Seeley’s

ESSENTIALS OF
Anatomy &
Physiology
Tenth Edition

Cinnamon Vanputte
Jennifer Regan
Andrew Russo

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The Reproductive System
The human species could not survive
without functional male and female
reproductive systems. Reproductive System

The reproductive systems play essential

roles in the development of the
structural and functional differences
between males and females, influence
human behavior, and produce
offspring.
However, a reproductive system, unlike
other organ systems, is not necessary
for the survival of an individual human.
Reproductive System
Functions
1. Production of Major Reproductive Organs
gametes
2. Fertilization
3. Development and
nourishment of a
new individual
4. Production of
reproductive
hormones
Formation of Gametes
Gametes:
• sex cells
• sperm in males
Meiosis 4

• oocytes (eggs) in females

Meiosis:
• a special type of cell division
that leads to formation of sex
cells
Each sperm cell and each
oocyte contains 23
chromosomes
Meiosis 1

1. Before meiosis begins, all the chromosomes are

duplicated.
2. At the beginning of meiosis, each of the 46
chromosomes consists of 2 chromatids
connected by a centromere.
3. The chromosomes align as pairs in a process
called synapsis.
4. Because each chromosome consists of 2
chromatids, the pairing of the chromosomes
brings 2 chromatids of each chromosome close
together.
5. Genetic material is exchanged on occasion, when a part
of a chromatid of 1 chromosome breaks off and is
exchanged with part of another chromatid from the
other chromosome, in a process termed, crossing over.
6. Meiosis I produces 2 cells, each having 23 chromosomes
composed of 2 chromatids joined at a centromere.
7. During Meiosis II, each of the 2 cells divide into 2 cells
and the centromere breaks, giving separate
chromosomes.
8. The final result from meiosis are four cells, each having
23 chromosomes.

Since the number of chromosomes are reduced during the

process of dividing into 4 cells, the process is a reduction
division process.
From Fertilization to Fetus
Fertilization:
• union of sperm and oocyte
Zygote:
• what develops after fertilization
• develops into an embryo 3 to
14 days after fertilization
Embryo:
• 14 to 56 days after fertilization
Fetus:
• 56 days after fertilization
The Male
Reproductive
System
 Male Reproductive System Male Reproductive Structures
• The male reproductive system
consists of the testes, a series
of ducts, accessory glands, and
supporting structures.
• The ducts include the
epididymis, the ductus
deferens, and the urethra.
• Accessory glands include the
seminal vesicles, the prostate
gland, and the bulbourethral
glands.
• Supporting structures include
the scrotum and the penis.
Male Reproductive Organs 1

Scrotum:
• contains testes
• contains dartos muscle that
moves scrotum and testes close
to and away from body
depending on temp.
• sperm must develop at temp.
less than body temp.
Male Reproductive Organs 2

Testes:
• primary male reproductive
organ
• produces sperm
• in scrotum
• contain seminiferous tubules:
where sperm is produced
• contain interstitial cells: secrete
testosterone
• contain germ cells: cells that
sperm cells arise from
• contain sustentacular cells:
nourish germ cells and produce
hormones
Male Reproductive Organs 4

Epididymis:
• thread-like tubules on side of
each testis
• where seminiferous tubules
empty new sperm
• where sperm continue to
mature develop ability to swim
and bind to oocytes
Ductus deferens:
• “vas deferens”
• extends from epididymis and
joins seminal vesicle
• cut during a vasectomy
Male Reproductive Organs 6

Urethra:
• extends from urinary bladder to
end of penis
• passageway for urine and male
reproductive fluids
Penis:
• corpus cavernosum, corpus
spongiosum, spongy urethra:
• 3 columns of erectile tissue which
fill with blood for erection
• transfer sperm from male to female
• excrete urine
 Male Reproductive
System Glands
Seminal Vesicles:
• next to ductus deferens
• helps form ejaculatory
duct
Prostate gland:
• surrounds urethra
• size of a walnut
Bulbourethral gland:
• small mucus secreting
glands near base of
prostate gland
 Secretions 1

Semen:
• mixture of sperm and
secretions from glands
• provides a transport medium
and nutrients that
• protect and activate sperm
• 60% of fluid is from seminal
vesicles
• 30% of fluid is from prostate
gland
• 5% of fluid is from
bulbourethral gland
• 5% of fluid is from testes
 Secretions 2

Seminal vesicles:
• provide fructose
• contain prostaglandins which
decrease mucus thickness
around cervix and uterine
tubes and help sperm move
through female repro. tract
• contains coagulants that help
deliver semen into female
Prostate gland:
• contains enzymes to liquefy
semen after it is inside
female
• neutralizes acidity of vagina
 Secretions 3

Bulbourethral gland:
• neutralize acidity of male
urethra and female vagina
Testicular secretions:
• include sperm and small
amount of fluid
2 to 5 milliliters of semen is
ejaculated each time
1 milliliter of semen contains
100 million sperm
Sperm can live for 72 hours
once inside female
Path of Sperm
1. Sperm develop in seminiferous tubules (testes)
2. Epididymis (mature)
3. Ductus deferens
4. Receive secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and
bulbourethral gland
5. Urethra where semen (sperm) exit body
Spermatogenesis
Production of
Spermatogenesis: Sperm Cells
• formation of sperm
1. Germ cells
cells
• begins at puberty 2. Spermatogonia
• interstitial cells 3. Primary
increase in number spermatocytes
and size 4. Secondary
• seminiferous tubules spermatocytes
enlarge 5. Spermatids
• seminiferous tubules
6. Sperm cells
produce germ cells
and sustentacular cells
Sperm Cell
Structure
Head:
• contain a nucleus
and DNA
Midpiece:
• contain
mitochondria
Tail:
• flagellum for
movement
 Male Sex Hormones 1
Male Reproductive Hormone Regulation
• Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) is produced in the
hypothalamus and stimulates
secretion of LH and FSH.
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is produced
in the anterior pituitary and stimulates
secretion of testosterone.
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is
produced in the anterior pituitary and
prompts spermatogenesis.
• Testosterone is produced in the
interstitial cells in the testes and is
involved in development and
maintenance of reproductive organs.
• Inhibin secreted by cells of the
seminiferous tubules and inhibits FSH
secretion.
Male Puberty
Male puberty:
• sequence of events in which a boy
begins to produce male hormones
and sperm cells
• begins at 12 to 14 and ends around
18
• testosterone is major male
hormone
• secondary sexual characteristics
develop:
Example - skin texture, fat
distribution, hair growth, skeletal
muscle growth, and larynx changes
 Male Sex Act 1

The male sex act is a complex series of reflexes that result in erection of the
penis, secretion of mucus into the urethra, emission, and ejaculation.
Emission is the movement of sperm cells, mucus, prostatic secretions, and
seminal vesicle secretions into the prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra.
Ejaculation is the forceful expulsion of the secretions that have accumulated in
the urethra to the exterior.
Sensations, normally interpreted as pleasurable, occur during the male sex act
and result in an intense sensation called an orgasm.
A phase called resolution occurs after ejaculation in which the penis becomes
flaccid, an overall feeling of satisfaction exists, and the male is unable to
achieve erection and a second ejaculation.
Penile Erection Penile Ejaculation
• Erection is the first major • Ejaculation results from the
component of the male sex act. contraction of smooth muscle in the
• Neural stimuli cause the penis to wall of the urethra and skeletal
enlarge and become firm. muscles surrounding the base of the
• Specifically, parasympathetic penis.
action potentials from the sacral • Just before ejaculation, action
region of the spinal cord cause the potentials are sent to the skeletal
arteries that supply blood to the muscles that surround the base of
erectile tissues to dilate. the penis.
• Blood then fills small venous • Rhythmic contractions are produced
sinuses called sinusoids in the that force the semen out of the
erectile tissue and compresses the urethra, resulting in ejaculation.
veins, which reduces blood flow • In addition, muscle tension increases
from the penis. throughout the body.
The Female
Reproductive
System
Female Reproductive System
The female reproductive
organs consist of the
ovaries, the uterine tubes,
the uterus, the vagina, the
external genitalia, and the
mammary glands.
The internal reproductive
organs of the female are
located within the pelvis,
between the urinary
bladder and the rectum.
Female Reproductive Organs 2

Structure of Ovary and Ovarian Follicles

Ovaries:
• primary female reproductive
organ
• produces oocytes and sex
hormones
• one on either side of uterus
• ovarian ligaments: anchor
ovaries to uterus
• suspensory ligaments:
anchor ovaries to pelvic
cavity
• ovarian follicle: cells in
ovaries that contain oocytes
Female Reproductive
Organs 3

Uterine (Fallopian) tubes:

• part of uterus which
extends toward ovaries
and receive oocytes
• fimbriae are fringe-like
structures around opening
of uterine tubes that help
sweep oocyte into uterine
tubes
• tubal ligation (sterilization
of female)
Female Reproductive
Organs 3

Uterus:
• pear sized structure
located in pelvic cavity
• functions: receive, retain,
and provide nourishment
for fertilized oocyte,
where embryo resides and
develops
• body: main part
• cervix: narrow region that
leads to vagina
Female Reproductive
Organs 5

Uterus wall layers:

• perimetrium (serous):
outermost layer
• myometrium
(muscular): middle
layer
• composed of smooth
muscle
• endometrium:
innermost layer that is
sloughed off during
menstruation
Female Reproductive
Organs 5

Vagina:
• extends from uterus to
outside of body
• female copulation organ
that receives penis during
intercourse
• allows menstrual flow
• involved in childbirth
• contains very muscular
walls and a mucous
membrane
• very acidic to keep
bacteria out
External Female Genitalia 1

Female External Genitalia

Vulva:
• external female sex organs
• mons pubis, labia majora and
minora, clitoris, and vestibule
Mons pubis:
• fatty layer of skin covering
pubic symphysis
Labia majora:
• larger, outer folds of skin
• equivalent to male scrotum
Labia minora:
• thin, inner folds of skin
External Female Genitalia 1
Female External Genitalia
Clitoris:
• small erectile structure
located in vestibule
• equivalent to male penis
Prepuce:
• where 2 labia minora unite
over clitoris
Vestibule:
• space in which vagina and
urethra are located
Ovulation
Ovulation:
• release of an oocyte from the
ovary
• due to LH secreted from the
anterior pituitary
Corpus luteum:
• mature follicle after ovulation
• degenerates if egg is not
fertilized
 Maturation of the Oocyte and Follicle
Oogenesis and Fertilization
1

Females are born with all of their

oogonia (2 million), unlike males
that only begin to produce sperm
during puberty.
At puberty about 300,000 to
400,000 oogonia are left.
Puberty to menopause, FSH
stimulates several follicles to
begin developing during each
menstrual cycle but only 1 follicle
should be ovulated.
Oogenesis and Fertilization 2

• Oocytes are swept into one

of uterine tubes by fimbriae.
• If sperm is present in uterine
tube during ovulation oocyte
could be fertilized.
• If fertilization occurs then
zygote implants in uterus.
• Oocyte only lives for 24
hours, so if no sperm is
present at ovulation no
zygote develops, and oocyte
dies.
 Female Puberty

• Begins between 11 to 13 and is

usually completed by 16
• Menarche first episode of
menstrual bleeding
• Vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, and
external genitalia to enlarge and
fat is deposited in breast and hips
• Elevated levels of estrogen and
progesterone are secreted by
ovaries
 Mammary Glands Anatomy of the Breast
• Organs of milk production
in breasts
• Modified sweat glands
• Female breasts begin to
enlarge during puberty
• Consists of lobes covered
by adipose
• Lobes, ducts, lobules are
altered during lactation
to expel milk
 Female Sex Hormones 1

Gonadotropin-releasing (GnRH) hormone is

produced in the hypothalamus and stimulates
secretion of LH and FSH.
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is produced in the
anterior pituitary and causes ovulation.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced
in the anterior pituitary and prompts follicles in
the ovaries to begin development.
Female Sex Hormones 2

Estrogen:
• proliferation of endometrial cells
• development of mammary glands (especially duct system)
• control of LH and FSH secretion
• development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
Progesterone:
• enlargement of endometrial cells and secretion of fluid from
uterine glands
• maintenance of pregnancy state
• development of mammary glands (especially alveoli)
• control of estrogen, FSH, and LH secretion
• development of secondary sex characteristics
Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual cycle:
• series of changes that occur in
sexually mature, nonpregnant
females
Menses:
• time when endometrium is shed
from uterus
Average is 28 days and results from
cyclical changes that occur in
endometrium
Stages of Menstrual Cycle
Days 1 to 5 Menses (shedding of
endometrium)
• menstrual bleeding (menses)
• estrogen and progesterone levels
are low
• follicle begins to mature
Days 6 to 13 Proliferative (between
end of menses and ovulation)
• endometrium rebuilds
• estrogen levels begin to increase
• progesterone levels remain low
• follicle matures
Stages of Menstrual Cycle
Day 14 Ovulation
• oocyte is released due to LH
• estrogen levels high
• progesterone levels are increasing
• cervical mucus thins
Days 15 to 28 Secretory (between
ovulation and next menses)
• endometrium is preparing for
implantation
• estrogen levels decrease (low)
• progesterone levels high
• cervical mucus thickens
 Menopause
Menopause
• time when ovaries secrete less hormones and
number of follicles in ovaries is low
• menstrual cycle and ovulation are less regular
• hot flashes, fatigue, irritability may occur
• estrogen replacement therapy may be used to
decreases side effects
 Female Sexual Behavior 1

1. Sexual drive in females, like sexual drive in males, is dependent

on hormones.
2. Testosterone-like hormones, and possibly estrogen, affect brain
cells (especially in the area of the hypothalamus) and influence
sexual behavior.
3. Testosterone-like hormones are produced primarily in the
adrenal cortex.
4. Psychological factors also play a role in sexual behavior.
5. The sensory and motor neural pathways involved in controlling
female sexual responses are similar to those found in the male.
 Female Sex Act 1

1. During sexual excitement, erectile tissue within the clitoris and

around the vaginal opening becomes engorged with blood.
2. The mucous glands within the vestibule secrete small amounts of
mucus, with larger amounts extruded into the vagina through its
wall.
3. Stimulation of the female’s genitals during sexual intercourse and
psychological stimuli normally trigger an orgasm, or climax.
4. The vaginal and uterine smooth muscle, as well as the surrounding
skeletal muscles, contract rhythmically, and muscle tension
increases throughout much of the body.
5. After the sex act, there is a period of resolution, which is
characterized by an overall sense of satisfaction and relaxation.
Contraception 1

Many methods are used

to prevent pregnancy,
either by preventing
fertilization
(contraception) or by
preventing implantation
of the developing embryo.
Methods include
behavioral, barrier,
chemical, and surgical.
Figure 19.15c
Figure 19.15f