITUDES
Altitude Above Sea Level Atmospheric Pressure Barometer Reading Equivalent Head of Water
Feet Pounds Per Square Inch Inches of Mercury Feet
0 14.7 29.929 33.95
1000 14.2 28.8 32.7
2000 13.6 27.7 31.6
3000 13.1 26.7 30.2
4000 12.6 25.7 29.1
5000 12.1 24.7 27.9
6000 11.7 23.8 27.0
7000 11.2 22.9 25.9
8000 10.8 22.1 24.9
9000 10.4 21.2 24.0
10000 10.0 20.4 23.1
For feet head of liquid — Divide feet head of water by specific gravity of liquid pumped.
APPROXIMATE COMPARISON OF VACUUM AND ABSOLUTE PRESSURES AT SEA LEVEL

Vacuum in Vacuum in Absolute Pressure Absolute Pressure Absolute Pressure Absolute Pressure Absolute Pressure Feet
Inches Mercury MM. Mercury in Lbs. Per Sq. In. in Inches Mercury in MM. of Mercury in Inches Water in Feet Water Suction Lift Atmospheres
0 0.0 14.7 29.9 759.5 407 33.9 0.00 1.00
2 50.8 13.7 27.9 709 380 31.6 2.27 0.93
4 101.6 12.7 25.9 658 352 29.4 4.53 0.86
6 152.4 11.7 23.8 605 324 27.1 6.80 0.79
8 203.2 10.8 22.0 559 299 24.9 9.07 0.73
10 254.0 9.78 19.9 505 271 22.6 11.34 0.66
12 304.8 8.79 17.9 455 243 20.3 13.61 0.60
14 355.6 7.81 15.9 404 216 18.1 15.88 0.53
16 406.4 6.83 13.9 353 189 15.8 18.14 0.46
18 457.2 5.84 11.9 302 162 13.5 20.41 0.40
20 508.0 4.86 9.9 251 135 11.2 22.68 0.33
22 558.8 3.88 7.9 201 107 8.95 24.95 0.26
24 609.6 2.89 5.9 150 80 6.69 27.22 0.197
26 660.4 1.91 3.9 99 53 4.42 29.48 0.13
28 711.2 0.92 1.9 48 26 2.15 31.75 0.063
29.9 759.5 0.00 0.0 00 00 0.00 33.91 0.00

Page
510
510.25
METRIC - ENGLISH CAPACITY UNITS DEGREES FAHRENHEIT TO DEGREES CENTIGRADE

Liters Gallons Cubic Meters Gallons
Per Minute Per Minute Per Hour Per Minute °F °C °F °C °F °C °F °C
1 0.264 0.1 0.44 –60 –51 130 54 410 210 700 371
2 0.528 0.2 0.88 –50 –46 140 60 420 215 710 376
3 0.792 0.3 1.32 –40 –40 150 65 430 221 720 382
4 1.056 0.4 1.76 –30 –34 160 71 440 226 730 387
5 1.32 0.5 2.20 –20 –29 170 76 450 232 740 393
6 1.58 0.6 2.64 –10 –23 180 83 460 238 750 399
7 1.85 0.7 3.08 0 –17.7 190 88 470 243 760 404
8 2.11 0.8 3.52 5 –15.0 200 93 480 249 770 410
9 2.38 0.9 3.96 10 –12.2 210 99 490 254 780 415
10 2.64 1.0 4.4 15 – 9.4 212 100 500 260 790 421
25 6.6 1.5 6.6 20 – 6.6 220 104 510 265 800 426
50 13.2 2.0 8.8 25 – 3.9 230 110 520 271 810 432
75 19.8 4.0 17.6 30 – 1.1 240 115 530 276 820 438
100 26.4 6.0 26.4 35 1.6 250 121 540 282 830 443
200 52.8 8.0 35.2 40 4.4 260 127 550 288 840 449
300 79.2 10 44 45 7.1 270 132 560 293 850 454
400 106 20 88 50 9.9 280 138 570 299 860 460
500 132 30 132 55 12.6 290 143 580 304 870 465
600 158 40 176 60 15.6 300 149 590 310 880 471
700 185 50 220 65 18.2 310 154 600 315 890 476
800 211 60 264 70 21.0 320 160 610 321 900 482
900 238 70 308 75 23.8 330 165 620 326 910 487
1,000 264 80 352 80 26.8 340 171 630 332 920 493
2,000 528 90 396 85 29.3 350 177 640 338 930 498
3,000 792 100 440 90 32.1 360 182 650 343 940 504
4,000 1056 200 880 95 34.9 370 188 660 349 950 510
5,000 1320 300 1320 100 38 380 193 670 354 960 515
7,500 1980 400 1760 110 43 390 199 680 360 970 520
10,000 2640 500 2200 120 49 400 204 690 365 980 526
METRIC - ENGLISH PRESSURE UNITS PROPERTIES OF SATURATED STEAM

Kilograms Per Pounds Per Pressure – Pounds Per Square Inch Specific Volume
Degrees F.
Square Centimeter Square Inch Cubic Feet
Absolute Gauge Temperature Per Pound
0.1 1.42 14.696 0.0 212.00 26.80
0.2 2.85 50.0 35.3 281.01 8.515
0.3 4.27 55.0 40.3 287.07 7.787
0.4 5.69 60.0 45.3 292.71 7.175
0.5 7.11 65.0 50.3 297.97 6.655
0.6 8.54 70.0 55.3 302.92 6.206
0.7 9.96 75.0 60.3 307.60 5.816
0.8 11.38 80.0 65.3 312.03 5.472
0.9 12.81 85.0 70.3 316.25 5.168
1.0 14.2 90.0 75.3 320.27 4.896
1.5 21.3 95.0 80.3 324.12 4.652
2 28.5 100.0 85.3 327.81 4.432
3 42.7 105.0 90.3 331.36 4.232
4 56.9 110.0 95.3 334.77 4.049
5 71.1 115.0 100.3 338.07 3.882
6 85.4 120.0 105.3 341.25 3.728
7 99.6 125.0 110.3 344.33 3.587
8 114 130.0 115.3 347.32 3.455
9 128 135.0 120.3 350.21 3.333
10 142 140.0 125.3 353.02 3.220
15 213 150.0 135.3 358.42 3.015
20 285 160.0 145.3 363.53 2.834
30 427 170.0 155.3 368.41 2.675
40 569 180.0 165.3 373.06 2.532
50 712 190.0 175.3 377.51 2.404
100 1423 200.0 185.3 381.79 2.288

Section
Page
510
510.26
Issue D
RESISTANCE OF VALVES AND FITTINGS TO FLOW OF FLUIDS

Example
The dotted line shows that
the resistance of a 6-inch
Standard Elbow is equiv-
alent to approximately 16-
feet of 6-inch Standard Pipe.
Note
Globe Valve, Open
Gate Valve 3000 For sudden enlargements
¾ Closed or sudden contractions, use
½ Closed 2000
the smaller diameter, d, on
¼ Closed the pipe size scale.
Fully Open
1000
50
48
500 42
Angle Valve, Open Standard Tee 36
300 30 30
200 24
Square Elbow 22
20 20
100 18
Nominal Diameter of Standard Pipe, Inches

16
Equivalent Length of Straight Pipe, Feet

Swing Check Valve,
Fully Open 14
Borda Entrance 50 12
30 10 10
d D 9
Inside Diameter, Inches

Close Return Bend 20 8
Sudden Enlargement 7
d/ D -¼
6
d/ D -½ 10
d/ D -¾ 5 5
Standard Tee 4½
5 4
Through Side Outlet
3½
Ordinary Entrance 3 3 3
2 2½
Standard Elbow or
run of Tee reduced ½ D d
2 2
Sudden Contraction 1
d/ D -¼ 1½
d/ D -½ 1¼
Medium Sweep Elbow or d/ D -¾ 0.5
run of Tee reduced ¼ 1 1
0.3
0.2 ¾
45° Elbow
Long Sweep Elbow or

½
Copyright by Crane Co.
0.1
run of Standard Tee 0.5
STANDARD PIPE DATA EXTRA STRONG PIPE DATA

All Dimensions and Weights are Nominal All Dimensions and Weights are Nominal
Length of Pipe Length of Weight Weight Length of Weight
Length of Pipe Weight
Diameters Diameters
Per Sq. Ft. of Pipe Con- Per Ft. of Pipe Con- Per Ft.
Per Sq. Ft. of of
Thick- Thick-
taining Plain Water taining Plain Water
Size ness External Internal Size ness External Internal
External Internal Surface Surface One Cu. Ft. Ends per Ft. External Internal Surface Surface One Cu. Ft. Ends per Ft.
Inches Inches Inches Inches Feet Feet Feet Pounds Pounds Inches Inches Inches Inches Feet Feet Feet Pounds Pounds
⅛ .405 .269 .068 9.431 14.199 2533.775 .244 .025 ⅛ .405 .215 .095 9.431 17.766 3966.392 .314 .016
¼ .540 .364 .088 7.073 10.493 1383.789 .424 .045 ¼ .540 .302 .119 7.073 12.648 2010.290 .535 .031
⅜ .675 .493 .091 5.658 7.747 754.360 .567 .083 ⅜ .675 .423 .126 5.658 9.030 1040.689 .738 .061
½ .840 .622 .109 4.547 6.141 473.906 .850 .132 ½ .840 .546 .147 4.547 6.995 615.017 1.087 .102
¾ 1.050 .824 .113 3.637 4.635 270.034 1.130 .231 ¾ 1.050 .742 .154 3.637 5.147 333.016 1.473 .188
1 1.315 1.049 .133 2.904 3.641 166.618 1.678 .375 1 1.315 .957 .179 2.904 3.991 200.193 2.171 .312
1¼ 1.660 1.380 .140 2.301 2.767 96.275 2.272 .65 1¼ 1.660 1.278 .191 2.301 2.988 112.256 2.996 .56
1½ 1.900 1.610 .145 2.010 2.372 70.733 2.717 .88 1½ 1.900 1.500 .200 2.010 2.546 81.487 3.631 .77
2 2.375 2.067 .154 1.608 1.847 42.913 3.652 1.45 2 2.375 1.939 .218 1.608 1.969 48.766 5.022 1.28
2½ 2.875 2.469 .203 1.328 1.547 30.077 5.793 2.07 2½ 2.875 2.323 .276 1.328 1.644 33.976 7.661 1.87
3 3.500 3.068 .216 1.091 1.245 19.479 7.575 3.20 3 3.500 2.900 .300 1.091 1.317 21.801 10.252 2.86
4 4.500 4.026 .237 .848 .948 11.312 10.790 5.50 4 4.500 3.826 .337 .848 .998 12.525 14.983 4.98
5 5.563 5.047 .258 .686 .756 7.198 14.617 8.67 5 5.563 4.813 .375 .686 .793 7.915 20.778 7.88
6 6.625 6.065 .280 .576 .629 4.984 18.974 12.51 6 6.625 5.761 .432 .576 .663 5.524 28.573 11.29
8 8.625 7.981 .322 .442 .478 2.878 28.554 21.70 8 8.625 7.625 .500 .442 .500 3.154 43.388 19.78
10 10.750 10.020 .365 .355 .381 1.826 10.483 34.20 10 10.750 9.750 .500 .355 .391 1.929 54.735 32.35

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Section 510

VIKING ENGINEERING DATA Issue D

VIKING ROTARY PUMPS

POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PRINCIPLE AND HOW IT WORKS

VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007

INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 3 Figure 10 – Pressure losses from

Figure 3 – Installation showing total STEP 8 – Select the materials of construction........ 19

VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007

ROTARY PUMP FUNDAMENTALS Issue D

INTRODUCTION into the figuring of head, so the following conversions

atmospheric (expressed in in. Hg. or psi) at the suction

5 12 2. Frictional head minus the static suction head (if

FIG. 1 - Pressure and Vacuum Diagram head minus frictional head.

VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007

Vapor Pressure and Units — All liquids will boil or OF

For most common liquids at room temperature, boiling

pump will be reduced. In addition, the vapor bubbles in (C) (D)

in noise and vibration. The rapid formation of vapor in

vacuum of 18 inches mercury or higher is reached.

height to which a liquid can be lifted at any temperature

is considerably below the theoretical value given above. SUCTION

Figure 4 has been prepared to show the theoretical

VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007

ROTARY PUMP FUNDAMENTALS Issue D

OPERATING SPEED IN PERCENT

FIG. 5 - Percentage of Rated Speed for Viscous Liquids

VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007

FIG. 6 - VISCOSITY CONVERSION CHART

VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007

SELECTING THE CORRECT VIKING PUMP — IN 10 EASY STEPS Issue D

❿ SELECT THE MOUNTING AND DRIVE

❾ LIQUID BEING PUMPED

❽ SELECT THE MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

❼ DETERMINE THE HORSEPOWER REQUIRED

❺ DETERMINE THE SIZE OF THE SUCTION

❹ SELECT THE TYPE AND CLASS OF PUMP

SELECT THE PUMP SIZE

❷ DETERMINE THE LIQUID VISCOSITY AT THE

DETERMINE THE CAPACITY REQUIRED

VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007

Select the Pump Size

VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007

SELECTING THE CORRECT VIKING PUMP — IN 10 EASY STEPS Issue D

FIG. 8 - APPROXIMATE VISCOSITIES & SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF COMMON LIQUIDS

VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007

PUMP SIZE SELECTION DIAGRAM

Standard Construction Steel Fitted

VIKING MODEL NUMBER SYSTEM

VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007

SELECTING THE CORRECT VIKING PUMP — IN 10 EASY STEPS Issue D

VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007

FRICTION LOSS IN STANDARD VALVES AND FITTINGS

NOMINAL PIPE DIAMETER

VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007

SELECTING THE CORRECT VIKING PUMP — IN 10 EASY STEPS Issue D

FIG. 10 PRESSURE LOSSES FROM PIPE FRICTION

VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007

FIG. 10 (Continued) PRESSURE LOSSES FROM PIPE FRICTION

VIKING PUMP • A Unit of IDEX Corporation • Cedar Falls, IA ©2007