Circulatory system

• The system of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and the
lymphatic vessels and glands that circulates blood and lymph
through the body.
• Also called cardiovascular system.
• Transports gases, nutrients, wastes and hormones.
 Circulatory system
• Circulatory systems generally have three main features:
• Fluid (blood or hemolymph) that transports materials
• System of blood vessels
• A heart to pump the fluid through the vessels
 Circulatory system
Types of circulatory systems
• Animals that have a circulatory system have one of
two kinds:
• Open: fluid is circulated through an open body
chamber.
• Closed: fluid is circulated through blood vessels.
 Circulatory system
Open system
• Arthropods and most
molluscs have an open
circulatory system.
• Hemolymph is contained in
a body cavity, the hemocoel.
A series of hearts circulates
the fluid.
 Circulatory system
Closed system
• Vertebrates, annelid
worms, and a few
molluscs have a closed
circulatory system.
• Blood is moved through
blood vessels by the
heart’s action. It does not
come in direct contact
with body organs.
 Circulatory system
Types of circulation
1. Single circulation
• In a single circulatory system, the blood flows through the heart
only once completing a full circuit in the fish's body.
• The blood travels from the heart to the gills, where the exchange
of gases takes place.
• The oxygenated blood from the gills then flows to various parts of
the body and from these parts back to the heart.
 Circulatory system
2. Double circulation
• A type of circulation in which blood flows through the heart twice is called
double circulation.
• This type of circulatory system has separate systemic circulation and
pulmonary circulation
 Circulatory system
Blood
• Blood, fluid connective tissue that transports oxygen and
nutrients to cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other
waste products.
• Blood is made up of four major components. What do each of
these do?
• Plasma: the liquid portion.
• Red blood cells.
• White cells.
• Platelets.
 Circulatory system

Red blood cells (RBC or Erythrocytes)

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin is a complex
protein made up of four
protein strands, plus iron-
rich heme groups.
• Each hemoglobin molecule
can carry four oxygen atoms.
The presence of oxygen turns
hemoglobin bright red.
 Circulatory system
RBC lifespan
• RBCs live about 4 months. Iron
from hemoglobin is recycled in
the liver and spleen.
• The hormone erythropoeitin,
made by the kidneys, stimulates
the production of RBCs in red
bone marrow.
 Circulatory system
White cells (WBC or leukocytes)
• White blood cells defend against
disease by recognizing proteins
that do not belong to the body.
• White cells can ooze through the
walls of capillaries to patrol the
tissues and reach the lymph
system.
 Circulatory system
Platelets (thrombocytes)
• Platelets are cell fragments
used in blood clotting.
• Platelets are derived from
megakaryocites. Because they
lack a nucleus, platelets have a
short lifespan, usually about 10
days.
 Circulatory system
Blood clotting
• Platelets aggregate at the site
of a wound.
• Broken cells and platelets
release chemicals to stimulate
thrombin production.
• Thrombin converts the protein
fibrinogen into sticky fibrin,
which binds the clot.
 Circulatory system
Blood Vessels
• Blood vessels are intricate networks of hollow tubes that
transport blood throughout the entire body so that it can deliver
valuable nutrients to and remove waste from cells.
 Circulatory system
Classes of blood vessels
• Blood vessels fall into three major classes:
• Arteries and arterioles: carry blood away from the heart.
• Veins and venules: carry blood to the heart.
• Capillaries: allow exchange of nutrients, wastes and gases.
 Circulatory system
Arteries
• Arteries are thick-walled, and
lined with smooth muscle
• Arterioles branch off arteries.
• Arterioles can constrict to direct
and control blood flow
 Circulatory system
Capillaries
• Body tissues contain a vast
network of thin capillaries.
• Capillary walls are only one
cell thick, allowing exchange of
gases, nutrients, and wastes.
• Capillaries are so fine that
RBCs must line up single-file to
go through them.
 Circulatory system
Veins
• Veins have thinner walls
than arteries.
• Veins have fewer smooth
muscle cells, but do have
valves
 Circulatory system
Heart
• The heart is a large muscular pump and is divided into two halves -
the right-hand side and the left-hand side.
• The right-hand side of the heart is responsible for pumping
deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
• The left-hand side pumps oxygenated blood around the body.
• Each side of the heart consists of an atrium and a ventricle which
are two connected chambers.
Circulatory system
 Circulatory system
Heart
• The atria (plural of atrium) are where the blood collects when it
enters the heart.
• The ventricles pump the blood out of the heart to the lungs or
around the body.
• The septum separates the right-hand and left-hand side of the
heart.
• The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and right
ventricle and opens due to a build-up of pressure in the right
atrium.
 Circulatory system
Heart
• The bicuspid valve is located between the left atrium and
left ventricle and likewise opens due to a build-up of pressure, this
time in the left atrium.
• The semilunar valves stop the back flow of blood into the heart.
There is a semilunar valve where the aorta leaves the left ventricle
and another where the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle.
 Circulatory system
Heart Wall
• The heart wall consists of three layers:
• Epicardium: The outer layer of the wall of the heart.
• Myocardium: The muscular middle layer of the wall of the heart.
• Endocardium: The inner layer of the heart.
 Circulatory system
Heart
• Vertebrate hearts are separated into two types of chambers
• Atria (singular, atrium): receive blood from body or lungs. Contractions of
the atria send blood through a valve to the ventricles.
• Ventricles: receive blood from atria, contract to send blood to body or
lungs.
 Circulatory system
Types of Heart
Based on origin of heartbeat
i. Myogenic heart
ii. Neurogenic heart
Based on number of chamber
i. Two chambered
ii. Three chambered
iii. Four chambered
 Circulatory system
Two chambered heart
• The simplest vertebrate heart is
the two-chambered heart, seen
in fishes.
• A single atrium receives blood
from the body cells. A ventricle
sends blood to the gills to collect
oxygen.
 Circulatory system
Three chambered heart
• Separate atria allow some separation
of oxygenated and deoxygenated
blood, which was an advantage for
land organisms (reptiles,
amphibians).
• Though blood can mix in the
ventricle, mixing is minimal. Some
reptiles have partial separation of the
ventricle.
 Circulatory system
Four chambered heart
• The four-chambered heart, seen in
birds and mammals, allows
complete separation of oxygenated
and deoxygenated blood.
• Complete separation is necessary to
support a fast metabolism found in
homeotherms.
Circulatory system
 Circulatory system
Heartbeat
• Heart has intrinsic system whereby muscle contracts and relax
without the involvement of brain.
• However, Intrinsic system can be stimulated or depressed by nerve
impulses initiated by brain or hormones.
• The origin, conduction and regulation of heartbeat involves Sino-
Atrial node (SA Node), inter-nodal pathways, atrioventricular node
(AV Node), the AV bundle and the bundle of Purkinje fibres.
 Circulatory system
Sino-atrial node( SA node)
• SA node is a small, flattened mass of
neuromuscular tissue, about 3mm wide,
15mm long and 1mm thick.
• It is situated near the opening of superior
vena-cava in right atrium.
• Sinus nodal fibers connects directly with the
atrial muscle fibers so that any action
potential that begins in the sinus node
transmits immediately into atrial muscle wall.
• The fibers of SA node has ability of self
excitation and control the rate of entire
heartbeat.
 Circulatory system
• At regular intervals, the wave of contraction
spreads all over the atria. The SA node sets
the pace for the heart. Hence it is the heart’s
pacemaker.
• The fibers of SA node are closely associated
with atrial muscle hence action potential
generated at SA node travels throughout the
atria.
• This ultimately stimulates AV node through
internodal pathway which is present in the
posterior wall of septum of right atrium.
 Circulatory system
Atrioventricular node (AV node)
• is a small mass of neuromuscular tissue located in the wall of atrial
septum near atrio-ventricular valves.
• at AV node impulse is delayed for about 0.1 sec allowing the atria to
complete their contraction before the ventricles contract.
• the AV node is also capable of initiating impulses of contraction but
at slower rate than SA node.
 Circulatory system
Atrioventricular bundle / AV bundle / Bundle of His
• is a mass of specialized fibers originating from AV node.
• AV bundle crosses the fibrous ring that separate atria and
ventricle.
• divides into right and left branches at upper end of septum.
• within the ventricular myocardium these branches breaks down
into fine purkinje fibers.
• Purkinje fibers convey impulses of contraction from AV node
to the apex of myocardium where the wave of ventricular
contraction begins and sweeps upwards, pumping blood into
pulmonary artery and aorta.
 Circulatory system
Regulation of Heartbeat
Heartbeat is regulated by both hormonal and nervous control
1.Nervous control: Heart is abundantly supplied with
parasympathetic (vagus) and sympathetic nerve fibers. Impulse
originated in heart is increased by Sympathetic nervous system
(SNS) and decreased by parasympathetic nervous system (PNS).
Stimulation of right vagus slows the heart by inhibiting SA node
where as stimulation of left vagus slows AV conduction.
2.Hormonal control: The hormones adrenaline and non-adrenaline
control heart activity.
 Cardiac cycle
• The cardiac cycle is the sequence of events
that occurs when the heart beats.
• each cardiac cycle, or heartbeat, takes
about 0.8 seconds to complete the cycle.
• Cardiac output is the volume of blood being
pumped by the heart in a minute. It is equal
to the heart rate multiplied by the stroke
volume.
• Stroke volume is the amount of blood
pumped by the left ventricle of the heart in
one contraction
• So, if there are 70 beats per minute, and 70
ml blood is ejected with each beat of the
heart, the cardiac output is 4900 ml/
minute.
 Heart sounds
The cardiac cycle is made of two phases:
• Systole while the ventricles contract to pump out blood
• Diastole when the ventricles relax and fill with blood.
• These two phases constitute the heartbeat.
• In a healthy adult, the heart makes two sounds, commonly
described as ‘lub’ and ‘dub.’
• The third and fourth sounds may be heard in some healthy people,
but can indicate impairment of the heart function.
• S1 and S2 are high-pitched and S2 and S4 are low-pitched sounds.
 Heart sounds
First sound
• When the two ventricles contract and pump out blood
into the aorta and pulmonary artery the mitral and
tricuspid valves close to prevent the blood flowing back
into the atria.
• The first sound S1 is generated by vibrations created by
the closing of these two valves.
• lasts for 0.14sec
Second sound
• After pumping the blood, the ventricles relax to receive
blood from the atria, and the diastole phase starts. The
aortic and pulmonic valves close and cause vibrations,
giving rise to the second heart sound, S2.
• lastss for 0.11 sec
 Heart sounds
Third sound
• The third heart sound is a low-pitched sound audible with the rapid
rush of blood from the atrium into the ventricle as it starts relaxing.
Fourth sound
• The fourth is a low-intensity sound heard just before S1 in the
cardiac cycle. The sudden slowing of blood flow by the ventricle as
the atrium contracts causes this sound, which may be a sign of heart
disease.
 Arterial system
• Consists of the blood vessels which carry
the blood away from the heart to various
organs.
• Includes:
A. Pulmonary circulation
• Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs through
pulmonary aorta
• Pulmonary aorta gives two branches
i. Left pulmonary artery- to left lung
ii. Right pulmonary artery- to right lung
B. Systemic circulation
 Arterial system
B. Systemic circulation
• Circulation of blood from left ventricle of heart to different parts of
the body through systemic aorta
• Aorta gives two coronary arteries to the heart muscles
• Aortic arch gives three branches
1. Right Brachiocephalic artery
2. Left Common carotid artery
3. Left subclavian artery
 Arterial system
1. Right Brachiocephalic(innominate) artery
• Supplies blood to right part of head, neck and fore limb by
a. Right common carotid:
• External carotid artery: to right side of head and face
• Internal carotid artery: to brain, eyes, forehead and nose
b. Right subclavian artery: to the right part of neck and forearm
• Right vertebral artery- neck region
• Right axillary artery- scapular region
• Right branchial artery- arm by radial and ulnar arteries
 Arterial system
2. Left common carotid
• Divides into left external carotid and left internal carotid and supply to the
left side of head and the face.
3. Left subclavian artery
• Supplies left parts of neck and forearm by
• Vertebral artery
• Axillary artery
• Brachial artery
• Aortic arch supplies to posterior parts of body by following branches
a. Inferior phrenic artery- lower surface of diaphragm
b. Coeliac artery- stomach and liver
 Arterial system
c. Superior mesenteric artery- various parts of small intestine(
duodenum, jejunum, ileum and proximal half of large intestine)
d. Renal arteries- kidneys
e. Suprarenal arteries- adrenal gland
f. Genital arteries- gonads
g. Lumber arteries- posterior body wall and vertebrae of posterior
abdominal cavity
h. Inferior mesenteric artery- colon and rectum
i. Common iliac artery
• Supplies to pelvic region
 Arterial system
• gives to two branches
• External iliac artery- supplies to leg of its side
 Femoral
 Anterior and posterior tibial arteries
• Internal iliac(hypogastric) artery:
• Supplies to viscera, walls and organs of pelvic region
 Venous system
Veins collect deoxygenated blood from different body parts by
following veins
1. Blood retuning from the lungs
i. Left pulmonary vein-left lung
ii. Right pulmonary vein-right lung
2. Venous blood returning from the different parts of body
i. Superior venacava
a. Right brachiocephalic vein
b. Left brachiocephalic vein
 Venous system
• Each brachiocephalic vein is formed by the union of
External jugular vein – mouth, face and buccal cavity
Internal jugular vein – brain, eye and ear
Subclavian vein- shoulder (axillary and cephalic vein)
ii. Inferior venacava
• Collects blood from posterior parts of body by
a. Common iliac
i. External iliac: outer side of leg and parts of pelvic region
ii. Internal iliac: rectum, ureter, urinary bladder, uterus etc.
 Venous system
b. Lumber veins: lumber region
c. Genital vein: testicular and ovarian vein
d. Renal veins: kidneys
e. Supra renal veins: suprarenal glands
f. Hepatic vein: liver
g. Inferior phrenic vein: diaphragm
 Venous system
Hepatic portal system
It consists of the veins collecting the blood from alimentary canal and hind
limbs and distributing blood to the liver.
• Cystic vein-gall bladder
• Pancreatic vein-pancreas
• Gastric vein-stomach and end of esophagus
• Duodenal vein-duodenum
• Superior mesenteric vein-small intestine and proximal parts of large
intestine
• Inferior mesenteric vein-large intestine and pelvic region
• Splenic vein-spleen and part of stomach
 Blood grouping
• It is very important for every person to know their own blood group
and that of their family members.
• Knowing your blood group in advance would save the hospital
valuable time because they do not have to wait for your blood
grouping test reports.
• If you’re traveling overseas, carrying a blood group card could help
in emergency situations, and help in getting medical help faster.
 Blood grouping
Principle Of Blood Grouping
• The human blood consists of 4 main components, the red blood
cells, the white blood cells, the plasma and the platelets.
• The red blood cells are the components that help in determining a
person’s blood type.
• The ABO system is the main blood grouping system behind the
principle that helps classify people into one of the following four
groups, i.e., A, B, AB or O.
 Blood grouping
• The blood groups are classified based on the presence or absence of a particular
antigen.
• An antigen is a foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body either
alone or after forming a complex with a larger molecule.
• When the antigen A is present on the red blood cells, then the person is said to
have Type A Blood.
• A person having antigen B on the red blood cells is considered to have Type B Blood.
• When both antigens, A and B are present on the red blood cells, then the person’s
blood type is classified as AB.
• When neither antigens, A nor B are present, the person is said to have Type O Blood.
• This is called the basic grouping system and can further be classified to 8 groups
considering the Rhesus factor or ‘Rh’ factor.
 Blood grouping
Rh factor
• A protein substance present in the red blood cells of most people
(85%), capable of inducing intense antigenic reactions.
• A person who has the protein substance is called Rh
positive and a person who does not have the protein substance is ca
lled Rh-negative.
• Rh factor was first identified in the blood of the rhesus monkey in
1940 (Karl Landsteiner and Wiener).