Giáo Trình Luyện Đề Ielts

CONTENTS
UNIT 1. LISTENING SECTION 1 AND 2 .................................................................................................. 2
UNIT 2. LISTENING SECTION 3 AND 4 ................................................................................................ 16
UNIT 3. READING PASSAGE 1 AND 2 .................................................................................................. 30
UNIT 4. READING PASAGE 3 ............................................................................................................... 82
UNIT 5. SPEAKING PART 1. WH- QUESTIONS ................................................................................... 120
UNIT 6. SPEAKING PART 1. YES/ NO QUESTION .............................................................................. 127
UNIT 7. SPEAKING PART 2. PEOPLE AND THING DESCRIPTION ....................................................... 134
UNIT 8. SPEAKING PART 2. PLACES AND EVENTS ............................................................................ 144
UNIT 9. SPEAKING PART 3. COMPARISON AND PREDCITION .......................................................... 151
UNIT 10. SPEAKING PART 3. OPINION, ADVANTAGE- DISADVANTAGE AND PROBLEM- SOLUTION158
UNIT 11. WRITING TASK 1. BAR, LINE AND PIE CHART .................................................................... 164
UNIT 12. WRITING TASK 1. TABLE, MAP, PROCESS, MAP AND MIXED ............................................ 189
UNIT 13. WRITING TASK 2. ARGUMENTATIVE ................................................................................. 221
UNIT 14. WRITING TASK 2. DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 230
UNIT 15. WRITING TASK 2. PROBLEM- SOLUTION AND CAUSE- EFFECT ......................................... 241
GIÁO TRÌNH LUYỆN ĐỀ IELTS Page 1

UNIT 1. LISTENING SECTION 1 AND 2
SECTION 1
Exercise 1 (Track 1.1)
Questions 1-7
Complete the form below, using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
answer.
Travel Safe
INSURANCE PLC
Department: Motor Insurance
Client details:
Name: Elisabeth 1 ....................
Date of birth: 8.10.1975
Address: 2 .................... (street)
Callington (town)
Policy number: 3 ....................
Accident details:
Date: 4 ....................
Time: Approx. 5 ....................
Supporting evidence: 6 ....................
Medical problems (if any): 7 .................... injuries

Questions 8-10
Label the diagram/plan below. Write the correct letter, A–G, next to questions 8–10.
8. traffic lights ....................

9. petrol station ....................
10. blue van ....................
Exercise 2 ( Track 1.2)
Questions 1-4
Complete the notes below:
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Notes on sports club
Example Answer
Name of club: Flagstone
Facilities available: Golf
1 ...................................
2 ...................................
Classes available: • kick-boxing
• 3 ................................

Additional facility: 4 .................................. (restaurant opening soon)
Questions 5-8
Complete the table below:
Write NO MORE THAN TWO NUMBERS for each answer.
MEMBERSHIP SCHEMES
Annual subscription
Type Use of facilities Cost of classes Times Joining fee
fee
GOLD All Free Any time £250 5 £...............
from 7 …………........
SILVER All 6 £.............. £225 £300
to .....................
from 10.30 to 3.30

BRONZE Restricted £3 £50 8 £...............
weekdays only
Question 9 and 10
Complete the sentences below:
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
9. To join the centre, you need to book an instructor's ................................... .
10. To book a trial session, speak to David .................................. (0458 95311).

Questions 1-10
Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
answer.
LIBRARY INFORMATION
Example Answer
Minimum joining age: 18 years
For registration, must take

• two 1 ....................... and
• two forms of I.D. e.g. driving licence, 2 .......................
Cost to join per year (without current student card): 3 £ .......................
Number of items allowed: (members of public) 4 .......................
Login times: four weeks
Fines start at 5 £ .......................
Computers can be booked up to 6 ....................... hours in advance
Library holds most national papers, a11 7 ......................., and magazines Need 8....................... to
use photocopier
Creative Writing class
• tutor is John 9 ....................... and
• held on 10 ....................... evenings

Questions 1–10
Complete the notes below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
BIRMINGHAM EXHIBITION
 Open in: 1. ……………………………………….
 Length of exhibition: 2. ……………………………..
 A wide range of manufacturers will be showcased.
 Some cars are available to observe and others are for 3. …………………………..
 The 4. ……………………………….is prohibited to take into the museum.
 Every ticket includes one fere photo.
 Price of the ticket: 5. £ …………………………………………..(in advance).
 Transfer to Mark 6. ……………………………(Box Office Manager).
 Held in the 7. …………………………………………Palace this year.
 Not far from 8. ………………………………….
 Website: www. 9. ………………………….com.
 Best way to contact: 10. ………………………….

Questions 1-10
Complete the form below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each
answer.
MINTONS CAR MART

Customer Enquiry
Example Answer
Make: Lida
Engine size: (1) .........................
Model: Max
Type of gears: (2) .........................
Preferred colour: (3) ......................... blue
FINANCE
Customer wishes to arrange (4) ..........................
Part exchange? yes
PERSONAL DETAILS
Name: Wendy (5) ........................
Title: (6) ...........................
20, Green Banks

Address: (7) ...........................
Hampshire

Postcode: GU8 9EW
Contact number: (for (8) .......................... only) 0798257643
CURRENT CAR
Make: Conti
Name: (9) .............................

Model:
Year: 1994
Mileage: maximum 70,000
Colour: metallic grey
Condition: (10) ............................

SECTION 2
Questions 11-14
Complete the sentences below, using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
11. Dormouse numbers have fallen .................... as well as in the UK.
12. Dormice are about as heavy as two .....................
13. You are most likely to have seen a dormouse in a .....................
14. In the UK, dormice probably live in hedges and woods, and next to .....................
Questions 15-17
Label the identification sheet below. Write the correct letter A–E next to questions 5–8.
15. opened by woodmice ....................
16. opened by voles ....................
17. opened by dormice ....................

Questions 18-20
Complete the summary below, using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD in each space.
If you find nuts opened by dormice 18 .................... where you found them. Put them into some
kind of 19 .................... and 20 .................... them (name and address). Post them to Action for
Wildlife.
Questions 11-16
What change has been made to each part of the theatre?
Choose SIX answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-G, next to questions 11-16.
RIVENDEN CITY THEATRE
A. doubled in number
B. given separate entrance
C. reduced in number
D. increased in size
E. replaced
F. strengthened
G. temporarily closed
Part of the theatre

11. box office.............................
12. shop.....................................
13. ordinary seats.......................
14. seats for wheelchair users......
15. lifts.......................................
16. dressing room.......................

Questions 17-20
Complete the table below.
Play Dates Starting time Tickets available Price
Royal Hunt October 13th to 18…………………..pm For 19………………………. 20. £……………………..

of the Sun and …….…………….…….
17…………….………….
Questions 11 to 17
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
11. Who is Mrs Sutton worried about? .................... .
12. What is the name for a group of family doctors working in the same building
together? .................... .

Questions 13-18
Complete the form below.
Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Name of
Health Number of doctors Other information Information about doctors
Centre
Dr Jones is good
Appointment with 16 ...............................
Dean End 13 ........................ system 15 ........................... patients.
than South Hay Dr Shaw is good with
small children.
Building less modern Dr Williams helps people

South Hay 14 ….....................
than Dean End with 17 ....................
Questions 18-20
Question 18
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER.
Doctors start seeing patients at the Health Centre from .................... o’clock.
Question 19
Choose TWO letters A-E.
Which TWO groups of patients receive free medication?
A people over 17 years old

B unemployed people
C non-UK residents
D people over 60 years old
E pregnant women

Question 20
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS OR A NUMBER.
The charge for one item of medication is about £ ......................... .
Exercise 9
Questions 11-13 ( Track 1.9-1)
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.
11)Mr Gold had problems because he

A hated smoking.
B smoked.
C couldn't touch his toes.
D was very lazy.
12)Mr Gold used to travel across London to

A get exercise.
B see London at night.
C get cigarettes.
D buy food.
13)What did Mr Gold have difficulty with in the past?

A running
B giving up smoking
C getting to sleep at night
D getting up early in the morning

Questions 14-20 (Track 1.9-2)
Write NO MORE THAN ONE WORD for each answer.
14. Mr Gold stopped smoking on .....................

15. Mr Gold said he was .................... if people had not seen him smoking.
16. The worst side effects he experienced were .....................
17. He saw giving up smoking as an .....................
18. It was easier for Mr Gold to stop smoking than he had .....................
19. The radio presenter would like to have Mr Gold's .....................
20. The presenter hopes listeners will find their own .................... to success.
Questions 11-19

Using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
Brand of Cot Good Points Problems Verdict
Did not have any

(12) ...........................
Easy to
Baby Safe (14) ........................
(11) ......................... Babies could trap
their (13) ..........................
in the side bar
Side did not
drop down
Easy to
Choice Cots (17) ..............................
(15) .......................
Spaces between the bars
were (16)..........................

Did not have any
(18) …………........................
Base of cot could be
Mother's Choice (19) .............................
moved
Pictures could be
removed easily
Question 20

Write ONE WORD ONLY for the answer.
- Metal should not be rusted or bent.
- Edges of cot should not be (20) ................

UNIT 2. LISTENING SECTION 3 AND 4
SECTION 3
Questions 21-26
Which company website has the following features?

A Hills Cycles website
B Wheels Unlimited website
C both websites
Write the correct letter, A, B, or C next to questions 21–26.
21. bicycle catalogue ....................
22. price list ....................
23. bicycle accessories ....................
24. company history ....................
25. online ordering ....................
26. moving graphics ....................
Questions 27-30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C.
27. According to the tutor, the basic criterion for evaluating the websites should relate to
A appearance.
B ease of use.
C target customers.
28. On the subject of timing, the tutor says

A the students’ plan is appropriate.
B the students’ presentation will be too long.
C the students can extend the presentation if necessary.
29. Sarah and Jack will share the work by
A speaking in short turns.
B doing half the presentation each.
C managing different aspects.
30. The tutor advises Sarah and Jack not to
A talk too much.
B show complicated lists.
C use a lot of visuals.
Questions 21
Choose the correct letter; A, B or C.
21. What is Brian going to do before the course starts?
A. attend a class
B. write a report
C. read a book
Questions 22-25
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
College Facility Information

Refectory inform them 22. ……………………… about special dietary requirements
23. ………………………………….. long waiting list, apply now
Careers advice drop-in centre for information
Fitness centre reduced 24. ……………..………… for students
Library Includes books, journals, equipment room containing audio-visual

materials
Computers ask your 25…………………………. to arrange a password with the technical

support team
Questions 26-30
Complete the summary below.
Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.
Business Centre
This Business Resource Centre contains materials such as books and manuals to be used for
training. It is possible to hire 26 ………………………. and 27 …………………………. There are materials
for working on study skills (e.g. 28 …………………………. ) and other subjects include finance
and 29 ………………………………...
30 ……………………………………… membership costs £50 per year.

Questions 21-30
Complete the form below.
Dissertation Tutorial Record (Education)

Name: Sandy Gibbons
Target previewsly agreed Work completed Further action suggested
- Read IT 21 ........................
Sign up for some
Investigate suitable data - Spoken to Jane Prince,
software practice
analysis software Head of
sessions
the 22 ...............................
Prepare
- Completed and sent for Add questions in section
a 23 ..........................
review three on 24 .............................
for survey
- Read Banerjee
- N.B. Couldn't find Obtain from library
Further reading about
Ericsson's through special loans
discipline
essays on managing the service
25 .............................
New Target Work completed Timing
- Add statistics on the

Do further work on
27 ..................... in various zones
Chapter 1
- Include more references to works By the 29 ...........................
(Give the title:
dated after
Context 26 ........................ )
28 ..........................
Prepare list of main - Use index cards to help in Before starting the
sections for Chapter 2 organisation 30 ...................................

Questions 21-24
Complete the notes below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.
Box Telecom
Problem: been affected by drop in 21 .........................

growing 22 .........................
delays due to a strike
Causes of problems: high 23 .........................

lack of good 24 .........................
Questions 25-27
Choose the correct letter, A, B or C.
25) What does Karin think the company will do?
A look for private investors
B accept a takeover offer
C issue some new shares
26) How does the tutor suggest the company can recover?
A by appointing a new managing director
B by changing the way it is organised
C by closing some of its retail outlets
27) The tutor wants Jason and Karin to produce a report which

A offers solutions to Box Telecom's problems.
B analyses the UK market.
C compares different companies.
Questions 28-30
Which opinion does each person express about Box Telecom?

Choose your answers from the box and write the letters A-F next to questions 28-30.
A its workers are motivated
B it has too little investment
C it will overcome its problems
D its marketing campaign needs improvement
E it is old-fashioned
F it has strong managers
28. Karin
29. Jason
30. The tutor

Questions 21-26
Which company website has the following features?

A Hills Cycles website
B Wheels Unlimited website
C both websites
Write the correct letter, A, B, or C next to questions 21–26.
21. bicycle catalogue ....................
22. price list ....................
23. bicycle accessories ....................
24. company history ....................
25.online ordering ....................
26. moving graphics ....................
Questions 27-30
Choose the correct letter, A, B, or C.
27 According to the tutor, the basic criterion for evaluating the websites should relate to
A appearance.
B ease of use.
C target customers.
28 On the subject of timing, the tutor says
A the students’ plan is appropriate.
B the students’ presentation will be too long.

C the students can extend the presentation if necessary.
29 Sarah and Jack will share the work by
A speaking in short turns.
B doing half the presentation each.
C managing different aspects.
30 The tutor advises Sarah and Jack not to
A talk too much.
B show complicated lists.
C use a lot of visuals.

SECTION 4
Question 31-40
Complete the note below:
THE SPIRIT BEAR
General facts
• It is a white bear belonging to the black bear family.
• Its colour comes from an uncommon 31 …………………………….
• Local people believe that it has unusual 32 ……………………….
• They protect the bear from 33 ……………………………….
Habitat
• The bear’s relationship with the forest is complex.
• Tree roots stop 34 ………………………………..along salmon streams.
• The bears’ feeding habits provide nutrients for forest vegetation.
• It is currently found on a small number of 35 ……………………………….
Threats
• Habitat is being lost due to deforestation and construction of 36 ………………………by logging
companies.
• Unrestricted 37 …………………..……….. is affecting the salmon supply.
• The bears’ existence is also threatened by their low rate of 38 ………………………………..
Going forward
• Interested parties are working together.
• Logging companies must improve their 39 ………………………..of logging.
• Maintenance and 40 ………………………………………. of the spirit bears’ territory is needed.

Questions 31-40
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
THE FUTURE OF MANAGEMENT

Business markets
• greater 31 …………………………………… among companies
• increase in power of large 32 ……….…………………….. companies
• rising 33 ……………………………… in certain countries
External influences on businesses
• more discussion with 34 ………………………………………. before making business decisions.
• environmental concerns which may lead to more 35 …………………………………….
• Business structures
• more teams will be formed to work on a particular 36 ……………………………….
• businesses may need to offer hours that are 37 ……………………………, or the chance to work
remotely
Management styles
• increasing need for managers to provide good 38 …………………………..changes influenced by
39 ………………………….. taking senior roles
Changes in the economy
• service sector continues to be important
• increasing value of intellectual property more and more 40 ……………………………… workers

Questions 31-35
Complete the sentences below.
31. Bernard Shaw, men are supposed to understand .................... economics and finance.
32. However, women are more prepared to .................... about them.
33. Women tend to save for .................... and a house.
34. Men tend to save for .................... and for retirement.
35. Women who are left alone may have to pay for .................... when they are old.
Questions 36-40
Complete the summary below.

Saving for the future
Research indicates that many women only think about their financial future when
a (36).............................. occurs. This is the worst time to make decisions. It is best for women to
start thinking about pensions when they are in their (37) ............................... A good way for
women to develop their (38) ............................ in dealing with financial affairs would be to attend
classes in(39) ............................ When investing in stocks and shares, it is suggested that women
should put a high proportion of their savings in (40) …………................... In such ways, women can
have a comfortable, independent retirement.

Questions 31-40
ANTARCTICA
GEOGRAPHY
• world's highest, coldest and windiest continent
• more than (31) ......................... times as big as the UK
• most of the area is classified as (32) ............................
RESEARCH STATIONS
• international teams work together
• (33) .......................... is integrated with technical support
• stations contain accommodation, work areas, a kitchen, a (34) ........................ and a gym
• supplies were brought to Zero One station by sledge from a (35) ...................... at the edge of the
ice 15 km away
• problem of snow build-ups solved by building stations on (36) ...................... with adjustable legs
FOOD AND DIET

• average daily requirement for an adult in Antarctica is
approximately (37) .....................kilocalories
• rations for field work prepared by process of freeze-drying
RESEARCH
The most important research focuses on climate change, including
- measuring changes in the ice-cap (because of effects on sea levels and (38) .......................)
- monitoring the hole in the ozone layer
- analysing air from bubbles in ice to measure (39) ........................... caused by human activity

WORK OPPORTUNITIES
Many openings for (40) ................................. people including
- research assistants
- administrative and technical positions
Questions 31-35

Using NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER for each answer.
HOUSEHOLD WASTE RECYCLING
31. By 2008, carbon dioxide emissions need to be .................... lower than in 1990.
32. Recycling saves energy and reduces emissions from landfill sites and .................... .
33. People say that one problem is a lack of '....................' sites for household waste.
34. Glass designed to be utilised for .................... cannot be recycled with other types of glass.
35. In the UK, .................... tons of glass is recycled each year.
Questions 36-40
Choose the table below.

Companies working with recycled materials
Material Company Product that the company manufactures
glass CLA Aggregates material used for making (36) ....................................
paper Martin's office stationery

Papersave (37) ................................. for use on farms
Pacrite (38) ................................. for collecting waste
plastic Waterford (39) .................................
Johnson & Jones (40) .................................

UNIT 3. READING PASSAGE 1 AND 2
PASSAGE 1
Exercise 1.
Questions 1-9
Reading Passage 1 has nine paragraphs A–I.

Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
List of Phrases
vii The social nature of reef

i Island legends
occupations
ii Resources for exchange viii Resources for islanders’ own use
iii Competition for fishing rights ix High levels of expertise
iv The low cost of equipment x Alternative sources of employment
v Agatti’s favourable location xi Resources for earning money
vi Rising income levels xii Social rights and obligations
1) Paragraph A ……….. 5) Paragraph E ………
2) Paragraph B …………. 6) Paragraph F ……..
3) Paragraph C ………… 7) Paragraph G ………
4) Paragraph D ……… 8) Paragraph H ……..
9) Paragraph I ………

The coral reefs of Agatti Island
A Agatti is one of the Lakshadweep Islands off the southwest coast of India. These islands are
surrounded by lagoons and coral reefs which are in turn surrounded by the open ocean. Coral
reefs, which are formed from the skeletons of minute sea creatures, give shelter to a variety of
plants and animals, and therefore have the potential to provide a stream of diverse benefits to
the inhabitants of Agatti Island.
B In the first place, the reefs provide food and other products for consumption by the islanders
themselves. Foods include different types of fish, octopus and molluscs, and in the case of
poorer families these constitute as much as 90% of the protein they consume. Reef resources
are also used for medicinal purposes. For example, the money cowrie, a shell known locally as
Vallakavadi, is commonly made into a paste and used as a home remedy to treat cysts in the
eye.
C In addition, the reef contributes to income generation. According to a recent survey, 20% of
the households on Agatti report lagoon fishing, or shingle, mollusc, octopus and cowrie
collection as their main occupation (Hoon et al, 2002). For poor households, the direct
contribution of the reef to their financial resources is significant: 12% of poor households are
completely dependent on the reef for their household income, while 59% of poor households
rely on the reef for 70% of their household income, and the remaining 29% for 50% of their
household income.
D Bartering of reef resources also commonly takes place, both between islanders and between
islands. For example, Agatti Island is known for its abundance of octopus, and this is often used
to obtain products from nearby Androth Island. Locally, reef products may be given by islanders
in return for favours, such as help in constructing a house or net mending, or for other products
such as rice, coconuts or fish.
E The investment required to exploit the reefs is minimal. It involves simple, locally available
tools and equipment, some of which can be used without a boat, such as the fishing practice
known as Kat moodsal. This is carried out in the shallow eastern lagoon of Agatti by children
and adults, close to shore at low tide, throughout the year. A small cast net, a leaf bag, and

plastic slippers are all that are required, and the activity can yield 10–12 small fish
(approximately 1 kg) for household consumption. Cast nets are not expensive, and all the
households in Agatti own at least one. Even the boats, which operate in the lagoon and near-
shore reef, are constructed locally and have low running costs. They are either small, non-
mechanised, traditional wooden rowing boats, known as Thonis, or rafts, known as Tharappam.
F During more than 400 years of occupation and survival, the Agatti islanders have developed
an intimate knowledge of the reefs. They have knowledge of numerous different types of fish
and where they can be found according to the tide or lunar cycle. They have also developed a
local naming system or folk taxonomy, naming fish according to their shape. Sometimes the
same species is given different names depending on its size and age. For example, a full grown
Emperor fish is called Metti and a juvenile is called Killokam. The abundance of each species at
different fishing grounds is also well known. Along with this knowledge of reef resources, the
islanders have developed a wide range of skills and techniques for exploiting them. A multitude
of different fishing techniques are still used by the islanders, each targeting different areas of
the reef and particular species.
G The reef plays an important role in the social lives of the islanders too, being an integral part
of traditions and rituals. Most of the island’s folklore revolves around the reef and sea. There is
hardly any tale or song which does not mention the traditional sailing crafts, known as Odams,
the journeys of enterprising ‘heroes’, the adventures of sea fishing and encounters with sea
creatures. Songs that women sing recollect women looking for returning Odams, and
requesting the waves to be gentler and the breeze just right for the sails. There are stories of
the benevolent sea ghost baluvam, whose coming to shore is considered a harbinger of
prosperity for that year, bringing more coconuts, more fish and general well-being.
H The reef is regarded by the islanders as common property, and all the islanders are entitled
to use the lagoon and reef resources. In the past, fishing groups would obtain permission from
the Amin (island head person) and go fishing in the grounds allotted by him. On their return,
the Amin would be given a share of the catch, normally one of the best or biggest fish. This
practice no longer exists, but there is still a code of conduct or etiquette for exploiting the reef,
and common respect for this is an effective way of avoiding conflict or disputes.

I Exploitation of such vast and diverse resources as the reefs and lagoon surrounding the island
has encouraged collaborative efforts, mainly for purposes of safety, but also as a necessity in
the operation of many fishing techniques. For example, an indigenous gear and operation
known as Bala fadal involves 25–30 men. Reef gleaning for cowrie collection by groups of 6–10
women is also a common activity, and even today, although its economic significance is
marginal, it continues as a recreational activity.
Questions 10-13
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
10)What proportion of poor households get all their income from reef products?
A 12%
B 20%
C 29%
D 59%
11)Kat moodsal fishing
A is a seasonal activity.
B is a commercial activity.
C requires little investment.
D requires use of a rowing boat.
12)Which characteristic of present-day islanders do the writers describe?
A physical strength
B fishing expertise
C courage
D imagination
13)What do the writers say about the system for using the reef on Agatti?
A Fish catches are shared equally.
B The reef owner issues permits.
C There are frequent disputes.
D There is open access.

Exercise 2.
Johnson's Dictionary
For the century before Johnson's Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern
about the state of the English language. There was no standard way of speaking or writing and
no agreement as to the best way of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling. Dr
Johnson provided the solution.
There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some
120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table
Alphabeticall of hard usuall English wordes. Like the various dictionaries that came after it
during the seventeenth century, Cawdray's tended to concentrate on 'scholarly' words; one
function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine learning.
Beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with
the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various
worlds to conquer -lexical as well as social and commercial. It is highly appropriate that Dr

Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century literary man, as famous in his own
time as in ours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the
middle class.
Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of genius. His approach
to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late seventeenth and early eighteenth
centuries was intensely practical. Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary on such a
large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions
about right and wrong usage. Johnson decided he did not need an academy to settle
arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself; and he would do it single-
handed. Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a
breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holborn Bar on 18 June 1764. He was to be paid
£1,575 in instalments, and from this he took money to rent 17 Gough Square, in which he set
up his 'dictionary workshop'.
James Boswell, his biographer described the garret where Johnson worked as 'fitted up like a
counting house' with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would
work standing up.
Johnson himself was stationed on a rickety chair at an 'old crazy deal table' surrounded by a
chaos of borrowed books. He was also helped by six assistants, two of whom died whilst the
Dictionary was still in preparation.
The work was immense; filing about eighty large notebooks (and without a library to hand),
Johnson wrote the definitions of over 40,000 words, and illustrated their many meanings with
some 114,000 quotations drawn from English writing on every subject, from the Elizabethans
to his own time. He did not expel to achieve complete originality. Working to a deadline, he
had to draw on the best of all previous dictionaries, and to make his work one of heroic
synthesis. In fact, it was very much more. Unlike his predecessors, Johnson treated English very
practically, as a living language, with many different shades of meaning. He adopted his
definitions on the principle of English common law - according to precedent. After its
publication, his Dictionary was not seriously rivalled for over a century.

After many vicissitudes the Dictionary was finally published on 15 April 1775. It was instantly
recognised as a landmark throughout Europe. 'This very noble work;' wrote the leading Italian
lexicographer, will be a perpetual monument of Fame to the Author, an Honour to his own
Country in particular, and a general Benefit to the republic of Letters throughout Europe. The
fact that Johnson had taken on the Academies of Europe and matched them (everyone knew
that forty French academics had taken forty years to produce the first French national
dictionary) was cause for much English celebration.
Johnson had worked for nine years, 'with little assistance of the learned, and without any
patronage of the great; not in the soft obscurities of retirement, or under the shelter of
academic bowers, but amidst inconvenience and distraction, in sickness and in sorrow'. For all
its faults and eccentricities his two-volume work is a masterpiece and a landmark, in his own
words, 'setting the orthography, displaying the analogy, regulating the structures, and
ascertaining the significations of English words'. It is the cornerstone of Standard English, an
achievement which, in James Boswell's words, 'conferred stability on the language of his
country'.
The Dictionary, together with his other writing, made Johnson famous and so well esteemed
that his friends were able to prevail upon King George III to offer him a pension. From then on,
he was to become the Johnson of folklore.
Questions 1-3
Choose THREE letters A-H.

Write your answers in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
NB Your answers may be given in any order.
Which THREE of the following statements are true of Johnson's Dictionary?
A It avoided all scholarly words.

B It was the only English dictionary in general use for 200 years.
C It was famous because of the large number of people involved.
D It focused mainly on language from contemporary texts.

E There was a time limit for its completion.
F It ignored work done by previous dictionary writers.
G It took into account subtleties of meaning.
H Its definitions were famous for their originality.
Questions 4-7
Complete the summary.

Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
In 1764 Dr Johnson accepted the contract to produce a dictionary. Having rented a garret, he
took on a number of (4) .................... , who stood at a long central desk. Johnson did not have
a (5).................... available to him, but eventually produced definitions of in excess of 40,000
words written down in 80 large notebooks. On publication, the Dictionary was immediately
hailed in many European countries as a landmark. According to his biographer, James Boswell,
Johnson's principal achievement was to bring (6) .................... to the English language. As a
reward for his hard work, he was granted a (7) .................... by the king.
Questions 8-13
In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage

FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage
NOT
if the information is not given in the passage
GIVEN
8) The growing importance of the middle classes led to an increased demand for dictionaries.
9) Johnson has become more well known since his death.
10) Johnson had been planning to write a dictionary for several years.
11) Johnson set up an academy to help with the writing of his Dictionary.
12) Johnson only received payment for his Dictionary on its completion.
13) Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication of the Dictionary.
Exercise 3.
BAKELITE
The birth of modern plastics
In 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and
patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named 'Bakelite', was
of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.
The term 'plastic' comes from the Greek plassein, meaning 'to mould'. Some plastics are
derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a
natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the
constituents of coal or oil. Some are 'thermoplastic', which means that, like candlewax, they
melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are 'thermosetting': like eggs, they cannot
revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever, Bakelite had the
distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.

The history of today's plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi-synthetic
thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development
of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors - immense technological progress
in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to
find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of 'luxury' materials such as tortoiseshell and
ivory.
Baekeland's interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium,
he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when
phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon
abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By 1905 he was a
wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new
photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had
been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of
the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial
scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland's major contribution to the field is not so much the
actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a
reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its
preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent
describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today.
The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from
wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The
result was a resin known as Novalak, which became soluble and malleable when heated. The
resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground
into powder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour,
asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and. moisture resistance, catalysts (substances to
speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa, a compound
of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form
a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second
time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of

manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of
the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure; thereby 'setting' its form for
life.
The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a
large extent by the technical requirements of the moulding process. The object could not be
designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract. A common
general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if
necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so
that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners
proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, 'streamlined' style
popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took
longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to
make the most efficient use of machines.
Baekeland's invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an
unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It
became the wonder product of the new world of industrial expansion -'the material of a
thousand uses'. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were
promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating:
properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they
were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the pre-plastic
era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast
quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with
renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors' marketplace, and museums,
societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this
innovative material.
Questions 1-3

Complete the summary.
Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
Some plastics behave in a similar way to (1) .................... in that they melt under heat and can
be moulded into new forms. Bakelite was unique because it was the first material to be both
entirely (2).................... in origin, and thermosetting.
There were several reasons for the research into plastics in the nineteenth century, among
them the great advances that had been made in the field of (3) .................... and the search for
alternatives to natural resources like ivory.
Questions 4-8
Complete the flow-chart.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.
The Production of Bakelite
phenol
combine under vacuum
formaldehyde
stage one resin,

called (4) ..................................
cool until hardened
break up and grind into powder

(5) .........................
(e.g. cotton, asbestos)
catalyst
ammonia
(6) .............................
formaldehyde
stage two resin
cool until hardened
break up and grind into powder
(7) ................................. Bakelite
heat
pour into mould
apply intense heat and (8)....................
cool until hardened
Questions 9-10

Write your answers in boxes 9 and 10 on your answer sheet.
NB Your answers may be given in either order.
Which TWO of the following factors influencing the design of Bakelite objects are mentioned in
the text?
A the function which the object would serve
B the ease with which the resin could fill the mould
C the facility with which the object could be removed from the mould
D the limitations of the materials used to manufacture the mould
E the fashionable styles of the period
Questions 11-13
NOT
GIVEN
11 Modern-day plastic preparation is based on the same principles as that patented in 1907.
12 Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile material.
13 Bakelite was only available in a limited range of colours.

Exercise 4.
Questions 1-8
Write the appropriate numbers (i-xiii) in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Environmental change has always been with us

ii The scarcity of water
iii Rivers and seas cause damage
iv Should we be despondent? Or realistic?
v Disasters caused by the climate make us feel better
vi Water, the provider of food
vii What is water?
viii How to solve flooding
ix Far-flung flooding
x Humans' relationship with water
xi The destructive force of water in former times
xii Flooding in the future
xiii A pessimistic view of the future
Example: Paragraph A- vii

1. Paragraph B
2. Paragraph C
3. Paragraph D
4. Paragraph E
5. Paragraph F
6. Paragraph G
7. Paragraph H
8. Paragraph I

ADAM'S WINE
AWater is the giver and, at the same time, the taker of life. It covers most of the surface of the
planet we live on and features large in the development of the human race. On present
predictions, it is an element that is set to assume even greater significance.
B Throughout history, water has had a huge impact on our lives. Humankind has always had a
rather ambiguous relationship with water, on the one hand receiving enormous benefit from it,
not just as a drinking source, but as a provider of food and a means whereby to travel and to
trade. But forced to live close to water in order to survive and to develop, the relationship has
not always been peaceful or beneficial. In fact, it has been quite the contrary. What has
essentially been a necessity for survival has turned out in many instances to have a very
destructive and life-threatening side.
C Through the ages, great floods alternated with long periods of drought have assaulted people
and their environment, hampering their fragile fight for survival. The dramatic changes to the
environment that are now a feature of our daily news are not exactly new: fields that were
once lush and fertile are now barren; lakes and rivers that were once teeming with life are now
long gone; savannah has been turned to desert. What perhaps is new is our naive wonder
when faced with the forces of nature.
D Today, we are more aware of climatic changes around the world. Floods in far-flung places
are instant hews for the whole world. Perhaps these events make us feel better as we face the
destruction of our own property by floods and other natural disasters.
E In 2002, many parts of Europe suffered severe flood damage running into billions of euros.
Properties across the continent collapsed into the sea as waves pounded the coastline
wreaking havoc with sea defences. But it was not just the seas. Rivers swollen by heavy rains

and by the effects of deforestation carried large volumes of water that wrecked many
communities.
F Building stronger and more sophisticated river defences against flooding is the expensive
short-term answer. There are simpler ways. Planting trees in highland areas, not just in Europe
but in places like the Himalayas, to protect people living in low-lying regions like the Ganges
Delta, is a cheaper and more attractive solution. Progress is already being made in convincing
countries that the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases is causing
considerable damage to the environment. But more effort is needed in this direction.
G And the future? If we are to believe the forecasts, it is predicted that two-thirds of the world
population will be without fresh water by 2025. But for a growing number of regions of the
world the future is already with us. While some areas are devastated by flooding, scarcity of
water in many other places is causing conflict. The state of Texas in the United States of
America is suffering a shortage of water with the Rio Grande failing to reach the Gulf of Mexico
for the first time in 50 years in the spring of 2002, pitting region against region as they vie for
water sources. With many parts of the globe running dry through drought and increased water
consumption, there is now talk of water being the new oil.
H Other doom-laden estimates suggest that, while tropical areas will become drier and
uninhabitable, coastal regions and some low-lying islands will in all probability be submerged
by the sea as the polar ice caps melt. Popular exotic destinations now visited by countless
tourists will become no-go areas. Today's holiday hotspots of southern Europe and elsewhere
will literally become hotspots - too hot to live in or visit. With the current erratic behaviour of
the weather, it is difficult not to subscribe to such despair.
I Some might say that this despondency is ill-founded, but we have had ample proof that there
is something not quite right with the climate. Many parts of the world have experienced
devastating flooding. As the seasons revolve, the focus of the destruction moves from one
continent to another. The impact on the environment is alarming and the cost to life
depressing. It is a picture to which we will need to become accustomed.

Questions 9-15
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 9-15 on your answer sheet.
9. The writer believes that water

A is gradually becoming of greater importance.
B will have little impact on our lives in future.
C is something we will need more than anything else.
D will have even greater importance in our lives in the future.
10. Humankind's relationship with water has been
A two-sided.
B one-sided.
C purely one of great benefit.
D fairly frightening.
11. The writer suggests that
A we are in awe of the news we read and see on TV every day.
B change to the environment leaves us speechless.
C we should not be in awe of the news we read and see on TV every day.
D our surprise at the environmental change brought about by nature is something new.
12. According to the text, planting trees
A has to be co-ordinated internationally.
B is more expensive than building sea and river defences.
C is a less expensive answer to flooding than building river defences.
D is not an answer to the problem of flooding in all regions.
13. By 2025, it is projected that
A at least half the world population will have fresh water.
B the majority of the world population will have fresh water.
C one-third of the world population will have fresh water.
D fresh water will only be available to half of the world population.

Exercise 5.
The people of ancient Egypt emerged as one of the first Western civilisations. Sustained by the
River Nile and protected by vast deserts, the Egyptians lived in comparative security, prosperity
and peace for thousands of years. When such conditions exist, the civilisation and its arts
usually flourish. To this day, many of the Egyptian artistic creations display the wealth,
splendour and talent of this great civilisation.
Ancient Egypt has been called a land of temples and tombs. For centuries people have been
filled with wonder at the ingenuity of the Egyptians, whose impressive works have withstood
the ravages of time so well. Had it not been for the long-lasting nature of their monuments and
carved inscriptions in the form of hieroglyphics', much evidence of their activities would have
vanished from all historical records. In about 3000 BC, Upper and Lower Egypt were united
under the first pharaoh, and generally from that time until the invasion by Alexander the Great
in 332 BC, Egypt prospered as a nation of skilful craftsmen and artists.
The Egyptians were an industrious, highly civilised and deeply religious people, who obediently
accepted the supreme authority of their pharaohs. The people were content to serve and work
for the state in return for a secure livelihood. They considered this earthly life to be a segment
in a great cycle, at the end of which everything would be returned to its original form. The
richer and more important the person, the more careful and elaborate would be his or her
burial, and the stronger and safer the tomb in which they would be buried.
The burial of the dead in the ground was not considered sufficiently safe for kings, queens and
court officials, so sunken, sealed tombs were ingeniously constructed to protect personal
treasures, food and instructions for the safe conduct of the soul after death. The design of
these tombs developed into the stepped pyramid, and finally into the square pyramid that we
know today.
There are about 80 ancient pyramids in Egypt. The Great Pyramid at Giza, which King Cheops
built as his tomb 5000 years ago, holds most interest. It stands with two other pyramids on a
slight rise overlooking the River Nile. At the centre of the pyramid is the King's Chamber and
leading down from there is a long narrow area known as the Grand Gallery. The pyramid covers

13 acres and contains 2,300,000 blocks of limestone, each weighing an average of 1.5 tons. Its
pyramidal form has a perfectly square base with sides of 756 feet and a height of 481 feet.
Situated directly below the King's Chamber is the Queen's Chamber and there are two air
channels leading upwards from the centre of the pyramid to the outside.
Originally the exterior was covered in highly polished limestone slabs, all of which have been
stolen over the years. It is estimated that a total of 100,000 men laboured for 20 years to build
this gigantic structure, and although architecturally unimportant in design, it has aroused the
curiosity of millions of people because of the uncanny accuracy of its measurements and
proportions. It reveals the remarkable ingenuity and the great organising ability of the ancient
Egyptians.
Near these pyramids stands the Great Sphinx, the origin and purpose of which constitutes one
of the world's most famous puzzles. Shaped from an outcrop of stone in the form of a
humanheaded lion, the face is possibly a portrait of King Khafra, the son of Cheops, who was
buried in the second largest pyramid. The Sphinx is one of the biggest statues ever made.
The Egyptian people showed reverence towards natural objects such as the lotus flower, the
scarab beetle, the falcon, the lion, the sun and the River Nile. All these subjects and many more
were used symbolically and conventionally as motifs in low-relief carving and painting. It was
the custom of the Egyptians to depict the various parts of the human figure, usually in the most
characteristic positions. The head was shown in profile except for the eye, which was
represented from the front, the shoulders and a portion of the arms were portrayed from the
front, while the hips and legs were side views. Wall decoration showed little or no attempt to
indicate depth or perspective, except by placing distant objects above near things. It was
essentially two-dimensional, and relative size indicated the status of the person, so the
pharaoh was the largest figure in the composition.
Egyptian art is characterised by a passion for permanence, a desire to impress by size, and a
determination to make each item serve its function without much regard for the whole. It is
obvious that art among these people reached a very high level and the strong influence of
Egyptian art can be seen in the work of nearby civilisations.

The fortunate discovery and subsequent deciphering in 1822 of the Rosetta Stone, which
showed the same laws inscribed both in Egyptian hieroglyphics and the Egyptian demotic, or
popular version of their language, as well as the Greek language, eventually gave the key to the
meaning of Egyptian inscriptions, and therefore the significance of much Egyptian art.
Questions 1-3. You should spend about 20 minutes on questions 1-13

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
1) Security and peace are two .................... that are necessary for a civilisation to be successful.
2) Ancient Egyptians worked as both .....................
3) Ordinary Egyptians expected to receive .................... for their hard work.
Questions 4-7
Label the diagram below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR NUMBERS from the passage for each answer.

(4) ........................................
(5) ........................................
(6) ........................................
(7) ........................................
Questions 8-12.

NOT
GIVEN
8) The surface of the Great Pyramid is covered in polished limestone slabs.
9) King Khafra died before King Cheops.
10) Egyptian carvings were often based on things found in nature.
11) Important characters in Egyptian carvings were bigger than less important characters.
12) Egyptian art was greatly influenced by the art of neighbouring cultures.
Question 13
Choose the correct Ietter A, B, C or D.

Write the correct letter in box 13 on your answer sheet.
The writer's aim in this passage is to
A describe the construction methods of the pyramids.

B explain the beliefs of the ancient Egyptians.
C offer an interpretation of Egyptian art and sculpture.
D provide an overview of early Egyptian society.

PASSAGE 2
Exercie 6.
GREYING POPULATION STAYS IN THE PINK
Elderly people are growing healthier, happier and more independent, say American scientists.
The results of a 14-year study to be announced later this month reveal that the diseases
associated with old age are afflicting fewer and fewer people and when they do strike, it is
much later in life.
In the last 14 years, the National Long-term Health Care Survey has gathered data on the health
and lifestyles of more than 20,000 men and women over 65. Researchers, now analysing the
results of data gathered in 1994, say arthritis, high blood pressure and circulation problems -
the major medical complaints in this age group - are troubling a smaller proportion every year.
And the data confirms that the rate at which these diseases are declining continues to
accelerate. Other diseases of old age - dementia, stroke, arteriosclerosis and emphysema - are
also troubling fewer and fewer people.
'It really raises the question of what should be considered normal ageing,' says Kenneth
Manton, a demographer from Duke University in North Carolina. He says the problems doctors
accepted as normal in a 65-year-old in 1982 are often not appearing until people are 70 or 75.
Clearly, certain diseases are beating a retreat in the face of medical advances. But there may be
other contributing factors. Improvements in childhood nutrition in the first quarter of the
twentieth century, for example, gave today's elderly people a better start in life than their
predecessors.
On the downside, the data also reveals failures in public health that have caused surges in
some illnesses. An increase in some cancers and bronchitis may reflect changing smoking habits
and poorer air quality, say the researchers. 'These may be subtle influences,' says Manton, 'but
our subjects have been exposed to worse and worse pollution for over 60 years. It's not
surprising we see some effect.'

One interesting correlation Manton uncovered is that better-educated people are likely to live
longer. For example, 65-year-old women with fewer than eight years of schooling are expected,
on average, to live to 82. Those who continued their education live an extra seven years.
Although some of this can be attributed to a higher income, Manton believes it is mainly
because educated people seek more medical attention.
The survey also assessed how independent people over 65 were, and again found a striking
trend. Almost 80% of those in the 1994 survey could complete everyday activities ranging from
eating and dressing unaided to complex tasks such as cooking and managing their finances.
That represents a significant drop in the number of disabled old people in the population. If the
trends apparent in the United States 14 years ago had continued, researchers calculate there
would be an additional one million disabled elderly people in today's population. According to
Manton, slowing the trend has saved the United States government's Medicare system more
than $200 billion, suggesting that the greying of America's population may prove less of a
financial burden than expected.
The increasing self-reliance of many elderly people is probably linked to a massive increase in
the use of simple home medical aids. For instance, the use of raised toilet seats has more than
doubled since the start of the study, and the use of bath seats has grown by more than 50%.
These developments also bring some health benefits, according to a report from the MacArthur
Foundation's research group on successful ageing. The group found that those elderly people
who were able to retain a sense of independence were more likely to stay healthy in old age.
Maintaining a level of daily physical activity may help mental functioning, says Carl Cotman, a
neuroscientist at the University of California at Irvine. He found that rats that exercise on a
treadmill have raised levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor coursing through their brains.
Cotman believes this hormone, which keeps neurons functioning, may prevent the brains of
active humans from deteriorating.
As part of the same study, Teresa Seeman, a social epidemiologist at the University of Southern
California in Los Angeles, found a connection between self-esteem and stress in people over 70.
In laboratory simulations of challenging activities such as driving, those who felt in control of

their lives pumped out lower levels of stress hormones such as cortisol. Chronically high levels
of these hormones have been linked to heart disease.
But independence can have drawbacks. Seeman found that elderly people who felt emotionally
isolated maintained higher levels of stress hormones even when asleep. The research suggests
that older people fare best when they feel independent but know they can get help when they
need it.
'Like much research into ageing, these results support common sense,' says Seeman. They also
show that we may be underestimating the impact of these simple factors. 'The sort of thing
that your grandmother always told you turns out to be right on target,' she says.
Questions 14-22
Complete the summary using the list of words, A-Q, below.
Write the correct letter, A-Q, in boxes 14-22 on your answer sheet.
Research carried out by scientists in the United States has shown that the proportion of people over
65 suffering from the most common age-related medical problems is 14 ...................... and that the
speed of this change is 15 ......................... . It also seems that these diseases are affecting
people 16 ...................... in life than they did in the past, This is largely due to developments
in 17 ....................... , but other factors such as improved 18 ....................... may also be playing a part.
Increases in some other illnesses may be due to changes in personal habits and
to 19 ....................... The research establishes a link between levels of 20 ....................... and life
expectancy. It also shows the there has been a considerable reduction in the number of elderly people
who are 21 ....................... , which means that the 22 ........................ involved in supporting this
section of the population may be less than previously predicted.
A cost B falling C technology D undernourished
E earlier F later G disabled H more
I increasing J nutrition K education L constant

M medicine N pollution O environmental P health
Q independent

Questions 23-26
Look at the following cities (Questions 11-13) and the list of descriptions below.
Match each city with the correct description, A-F.
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.
23. Home medical aids
24. Regular amounts of exercise
25. Feelings of control over life
26. Feelings of loneliness
List of description
A may cause heart disease.

B can be helped by hormone treatment.
C may cause rises in levels of stress hormones.
D have cost the United States government more than $200 billion.
E may help prevent mental decline.
F may get stronger at night.
G allow old people to be more independent.
H can reduce stress in difficult situations.

Exercise 7.
Flawed Beauty: the problem with toughened glass
On 2nd August 1999, a particularly hot day in the town of Cirencester in the UK, a large pane of
toughened glass in the roof of a shopping centre at Bishops Walk shattered without warning
and fell from its frame. When fragments were analysed by experts at the giant glass
manufacturer Pilkington, which had made the pane, they found that minute crystals of nickel
sulphide trapped inside the glass had almost certainly caused the failure.
‘The glass industry is aware of the issue,’ says Brian Waldron, chairman of the standards
committee at the Glass and Glazing Federation, a British trade association, and standards
development officer at Pilkington. But he insists that cases are few and far between. ‘It's a very
rare phenomenon,’ he says.
Others disagree. ‘On average I see about one or two buildings a month suffering from nickel
sulphide related failures,’ says Barrie Josie, a consultant engineer involved in the Bishops Walk
investigation. Other experts tell of similar experiences. Tony Wilmott of London-based
consulting engineers Sandberg, and Simon Armstrong at CIadTech Associates in Hampshire
both say they know of hundreds of cases. ‘What you hear is only the tip of the iceberg,’ says
Trevor Ford, a glass expert at Resolve Engineering in Brisbane, Queensland. He believes the
reason is simple: ‘No-one wants bad press.’
Toughened glass is found everywhere, from cars and bus shelters to the windows, walls and
roofs of thousands of buildings around the world. It's easy to see why. This glass has five times
the strength of standard glass, and when it does break it shatters into tiny cubes rather than
large, razor-sharp shards. Architects love it because large panels can be bolted together to
make transparent walls, and turning it into ceilings and floors is almost as easy.
It is made by heating a sheet of ordinary glass to about 620°C to soften it slightly, allowing its
structure to expand, and then cooling it rapidly with jets of cold air. This causes the outer layer
of the pane to contract and solidify before the interior. When the interior finally solidifies and
shrinks, it exerts a pull on the outer layer that leaves it in permanent compression and

produces a tensile force inside the glass. As cracks propagate best in materials under tension,
the compressive force on the surface must be overcome before the pane will break, making it
more resistant to cracking.
The problem starts when glass contains nickel sulphide impurities. Trace amounts of nickel and
sulphur are usually present in the raw materials used to make glass, and nickel can also be
introduced by fragments of nickel alloys falling into the molten glass. As the glass is heated,
these atoms react to form tiny crystals of nickel sulphide. Just a tenth of a gram of nickel in the
furnace can create up to 50,000 crystals.
These crystals can exist in two forms: a dense form called the alpha phase, which is stable at
high temperatures, and a less dense form called the beta phase, which is stable at room
temperatures. The high temperatures used in the toughening process convert all the crystals to
the dense, compact alpha form. But the subsequent cooling is so rapid that the crystals don't
have time to change back to the beta phase. This leaves unstable alpha crystals in the glass,
primed like a coiled spring, ready to revert to the beta phase without warning.
When this happens, the crystals expand by up to 4%. And if they are within the central, tensile
region of the pane, the stresses this unleashes can shatter the whole sheet. The time that
elapses before failure occurs is unpredictable. It could happen just months after manufacture,
or decades later, although if the glass is heated - by sunlight, for example - the process is
speeded up. Ironically, says Graham Dodd, of consulting engineers Arup in London, the oldest
pane of toughened glass known to have failed due to nickel sulphide inclusions was in
Pilkington's glass research building in Lathom, Lancashire. The pane was 27 years old.
Data showing the scale of the nickel sulphide problem is almost impossible to find. The picture
is made more complicated by the fact that these crystals occur in batches. So even if, on
average, there is only one inclusion in 7 tonnes of glass, if you experience one nickel sulphide
failure in your building, that probably means you've got a problem in more than one pane. Josie
says that in the last decade he has worked on over 15 buildings with the number of failures into
double figures.

One of the worst examples of this is Waterfront Place, which was completed in 1990. Over the
following decade the 40 storey Brisbane block suffered a rash of failures. Eighty panes of its
toughened glass shattered due to inclusions before experts were finally called in. John Barry, an
expert in nickel sulphide contamination at the University of Queensland, analysed every glass
pane in the building. Using a studio camera, a photographer went up in a cradle to take photos
of every pane. These were scanned under a modified microfiche reader for signs of nickel
sulphide crystals. ‘We discovered at least another 120 panes with potentially dangerous
inclusions which were then replaced,’ says Barry. ‘It was a very expensive and time-consuming
process that took around six months to complete.’ Though the project cost A$1.6 million
(nearly £700,000), the alternative - re-cladding the entire building - would have cost ten times
as much.
Questions 14-17
Look at the following people and the list of statements below.
Match each person with the correct statement.
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.
14 Brian Waldron
15 Trevor Ford
16 Graham Dodd
17 John Barry
List of Statements

suggests that publicity about nickel sulphide failure has been
A
suppressed
B regularly sees cases of nickel sulphide failure
C closely examined all the glass in one building
D was involved with the construction of Bishops Walk
E recommended the rebuilding of Waterfront Place
F thinks the benefits of toughened glass are exaggerated
G claims that nickel sulphide failure is very unusual
H refers to the most extreme case of delayed failure
Questions 18-23
Complete the summary with the list of words A-P below.
Toughened Glass
Toughened glass is favoured by architects because it is much stronger than ordinary

glass, and the fragments are not as 18 .................... when it breaks. However, it has
one disadvantage: it can shatter 19 .................... This fault is a result of the
manufacturing process. Ordinary glass is first heated, then cooled
very 20 .................... .
The outer layer 21 .................... before the inner layer, and the tension between the
two layers which is created because of this makes the glass stronger. However, if the
glass contains nickel sulphide impurities, crystals of nickel sulphide are formed. These
are unstable, and can expand suddenly, particularly if the weather is 22 .....................
If this happens, the pane of glass may break. The frequency with which such problems
occur is 23 .................... by glass experts. Furthermore, the crystals cannot be

detected without sophisticated equipment.
A numerous B detected C quickly D agreed
E warm F sharp G expands H slowly
I unexpectedly J removed K contracts L disputed
M cold N moved O small P calculated

Questions 24-26
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
24 。Little doubt was expressed about the reason for the Bishops Walk accident.
25。 Toughened glass has the same appearance as ordinary glass.
26。 There is plenty of documented evidence available about the incidence of nickel sulphide
failure.

Exercise 8.
What's so funny?
John McCrone reviews recent research on humour
The joke comes over the headphones: 'Which side of a dog has the most hair? The left.' No, not
funny. Try again. 'Which side of a dog has the most hair? The outside.' Hah! The punchline is
silly yet fitting, tempting a smile, even a laugh. Laughter has always struck people as deeply
mysterious, perhaps pointless. The writer Arthur Koestler dubbed it the luxury reflex: 'unique in
that it serves no apparent biological purpose'.
Theories about humour have an ancient pedigree. Plato expressed the idea that humour is
simply a delighted feeling of superiority over others. Kant and Freud felt that joke-telling relies
on building up a psychic tension which is safely punctured by the ludicrousness of the
punchline. But most modern humour theorists have settled on some version of Aristotle's
belief that jokes are based on a reaction to or resolution of incongruity, when the punchline is
either a nonsense or, though appearing silly, has a clever second meaning.
Graeme Ritchie, a computational linguist in Edinburgh, studies the linguistic structure of jokes
in order to understand not only humour but language understanding and reasoning in
machines. He says that while there is no single format for jokes, many revolve around a sudden
and surprising conceptual shift. A comedian will present a situation followed by an unexpected
interpretation that is also apt.
So even if a punchline sounds silly, the listener can see there is a clever semantic fit and that
sudden mental 'Aha!' is the buzz that makes us laugh. Viewed from this angle, humour is just a
form of creative insight, a sudden leap to a new perspective.
However, there is another type of laughter, the laughter of social appeasement and it is
important to understand this too. Play is a crucial part of development in most young
mammals. Rats produce ultrasonic squeaks to prevent their scuffles turning nasty.
Chimpanzees have a 'play-face' - a gaping expression accompanied by a panting 'ah, ah' noise.
In humans, these signals have mutated into smiles and laughs. Researchers believe social

situations, rather than cognitive events such as jokes, trigger these instinctual markers of play
or appeasement. People laugh on fairground rides or when tickled to flag a play situation,
whether they feel amused or not.
Both social and cognitive types of laughter tap into the same expressive machinery in our
brains, the emotion and motor circuits that produce smiles and excited vocalisations. However,
if cognitive laughter is the product of more general thought processes, it should result from
more expansive brain activity.
Psychologist Vinod Goel investigated humour using the new technique of 'single event'
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRl). An MRI scanner uses magnetic fields and radio
waves to track the changes in oxygenated blood that accompany mental activity. Until recently,
MRI scanners needed several minutes of activity and so could not be used to track rapid
thought processes such as comprehending a joke. New developments now allow half-second
'snapshots' of all sorts of reasoning and problem-solving activities.
Although Goel felt being inside a brain scanner was hardly the ideal place for appreciating a
joke, he found evidence that understanding a joke involves a widespread mental shift. His scans
showed that at the beginning of a joke the listener'$ prefrontal cortex lit up, particularly the
right prefrontal believed to be critical for problem solving. But there was also activity in the
temporal lobes at the side of the head (consistent with attempts to rouse stored knowledge)
and in many other brain areas. Then when the punchline arrived, a new area sprang to life -the
orbital prefrontal cortex. This patch of brain tucked behind the orbits of the eyes is associated
with evaluating information.
Making a rapid emotional assessment of the events of the moment is an extremely demanding
job for the brain, animal or human. Energy and arousal levels may need, to be retuned in the
blink of an eye. These abrupt changes will produce either positive or negative feelings. The
orbital cortex, the region that becomes active in Goel's experiment, seems the best candidate
for the site that feeds such feelings into higher-level thought processes, with its close
connections to the brain's sub-cortical arousal apparatus and centres of metabolic control.

All warm-blooded animals make constant tiny adjustments in arousal in response to external
events, but humans, who have developed a much more complicated internal life as a result of
language, respond emotionally not only to their surroundings, but to their own thoughts.
Whenever a sought-for answer snaps into place, there is a shudder of pleased recognition.
Creative discovery being pleasurable, humans have learned to find ways of milking this natural
response. The fact that jokes tap into our general evaluative machinery explains why the line
between funny and disgusting, or funny and frightening, can be so fine. Whether a joke gives
pleasure or pain depends on a person's outlook.
Humour may be a luxury, but the mechanism behind it is no evolutionary accident. As Peter
Derks, a psychologist at William and Mary College in Virginia, says: 'I like to think of humour as
the distorted mirror of the mind. It's creative, perceptual, analytical and lingual. If we can figure
out how the mind processes humour, then we'll have a pretty good handle on how it works in
general.
Questions 14-20
NOT
GIVEN
14. Arthur Koestler considered laughter biologically important in several ways.
15. Plato believed humour to be a sign of above-average intelligence.
16. Kant believed that a successful joke involves the controlled release of nervous energy.
17. Current thinking on humour has largely ignored Aristotle's view on the subject.
18. Graeme Ritchie's work links jokes to artificial intelligence.
19. Most comedians use personal situations as a source of humour.

20. Chimpanzees make particular noises when they are playing.
Questions 21-23
The diagram below shows the areas of the brain activated by jokes.
Label the diagram.
Right prefrontal cortex lights

up - area of brain linked to
(21) ....................
(22) .................... become

active too
Orbital prefrontal cortex is
activated - involved with
(23) ....................
Questions 24-27
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-G below.

Write the correct letter A-G in boxes 24-27 on your answer sheet.
A react to their own thoughts.

B helped create language in humans.
C respond instantly to whatever is happening.
D may provide valuable information about the operation of the brain.
E cope with difficult situations.
F relate to a person's subjective views.
G led our ancestors to smile and then laugh.
24. One of the brain's most difficult tasks is to
25. Because of the language they have developed, humans
26. Individual responses to humour
27. Peter Derks believes that humour
Exercise 9.
Shakespeare: The Authorship Question
If one were asked to name the greatest writer in the English language, few would hesitate in
answering, ‘William Shakespeare’. Although he dabbled in poetry, his central claim to fame is
his plays, almost 40 of them. Extensively studied, constantly performed, adapted, and
reinterpreted into modern contexts, Shakespeare’s plays remain as popular as ever. But did he
write them, that is the question?
The immediate reaction is to wonder why anyone would even ask this. Although there is little
documentary evidence of Shakespeare’s life, what does exist unequivocally identifies him as
the author of the plays. His name appears on title pages of a few publications, printing orders,
and theatrical documents, and is mentioned by contemporary commentators and a fellow
playwright, both publicly and in private memoirs, in every case in a way that is consistent with
Shakespeare being the author. Consequently, for hundreds of years, no one held any doubts
whatsoever on the matter.

There it would have remained, had Shakespeare’s post-humous reputation not reached such
lofty heights. With the widespread acceptance of his dramatic genius, apparent
inconsistencies were perceived. Chief among these was how such literature could originate
from, as viewed by some, a humble ill-educated country bumpkin and bawdy stage
entrepreneur, about whom so little was known. Details of Shakespeare’s schooling and
upbringing in the small market town of Stratford-Upon-Avon are non-existent, but among his
surviving children there is no evidence of strong education or even basic literacy skills. No
original written texts have ever been found, and Shakespeare’s six surviving signatures are all
unsteady, showing inconsistent style and spelling.
Most tellingly for some are the circumstances of Shakespeare's death. Firstly, there is his will, a
commonplace and unpoetic document, making no mention whatsoever of the considerable
body of papers, reference books, and miscellaneous plays, poetry, and writings that one would
expect a playwright of Shakespeare’s stature to possess. Apparently he was unconcerned about
the rights to both his own plays (many of which remained unpublished at that time) and his
own literary heritage. The second fact is that, upon his death, there were no eulogies,
mourning notices, or testimonies from those who knew him. All this seems very perplexing for
a playwright and poet who, whilst not necessarily considered the most polished, professional,
or learned by his peers, had nevertheless achieved considerable wealth, respect, and fame,
even in his own lifetime.
Such thoughts first became public in the mid-19th century -- and have never really slopped,
developing the grand title, ‘The Shakespeare authorship question", and dividing those
interested into two sides: the Stratfordians: those who support Shakespeare as the author, and
the anti-Stratfordians: those who do not. For the latter body, the only way to overcome the
documentary evidence in support of Shakespeare’s authorship is to assume a conspiracy
existed among a select group of people, perhaps including Shakespeare himself, in order to
protect the real author’s identity. So who was he (and in those times, it goes without saying
that it could not be a ‘she’)?

The anti-Stratfordians search for a university-educated, upper-class candidate — someone who
would inevitably have had knowledge of aristocratic manners and mores, and familiarity with
the proceedings and politics of the royal court, all of which so often appear in the plays
themselves. The reason for the conspiracy is that producing such works, full with themes of
royal revenge and murder, intrigue and assassination, mob rule and rebellion, could render a
nobleman liable to the dangerous charge of subversion. Some have also argued that, at that
time, it was considered socially unacceptable for the upper-class to publish creative literature
for monetary gain, being instead confined to circulating their writings among their peers, or
seeing them performed among courtly audiences.
There are four leading contenders. Sir Francis Bacon was the first nominated, and certainly had
the best intellectual credentials, being well-versed in law, philosophy, essay writing, and
science. However, since the 1920s, Edward de Vere, an aristocratic earl who patronised and
sponsored actors and the arts, has become the leading contender. Only slightly less favoured is
a fellow playwright, Christopher Marlowe. Born into the same social class as Shakespeare, he at
least went to university, although his early death in a tavern brawl presents difficulties —
unless one assumes his demise was fabricated to allow him to continue writing under
Shakespeare’s name. Finally, there is William Stanley, another aristocratic earl. Contemporary
accounts attest to the fact that he wrote plays for the common people, and throughout his life
he displayed interest and support for the theatre.
And the evidence? Mere historical and literary conjecture, vague similarities in writing styles,
and loose coincidences between the lives and travels of these contenders when compared to
the scenes and settings of many of the plays in question. In other words, nothing solid at all.
The case is so flimsy that reputable scholars barely discuss it, and rightly so. Although capable
of attracting public interest and selling books, unless some real evidence emerges, I would say
that the authorship question is not questionable at all.
Questions 14-17
Write TRUE, FALSE, or NOT GIVEN.

NOT GIVEN If there is no information on this
14 ………………………… Shakespeare’s name appears on many documents.
15 ……………………………. He was considered a genius even in his lifetime.
16 …………………………… He was well-educated.
17 ……………………………….. When he died, not all the plays had been published.

Questions 18-21
Complete the sentences.
Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
We have six examples of Shakespeare’s 18 ……………………………..
He used ordinary language in his 19 …………………………..
The lack of public grieving upon his death is 20 …………………………..
Those who believe Shakespeare was not the author are called 21 ………………………
Questions 22-24
Complete the flowchart.
22 …………………………………
23 ……………………………….
24 ………………………………..

Questions 25-26
25. Which sentence was mentioned in the reading passage?
A. Sir Francis Bacon was the smartest of the candidates.
B. Edward de Vere was in the same social class as Shakespeare.
C. Christopher Marlowe is the prime candidate.
D. William Stanley wrote plays for courtly audiences.
26. The author believes that Shakespeare
A. did not write the plays.
B. may not have written the plays.
C. probably wrote the plays.
D. certainly wrote the plays.

Exercise 10
Britain's canals - the solution to overcrowded road?
A. It's hard to imagine that only a decade or so ago many of the nation's canals were little
more than the last resting place for abandoned shopping trolleys. There's still work to be done,
but their transformation has been remarkable. Projects such as Castlefield in Manchester and
Brindley Place in Birmingham have transformed city-centre canals from stagnant reminders of a
fading industrial past to the epitome of urban cool. However, 21st-century priorities dictate
that the rehabilitation of this 18th-century motorway system cannot stop there. Canals and
navigable rivers form a major transport network, in need of only piecemeal investment, and
with the spare capacity to take away the need for hundreds of thousands of lorry journeys. In
the second half of the 18th century, canals drove the industrial revolution. Today, authorities
want them to drive congestion off the roads. Last month, for example, the European
Commission proposed a seven-year plan to shift large amounts of freight from roads to inland
waterways.
B. Europe's enthusiasm comes as no surprise. Freight traffic is expected to grow by a third in

the next decade. The cost of pollution and congestion is set to swallow one per cent of
Europe's entire GDP by 2010. "With a fleet of 11000 vessels and a capacity equalling 10000
trains or 440000 trucks, inland waterways can make transport in Europe more efficient, reliable
and environmental friendly," says Jacques Barrot, vice-president of the European Commission
in charge of transport. "Europe cannot afford to leave that potential untapped."
C. Mainland Europe has never, in fairness, left it completely untapped. The canals of the low
countries and the rivers of central and eastern Europe buzzed with the sound of freight barges
long after British industry had thrown in its lot with railways and roads. Attempts to revive
freight on British canals have been hampered by the fact that their heyday lasted barely 60
years, and they were first considered obsolete 150 years ago. For much of the intervening
period, many have simply been left to rot. "Our network was in decline for a long time
compared to much of Europe," says Eugene Baston of British Waterways. "Whereas other

countries developed road and rail transport but carried on using their waterways as well, our
canals were neglected. In fact many European countries actually enlarged their canals 100
years ago."
D. That decline in Britain has been reversed, first by leisure seekers and more recently by
industry. Boaters, anglers, walkers and cyclists now benefit from around 4000 miles of
navigable waterways and the paths and trails that run alongside them. Waterside living is
fashionable, and city-centre canals have been a focus for urban renewal, And, despite our
obsession with road transport, environmental considerations are forcing government and
business to mm the clock back 200 years and--at least in a minor way--get our waterways
working again.
E. In fact, industrial goods such as coal, steel, aggregates and petroleum have never completely
disappeared from large rivers and designated commercial waterways. Barges on the river
Severn have recently started carrying the equivalent of 34000 lorry loads of aggregates each
year, the first freight traffic on the river for a decade. British Waterways, which owns about half
of the country's navigable inland waterways, carded the equivalent of 64000 25-ton lorry loads
of freight in 2004. The organisation says these figures are certain to increase as new schemes
start, and environmentalists hope they will. Carrying freight by water uses about a quarter of
the energy of an equivalent road journey. In comparison to lorries, barges produce low
emissions, low noise and are visually unobtrusive. "We think that anything that can take freight
off the roads needs to be fully explored," says Tony Bosworth, transport campaigner for Friends
of the Earth. "Canals can do that. They can help cut the pollution that causes climate change."
F. There is a limit to what canals can carry. The slow pace of water travel does not fit well with
the limited shelf-life of fresh produce. If supermarkets won't trust their cherry tomatoes to
water, they might trust the waste paper and plastic that protects them. Many of the proposals
to utilise Britain's waterways are based around waste management and recycling schemes. For
example, a pilot scheme in Hackney, east London, has seen municipal waste collected by truck
and transferred to barge for transportation to a reprocessing plant. In the future, the scheme

could remove 300000 dustcart miles from the borough's streets every year. Current
arrangements could be just the tip of the iceberg.
G. Planning permission has been given for a Powerday recycling plant at Willesden Junction, a
site that sits on the intersection of road, rail and canal networks. "The plant will have the
capacity to handle a million and a half tons of waste every year, but the amount carried by road
will be capped at 500000 tons," says Ed Fox of British Waterways London. "If they want to grow
the business, they will have to work with us." Fox says getting freight back on the canals has
been "a nice idea" for 50 years, but until recently little more than an idea. "The Powerday
project, on the other hand, is proof of what really can be done."
H. Though details have yet to be decided, British Waterways believes the most appropriate
way to transport some of the building materials destined for London's giant Olympic
construction project is by the network of waterways that links the Thames and east London.
The Olympic Delivery Authority says: "It's being looked at and the final solution could well
involve some transportation by water. What exactly we do will be based on a range of factors,
but one of those will be sustainability." Their gentle pace will always make canals a niche player
in a busy world, but after 200 years of neglect, the tide is starting to turn.
Questions 14-17
The text has 8 paragraphs (A-H).
Which paragraph does each of the following headings best fit?
14. Olympic transport
15. The decline of British canals
16. Modern leisure uses
17. Energy efficient
Questions 18-22

According to the text, FIVE of the following statements are true.
Choose the corresponding letters in answer boxes 18-22.
A. Canals were important in the industrial revolution in Britain.
B. The use of canals in Europe is expected to grow by a third over the next ten years.
C. .Britain was the only European country to let its canals decline.
D. Canals in Britain have become a focus for city-centre renewal.
E. Barges are less polluting than lorries.
F. In London, most waste is transported on canals.
G. The amount of waste that can be taken to the Powerday plant by road is limited.
H. Canals will not become a major form of transport in the world.
Questions 23-26
23. Canals will require
A. relatively little investment.
B. considerable investment.
C. investment equal to 1% of Europe's transport budget.
24. The European canal network
A. transported most of Europe's goods for 60 years.
B. was built mostly about 150 years ago.
C. has actually been expanded in some countries over the last hundred years.
25. Suitable products for transportation by canal include
A. fresh fruit and vegetables.

B. fuel
C. cereal
26. How much waste can Powerday recycling plant treat in one year?
A. 1.5 million tons
B. 500 tons
C. 15 million tons

UNIT 4. READING PASAGE 3
Exercise 1
Are You Being Served?
The world's factory, it turns out, has a sizeable canteen attached, not to mention an office
block and shopping mall. Last month's official revision of China's gross domestic product
revealed an economy worth 16 trillion yuan (＄1.9 trillion) in 2004, 17% more than previously
thought. Some ＄265 billion of the increase - 93% of it - was ascribed to the services sector. As
a result, services' share of the economy has jumped by nine percentage points, to 41%,
compared with 46% for manufacturing and 13% for primary industries (mainly agriculture and
mining).
Where has all this extra activity come from? The bulk of it is obvious to any traveller in China.
As people grow wealthier, they want more restaurants and bars, clothes stores, car dealerships,
bookshops, private hospitals, English language classes and beauty salons. In many of these
businesses, however, turnover and profits have not previously been captured by a statistical
system geared to measuring factory production. The small, often private, companies that
dominate these areas have also often been at pains to escape notice - and therefore taxes.
Li Deshui, commissioner of China's National Bureau of Statistics, confirms that most of the
newly unearthed GDP comes from three categories. The first is wholesale, retail and catering;
the second, transport, storage, post and telecommunications. While postal and telecoms
services are still state-controlled and thus readily measured, more than a million small tracking
and removal companies are not. The third activity is real estate, booming particularly in the
coastal cities and increasingly inland too, leading to an influx of private money - not least from
overseas speculators. Property development has, in turn, boosted demand for architects,
decorators, do-it-yourself stores and other building services.
There is more to China's services boom than dishing up stir-fries, shipping boxes and fitting out
apartments. Recent years have seen a surge in media and technology services, including the

internet; in financial services such as leasing; and in education and leisure. In a small way, for
example, China is starting to rival India as an outsourcing hub: less for call-centres that require
excellent English than for such tasks as preparing reports and patent filings. In October
Microsoft took a stake in a Chinese software firm in Dalian, a city in north-east China with a
thriving outsourcing industry preparing tax returns and software for companies from Japan and
South Korea.
China's rapid economic growth is fuelling demand for accountants, lawyers, bankers and all
manner of consultants, as Chinese companies expand and restructure. Specialists in marketing,
advertising and public relations advise on the relatively new area of marketing products and
developing brands. The new wealth has other consequences, too. China now has nearly a
million security guards. It can offer its new rich everything from cosmetic surgeons to pet
salons.
Meanwhile, a huge new market is opening up for private education--fuelled by the combination
of a poor public system, the preoccupation of middle-class parents with giving their (often) only
child the best chances, and demand from business. Chinese families spend more on education
than on anything except housing - the market for courses, books and materials more than
doubled from 2002 levels, to ＄90 billion in 2005. Richer households have also caused a
tourism boom, which is still chiefly domestic, though more mainlanders are venturing overseas
as visa restrictions are lifted. The World Travel & Tourism Council predicts that China's annual
tourism market will more than triple to ＄300 billion within a decade.
China's services sector, on this basis, is well-developed and roughly as large as those of Japan
and South Korea were at a similar stage of development, notes the HSBC bank. In reality, it is
bigger still, since the GDP revision cannot capture activities such as kerbside lending and tax-
dodging cash transactions in property or entertainment--all of which Dong Tao, chief Asia
economist at CSFB, another bank, reckons add another ＄220 billion to the economy. Even so,
the 41% of GDP claimed by services in China remains below the 60-75% typical in developed
countries. It is smaller even than India's 52%.

One reason for this is a bias towards manufacturing--"China's 'real-men-make-stuff' attitude,"
as Gordon Orr of McKinsey's Shanghai office puts it. This has led to a plethora of ill-thought-
through regulations for services, made worse by China's continuing suspicion of private
business, which is mostly concentrated in the services sector. The lack of a national trucking
licence, for example, means hauliers must get approval from each province to move goods
across the country and unload them on to different trucks at each border--delaying delivery
and increasing spoilage and pilfering. In retailing, local governments often maintain inefficient
supply chains, in part to protect local jobs. David Wei, head of B&Q in China, says his 48 do-it-
yourself stores on the mainland are served by 1800 suppliers, compared with 600 suppliers in
Britain for more than 300 stores.
Worse, though China took an early decision to invite foreign direct investment into
manufacturing, it has been reluctant to open up services. Diana Farrell, director of the
McKinsey Global Institute, the consultancy's think-tank, argues that allowing more foreign
investment in services could bring not just capital and technology but a competitive dynamic.
The presence of Carrefour and Wal-Mart has led to domestic copycats, creating innovation and
productivity growth.
Questions 27-30
For each question, only ONE of the choices is correct.
Choose the corresponding letter in the appropriate box 27-30
27. "The world's factory" refers to
A. the total mount of goods produced in the world.
B. China.
C. the United States.
28. It is not easy to measure the finances of

A. .large state-owned companies.
B. foreign companies.
C. numerous small companies.
29. Real estate has helped increase the size of the service economy because
A. real estate is a service industry.
B. it involves a lot of investment from abroad.
C. developing real estate requires services.
30. The largest portion of household spending in China goes towards
A. education.
B. accommodation.
C. travel.
Questions 31-35
Complete the following sentences using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the text.
China is not really a rival to India in the role of an 31 …………………………….
Most tourism in China is 32 ………………………………
Many transactions in the real estate and leisure industries are in cash and that leads
to 33 ……………………….
Most private business in China is 34 ………………………………... in the service sector.
China has brought far less 35 …………………………………into services, slowing development of that
sector.

Questions 36-40
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?
In boxes 36-40 choose
36. Officially, the largest sector in China is the service sector.
37. Some of the newly-discovered GDP comes from the education sector.
38. Dalian is a successful outsourcing center for Japan and Korea.
39. As visa restrictions are lowered, Chinese people are expected to spend more than＄300
billion on tourism.
40. China's services sector is about the same size as Japan's and South Korea's.

Exercise 2
The Immunisation Controversy
A. Carl Sagan once said, ‘Science loses ground to pseudo-science because the latter seems to
offer more comfort.’ Yes, hard science, proven facts, and indisputable logic are often
not sufficiently consoling, and thus routinely eliminated from the equation. Never, though,
has this been more distressing than with the so-called ‘anti-vaccination’ movement. The
end result has been the needless death of very young children, the most helpless of
bystanders, and yet it seems there is no end in sight.
B. It is strange to believe that vaccination, with such a long and distinguished track record, is
now under assault. Smallpox, for example, had killed over half a billion human
beings throughout history but was eradicated — completely removed from the face of the
Earth — via immunisation programs. Similarly, polio, rubella, whooping cough, measles, and a
slew of other diseases which routinely decimated the youth are now, virtually, things of the
past. The days of high infant mortality, short life spans, and nasty brutish lives are indeed
long gone, and we owe it all to this crucial insight into disease prevention.
C. And this is part of the problem. With the once terrible epidemics lying outside of human
memory, a growing number of people are convinced that vaccinations are no longer necessary,
and that the small risk of adverse effects outweighs the benefits. One reason for this belief is
that many genetic disorders related to brain impairment often emerge at around two years of
age — that is, the same period in which babies receive vaccinations. If one in a hundred babies
is destined to develop autism among a vaccinated group, then observable symptoms of the
problem will likely appear after a vaccination shot, leading distraught parents to link one event
to the other.
D. This misattribution is compounded by the Internet, which now hosts a sprawling forum of
anti-vaccination lobby groups and their websites, full with unsubstantiated claims, fraudulent
research, anecdotal evidence, and the passionate tirades of multitudes, firmly convinced of the
correctness of their case. Authority is undermined, statistics ignored, and hard science

excluded. Is it so surprising? If creationists and alternative medicine practitioners can gain
respectability and widespread public and political support, so too can the pseudo-scicnce of the
anti-vaccinationists. When faced with this wave of propaganda, it would be hard for many
parents, motivated by the intense desire to protect their children, not to be influenced.
E. At this point, it must be clarified that there is no credible evidence whatsoever to support
the anti-vaccinationists’ claims. Over a score of peer-reviewed studies have found nothing to
link the MMR (measles/mumps/rubella) vaccine to autism, or even the more
subtle neurological problems, and every reason to continue with vaccinations. The so-
called increase in autism so often attributed to vaccinations merely results from more
accurate diagnoses. Children who in the past would have been labeled as ‘retarded’ or
‘slow’ are now identified as having one of the three main grades of autism (which is
probably genetically determined). Yet this argument falls on deaf ears, and the counter-
claimants have succeeded in reducing vaccination rates among certain communities to the
extent that outbreaks of preventable childhood illnesses (such as polio, meningitis, and measles)
are occurring.
F. The MMR controversy is a sad case. In 1998, a high-profile paper linked this vaccine to
autism. It was later shown that the author was receiving funds from various groups engaged in
a lawsuit against vaccine manufacturers, and that the study was both ethically and
methodologically faulty. Data had been manipulated, and results misreported. Similar studies
found no link whatsoever, and in 2004, the medical journal which hosted the original article
formally retracted its conclusion. Yet vaccination rates in the UK. had dropped to 80% in the
subsequent years. In late 1999, a measles outbreak occurred in North Dublin (which had
vaccination rates as low as 60%), resulting in 100 hospitalisations and three deaths.
G. One of the key arguments of the anti-vaccinationists is that they have the right to choose
their medication. These people attack what they see as the impersonal, intrusive, and uncaring
edifice of modern medical science. However, the success of immunisation programs depends
on a sufficiently high number of the population being immune, which forces the disease to die
out through lack of carriers. If there are enough susceptible individuals to provide a chain of

disease transmission, safety is compromised for all, and this is why free choice should not be an
issue, particularly when the hard evidence presents an overwhelming case. Personally, I would
have thought that when children started dying from preventable diseases, the anti-
vaccinationists’ case would die also.
H. But there are other agendas at play. Anti-vaccinationists can posture as moral crusaders,
dismissing those who support immunisation as being in the payment of big
pharmaceutical companies, whom they see as dishonest and immoral. Talk show hosts,
women’s magazines, paid ‘experts’, lawyers, and media celebrities, all benefit from
creating controversy when none existed, while alternative medicine practitioners and snake-oil
salesmen all oppose vaccination, believing that their own slew of pills, potions, and unproven
expensive treatments do the job better. Against all this, how can rational science prevail?
Questions 27-33
Reading Passage Three has seven paragraphs, A-H.
Choose the correct heading for Paragraphs B-H from the list of headings.
Write the correct number, i-x, for each answer.
List of Headings
i Easy publicity
ii Increasing outbreaks of disease
iii Some real reasons
iv All or nothing
v Autism on the rise
vi Past successes
vii A sad consequence
viii An unfortunate coincidence
ix A simple explanation
x Some dubious evidence
Example Answer

Paragraph A ..... vii ......
27. Paragraph B 31. Paragraph F
28. Paragraph C 32. Paragraph G
29. Paragraph D 33. Paragraph
30. Paragraph E
Questions 34-36
Choose THREE answers from the list and write the correct letter, A-G, next to the questions.
For which THREE reasons, A-G, do anti-vaccinationists oppose vaccinations?
A.Believing they cause problems
B. .Wanting to save money
C. Wanting freedom of choice
D. .Not believing drug manufacturers
E. The pain of vaccinations
F. The influence of creationists
G. Preferring alternative medicine
Questions 37-40
37Autism is
A. sometimes caused by vaccinations.
B. a very subtle neurological disorder.
C.most likely inherited.

D. increasing.
38. The 1998 paper was
A.Nthe cause of falling vaccination rates.
B. defended by the medical journal.
C. verified by other studies.
D. funded by patients.
39. Vaccinations
A. have removed most smallpox from the world.
B. are supported by solid evidence.
C. are defended on some websites.
D. are no longer necessary.
40. Alternative medicine practitioners
A. believe vaccinations are generally good.
B. can be impersonal and uncaring.
C. are often supported by politicians.
D. are often quite cheap.

Exercise 3
Continents Collide!
The idea that the continents are moving was first proposed by a German meteorologist,.Alfred
Wegener, in a book published in 1915. He had gathered a great deal of careful and tantalising
evidence, the most obvious being the simple observation that the great landmasses of the
world seem to fit together, jigsaw-like, a striking example being the coastlines of either side of
the Atlantic ocean. Wegener was even able to theorise, correctly, that all the continents were
once assembled into a supercontinent (now called Pangaea). Pangaea broke up into Laurasia
(which became North America and Eurasia) and Gondwana (which became the remaining
continents).
Unfortunately, Wegener could propose no propulsive force for this movement, apart from the
vague and erroneous suggestion that it might be centrifugal forces. He also severely
overestimated the speed of this motion. These problems, and the fact that he was a
meteorologist (rather than a geologist), meant that, upon publishing his ideas, the scientific
community was resolutely and implacably hostile. It is an interesting example of that not
uncommon instance in which a scientist who was fundamentally correct was denied any
recognition in his lifetime. Semmelweis, who advocated the washing of hands before surgery as
a way to reduce hospital fatalities, is another example. Wegener was to unexpectedly die on an
expedition in Greenland, probably of a heart attack - in his death, as in his life, left out in the
cold.
The first hints of the existence of Gondwana came from the similarity of fossil plants and
animals distributed in the same geological period over South America, Africa, Antarctica, India,
and Australia. Similarly, the composition and nature of the rocks along relevant coastlines
spoke the same story, yet to become scientifically credible, the theory needed evidence of a
propulsive force to move such huge continents (in the same way that Semmelweis’s ideas
needed the germ theory of disease). It was only in the 1960s, decades after Wegener’s death,
that hard evidence for his theory began amassing to eventually become overwhelming.

The theory is now called ‘plate tectonics’, since it was proven that the Earth’s surface is
fractured into ‘plates’. These bump and grind as they steadily move at infinitesimally slow rates
in given directions, driven by ‘convention forces’. These are formed by the vast circular rising of
superheated rock from the planet’s molten interior. This material cools as it nears the surface,
eventually sinking once again towards the centre. Add to this the rotation of the Earth itself,
and there is a complicated and barely understood set of cyclic swirls of molten rock, producing
drags and pulls on each tectonic plate, the sum of which results in a steady migration.
Of course, this motion is slow, typically at the speed at which fingernails grow, and at its fastest,
the rate at which hair does. But by being consistent and essentially unstoppable, the results can
be spectacular, particularly when plates meet. Here, the release of heat, as well as the buckling
and melting which results, gives rise to geological events such as earthquakes, and geological
features such as mountains, volcanoes, and oceanic ridges and trenches. Plate boundaries see
most of the world’s active volcanoes, with the Pacific Plate’s ‘Ring of Fire’ being a good
example. Volcanism may sometimes occur in the middle of plates, but this has been theorised
to be a result of ‘hotspots’: anomalously hot areas of interior rock which melt through the plate,
forcing an escape to the surface.
Plate boundaries come in three types. First, Transform boundaries, where the plates grind past
each other. It was once thought that the well-known Aegir Ridge was an example, until studies
showed that it had never been active, whereas the periodic earthquakes along California’s San
Andreas Fault show the very opposite case. The second type is Divergent boundaries, where
the two plates slide apart from each other. Mid-oceanic ridges, such as in the Atlantic, and
active rift zones, such as in East Africa, are examples. Finally, there are Convergent boundaries,
where the two plates slide towards each other. This can form either a subduction zone (if one
plate moves underneath the other) or a continental collision. Deep marine trenches are formed
in the former case, and with the descending plate releasing its trapped water on being heated
in the Earth’s interior, huge amounts of heat and pressure rise to the surface, causing
mountains and volcanoes to form, such as in the Andes mountain range.
The best example of a continental collision is the Indian plate, which is steadily and implacably
migrating straight into central Asia. The Himalayas of Nepal and Northern India, the Karakoram
Ranges of Northern Pakistan, and the highlands of Afghanistan, are all part of the complex fold

system that resulted, producing some of the highest peaks in the world. There are also some
deep valleys receiving the run-off melt-water from the far side of these mountains, creating
some mighty rivers, such as the Indus, the Irrawaddy, and the Mekong. Interestingly, the
Himalayas are still growing, meaning that the summit of Mount Everest is perhaps a couple of
metres higher now than when people first stood there in 1953, presumably making it just that
little bit harder to reach.
Questions 27-28
Complete the sentences.
Choose ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.
The combination of North America and Eurasia had the name 27 ……………………………….
The combination of Laurasia and Gondwana had the name 28 ………………………………..
Questions 29-32
29. Scientists disliked Wegener’s idea because he
A. was German.
B. made simple observations.
C. was a meteorologist.
D. made too many suggestions.
30. Both Wegener and Semmelweis
A. died prematurely.
B. .lacked crucial evidence.
C. were never given recognition.
D. were German.

31. The motion of tectonic plates
A. is faster than hair growth.
B. does not change.
C. is well understood.
D. can start cyclic swirls.
32. Volcanos are formed away from plate boundaries due to
A. buckling and melting.
B. oceanic effects.
C. geological events.
D. heated regions.

Questions 33-35
Complete the diagram.
Tectonic Forces at Work
Questions 36-40
Type of Boundary Related Example
Transform 36 …………………………
37 ………………….. East African Rift
Convergent I: Central Asian ranges (resulting in tall mountains, deep valleys, and
38 …………………….. several 39 …………………………)
Convergent
Andes Mountains
II: 40 ……………..

Exercise 4
The International Space Station
Just before sunrise, on a clear night, look up, and you may be able to see it travelling steadily
across the dark starry sky. It will take about four minutes to pass — too fast to be a planet, too
slow to be a shooting star. What is it, then? It is the International Space Station (ISS), on one of
its 15 orbits per day. The sun’s light has lit it up while you still remain in night’s darkness, but
don’t discount that white dot as something inconsequential. About $100 billion has been spent
on it so far, and it will need much more money by the time it ceases operation, sometime after
2025.
This enormous cost could not, of course, be paid by one nation. The ISS was necessarily a joint
effort by no less than five different space agencies: America’s NASA, Russia’s RKA, Canada’s CSA,
Japan’s JAXA, and the European equivalent, ESA. Similarly, with the difficulty in
ferrying payloads into this environment, a project of the scale of the ISS could not be a ready-
made station (such as the earliest varieties). The ISS was built module by module, each flown
into space and then intricately connected—eventually becoming in appearance an awkward
conglomeration, yet when viewed with our planet Earth in the background, a grand and
inspiring monument to humankind’s ingenuity.
Such a construction would immediately break to pieces under the influence of any gravity —
but, of course, being in orbit, this force is not felt. The station is constantly freefalling
under Earth’s gravitational pull, yet never hitting the planet due to the station’s lateral velocity.
This will, however, not continue forever. With its low-earth trajectory, there is an aerodynamic
drag from the faint atmosphere through which the station continually ploughs. This results in a
small yet steady and perceptible loss of speed, and consequent orbital decay. Contributing to
this loss are, surprisingly, tidal forces. Being so large and loosely connected, the parts of the ISS
further from the Earth flex more than the parts closer, using up energy.
The largest component of the ISS is the Truss Structure, a non-pressurised ten-segment spine,
upon which are connected the station’s extensive solar arrays at one end, and thermal

radiators towards the centre. Perpendicular to this are the pressurised modules. The station
actually began with one of these: Zarya, first launched in 1998. Only two weeks later, Unity was
directly attached to this, its most notable feature being the protruding Cupola — a large seven-
windowed viewing room, absolutely essential for the psychological wellbeing of the crew. It
took almost two more years before Zvezda was attached to Zarya’s opposite end. Later, the
Truss Structure was fixed to the Unity Module, followed by the Harmony Module beyond that.
The station’s interior is no less complicated, and with a six-member crew staying onboard for
up to six months, the life-support systems are crucial. Being in the airless and deadly vacuum
of space, it goes without saying that atmospheric control — that is, maintaining a stable Earth-
like atmosphere — is the most important element. This has, in fact, always presented the
greatest challenge in spacecraft design. In 1967, the Apollo 1 craft experimented with pure
oxygen, to its regret. Although this allowed a lower air pressure (better from an engineering
standpoint), it more easily fuels combustion. A random spark started a fire which raced through
the craft, killing all three crew members, after which the experiment has never been tried again.
The ISS’s main source of oxygen is the ‘ Elektron’ system, which uses an electric current to
break apart water molecules. The oxygen produced is vented into the pressurised modules,
while the other by-product, hydrogen, is vented into space. This system generates enough
supplies for a six-member crew, although it has proven notoriously unreliable, so much that the
emergency backups have been regularly required: bottled oxygen (ferried up by unmanned
supply craft), a solid-fuel oxygen generator, and a chemical one, in the Zvezda and Zarya
Modules, respectively. Their output is circulated with strong (and noisy) fans, without which
the air around immobile astronauts would stagnate. A bubble of their own exhaled carbon
dioxide would form, leaving them oxygen-deprived and struggling to breathe.
This indicates that life on the ISS is no pleasure cruise. The close and cramped quarters, the
awkward and uncomfortable facilities, the strict eating, hygiene, and two-hour-per-day
exercise protocols, the dizziness and fatigue induced in that weightless environment, and the
long workday of maintenance and scientific experiments, all create a difficult life. It is this, and
the human isolation, that can particularly strain relationships and aggravate tensions. And if
this was not enough, there is a direct physical risk from solar radiation due to the periodic

flares that erupt from the sun’s surface. As one returning crew member said, “It’s an interesting
place for a visit, but you wouldn’t want to live there.”
Questions 27-31
Answer the questions.
What does the ISS physically look like from Earth? 27 …………………………………………….
What does the ISS physically look like from space? 28 …………………………………………………
What forced the five space agencies to work together on the ISS? 29 …………………………………..
What were the original space stations like? 30 …………………………………………………………..
What stops the ISS from striking the Earth? 31 ……………………………………………………

Questions 32-37
Label the diagram with specific terms.
32………………………………………..
33………………………………………
34………………………………………
35……………………………………..
36………………………………………
37……………………………………..

Questions 38-40
Complete the table by giving cause of each effect or incident.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each cause.
Effect/Incident One cause Another Cause
ISS slowing down aerodynamic drag 38 ……………………………………..
Apollo 1 fire 39 ………………………………….. random spark
ISS crew-member stress difficult life 40 ………………………………..
Exercise 5
The Biggest Impact
A. In 1980 a team of researchers were analysing soil samples at what was then known as the KT
boundary. The K is misleading, as it actually refers to the cretaceous era, while the T refers to
the tertiary era. What made geologists originally place a division in that distant time, some 65
million years ago, was the mass extinction which then occurred, seeing over two thirds of all
land and sea life disappear, including the dinosaurs — or more strictly, all non-birdlike
dinosaurs (since birds are now considered dinosaurs’ descendants). Whilst this was not the
biggest extinction of all, it is definitely the most famous. But what caused it?
B. The researchers discovered that sedimentary layers at the KT boundary contained a

concentration of iridium many times higher than what normally occurs — up to 120
times. Most iridium disappeared when the Earth was molten, sinking into its metallic
core. However, this element is abundant in asteroids and comets, which led to an
intriguing hypothesis — that an asteroid or comet had struck the Earth, causing the mass
extinction. The object would have vaporised almost immediately upon impact, throwing its
iridium-rich contents into the atmosphere, from where it eventually settled across the entire

planet. The problem was, an asteroid large enough to do this would have left traces of its
impact in the Earth’s crust, and at that time there were no known signs. Or were there?
C. In actual feet, in the 1960s, a contractor named Baltosser working for a Mexican state-
owned oil company had looked at a gravity map of the Yucatán Peninsula, near the Gulf of
Mexico. He noticed a large arc-shape, showing a symmetry that was impossible to
naturally occur. Company policy forbade him from releasing his findings, and so the secret lay
until 1978, when two geophysicists, Camargo and Penfield, working for the same
company, discovered it again. In the search for possible oil-drilling sites, they had been
examining magnetic surveys in the Gulf of Mexico, which revealed an underwater arc. The two
arcs, sea-based and land-based, matched perfectly, showing a circle 180 kilometers wide,
centred on the coastal village of Chicxulub, and so it became known as the Chicxulub Crater.
D. In 1.981, Camargo and Penfield released their findings, but the world was not listening. It
took over ten years, and much more evidence (rock samples, drilling cores, and dating of the
seabed rocks to the magic figure of 65 million years), before scientists began to accept the
findings, although widespread skepticism existed, and still remains, to some extent, today. It is
occasionally argued that the impact was not the sole reason for the mass extinction, or that
there were other contemporaneous impacts, or that extensive volcanism or climate and sea-
level change were the real causes. It was perhaps this that led, in 2010, to an international
panel of over 40 scientists being convened in order to specifically address the evidence. They
concluded that an asteroid impact, as evidenced by the Chicxulub Crater, was indeed the cause
of the mass extinction.
E. Trying to picture that event, the most powerful ever in the Earth’s history, strains the
imagination. It begins with a 10-15 kilometer wide rock appearing from nowhere,
almost instantaneously vaporising, and releasing over two million times the energy of an
atomic bomb. The most immediate effect is a cloud of super-heated dust, ash, and steam
expanding outwards, igniting fires, and broiling everything in its path. A split second later
follows a series of shock waves, traveling across the surface of the globe, triggering
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Next there is a ‘mega-tsunami’, thousands of meters high,
ripping coastlines apart and stirring up the oceans. Then, in the next few weeks, the huge
amounts of carbon dioxide from the vaporisation of carbonate rock heats the Earth, but with

the atmosphere choked with dust for years, sunlight is blocked, killing off plants,
ultimately plunging the Earth into winter and the entire biosphere into absolute chaos.
F. The surprising fact is not that so many creatures became extinct, but that so many survived!
With global disruption to plant communities, the herbivorous dinosaurs died quickly, and their
predators soon followed. Sea-based life suffered disastrously, and all giant marine reptiles
disappeared, yet the ancestors of the crocodile survived. It is theorised that, like modern
crocodiles, they were semi-aquatic and thus were able to shelter in the water from fires and
blast damage, and yet could scavenge on land amongst the abundance of dead animals for
years afterwards. Similarly, insects, worms, and molluscs could all feed on dead plant and
animal matter, allowing those that fed on these creatures to survive. Consequently,
insectivores, scavengers, or those with omnivorous eating habits, including mammals and
smaller bird-like reptiles, were preserved.
G. Thus, the dinosaurs as we know them, after 135 million years as the dominant land animal,
were all but gone. This allowed mammals, then only small burrowing cat-like
creatures (attributes which had also helped ensure their survival throughout the disaster), to
emerge from the undergrowth, diversity, and eventually rule the land. In an ironic
consequence, that class of animal ultimately led to species Homo sapiens, or human beings. So,
were it not for that disastrous extinction 65 million years ago, we would not be here today.

Questions 27-32
Reading Passage Three has seven paragraphs, A-G.
List of Heading
i The situation in the sea
ii The first piece of evidence
iii A fortunate consequence
iv Preservation strategies
v Company procedures
vi The mystery of the border
vii A first-hand view
viii An unexpected element
ix A final decision
x Heated debate
Choose the correct heading for Paragraphs B-G from the list of headings.
Write the correct number, i-x, for each answer.
Example Answer
Paragraph A .....vi.....
27. Paragraph B
28. Paragraph C
29. Paragraph D
30. Paragraph E
31. Paragraph F
32. Paragraph G

Questions 33-37
Complete the summary of the first half of the passage.
Baltosser, a contractor, was the first to identify the 33 …………………………..…………….., but could not
reveal this information because of 34 ……………………………..……. Years later, the discovery
of 35 ………………………………… at the KT boundary added further evidence, after which Camargo and
Penfield finally showed the world Baltosser’s discovery. Nevertheless, they had
to overcome 36 …………………….………. until an international commission confirmed this event as the
real reason for the 37 ………………………... which followed.
Questions 38-40
38. After the asteroid struck the Earth:
 A. the shock wave was followed by the object’s vaporisation.
 B. the Earth warmed before going cold.
 C. the tsunami caused earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
 D. the eruptions plunged the atmossphere into chaos.
39. In the aftermath of the asteroid strike
A. all the dinosaurs died.
B. all reptiles died.
C. the dead animals were important.
D. the water allowed shelter for mammals.

40. Mammals of that time survived because they
A. consumed dead animals and plant
B. were large and strong.
C. lived in the shadows of trees.
D. were a special class of animals.
Exercise 6
Cubism
When the name of Picasso is spoken, the concept of ‘Cubism’ usually springs to mind. That this
happens indicates just how deep and long-lasting has been its influence on the world, yet
although many people know of the name ‘Cubism’, few can speak about it with any degree of
conversancy. It is Georges Braque who is now credited as an equal pioneer in this revolutionary
art movement, but claiming that these two artists alone created cubism oversimplifies a very
complex issue.
Defining Cubism itself is difficult. At its simplest, the three-dimensional object being painted
can be considered broken into pieces, sometimes square or cube-shaped (hence the name).
These are reassembled in less than coherent order, and often at different angles. They can
overlap, and sometimes more than one view is presented at the same time, moving beyond the
limits of a fixed observer. The terms ‘multiple viewpoints’ and ‘mobile perspectives’ are often
used — that is, the subject is captured from different angles, at different times, with the
corresponding images fused into a single picture.
Braque’s pre-war paintings began experimenting with this idea, which inevitably led to an
association with Picasso, who had been dabbling also in rendering three-dimensional views
into two-dimensional geometric shapes — for example, in his painting Young Ladies of
Avignon — often labelled ‘proto-cubist’. Some even consider this painting to be the true

beginning of Cubism itself, as it inspired Braque to follow the lead, developing the movement
towards its trademark features.
Yet both artists were influenced by earlier painters, in particular, the later works of Cezanne.
Cezanne was one of the first to divide the canvas into several views, as well as to begin
presenting natural objects in geometric figures.
Paul Cezanne had died in 1906, but a year later several museums exhibited his paintings in a
retrospective of the artist’s life. Inevitably, young painters in the Parisian art scene,
including Picasso and Braque, would have seen these. Whilst not yet fractured into facets or
cubes, Cezanne occasionally implanted an underlying geometry—for example, in one of his
most famous (and unfinished) paintings, The Bathers. This work breaks tradition in its
unflattering portrait of the women, whose naked forms are rendered in sharp symmetry, also
forming a triangular pattern with the river and trees. It is said to have inspired Picasso’s very
similarly styled work, mentioned previously.
Moving beyond those early years of Cubism, many other artists were exploring the same idea,
but taking it in individual directions. They are often unfairly considered as having played
less significant roles simply because they did not adhere to the strict perspectives of Braque or
Picasso. Yet, conceivably they could have evolved their own awareness of Cubism more from
Cezanne’s pervading and almost universal influence on the Parisian art scene of that day,
meaning that they must now be considered true innovators in their own right. Juan Gris, for
example, produced many interesting works, yet now remains little regarded. Interestingly,
being a compatriot of Picasso, the two artists became personally acquainted, to the extent that
Gris painted his well-known Portrait of Picasso, now regarded as one of the best examples of
the Cubist style.
Gris ventured beyond the monochromatic (or single family of colours) employed by Picasso and
Braque. He combined vibrant hues in interesting and sometimes unusual combinations, such as
in his still life, Newspaper and Fruit Dish. Similarly exploratory were the Orphic Cubists (as
they would later become known), who moved further towards abstraction, but with Gris’s
similar use of bright colours. These were used to convey meaning but blended in a way that
went beyond the physical subject. Its main proponent was the Frenchman, Robert Delaunay,

who, together with his wife, regularly exhibited in Parisian salons with increasingly non-
representational forms. His Simultaneous Windows is barely recognisable as a window—just a
blend of prismatic hues with one prominent square, giving a hint of three-dimensionality.
Léger also followed a more personal form of Cubism. As with most of his generation, he had
seen the Cezanne 1907 retrospective, which enkindled interest in experimentation with
geometric forms. This eventually led to the completely abstract, in which tubes, cones, and
cubes, are all splayed on the canvas in bold primary colours — seen, for example, in his Railway
Crossing. Merc, in spite of its non-representational quality, is the suggestion of the harsh
mechanisation and alienation of modern life, a theme which the artist’s experiences in World
War One only accentuated, and which pre-dates similar trends (such as pop art) by decades.
Clearly, Cubism was a complex art movement, and names such as Analytical, Synthetic, and
Orphic Cubism are constructs which were invented long after the events and artworks which
they
attempt to describe. These names appear to give a coherent order to what was actually a
collective movement in which many individuals contributed. Among all this confusion, one does
not doubt that the early years of last century were a fascinating period in the Parisian art scene.

Questions 27-31

Choose the correct letter, A-F, for each answer.
NB You can use an answer more than once.
Which painter
A Braque
B Cezanne
C Delaunay
D Gris
E Léger
F Picasso
27. led a new abstraction movement?

28. was the most influential?
29. was affected by a global conflict?
30. is inevitably linked with an art movement?
31. was married?

Questions 32-37

Choose the correct letter, A-F, for each answer.
NB You can use an answer ONLY once.
A Newspaper and Fruit Dish

B Portrait of Picasso
C Railway Crossing
D Simultaneous Windows
E The Bathers
F Young Ladies of Avignon
Which painting is
32. a confusing abstraction in many colours?
33. a darker view, ahead of its time?
34. probably the first of its kind?
35. an intriguing and multi-chromatic view?
36. very representative of its type?
37. an early painting which influenced another?

Questions 38-40
38. The Cezanne Retrospective
A. was attended by Cezanne.
B. showed his Cubist paintings.
C. was attended by very many people.
D. influenced an artist to move to non-representational style.
39. Many Cubist innovators
A. preferred still-life paintings.
B. favoured monochrome.
C. invented names for their styles.
D. were not adequately recognised.
40. Cubism
A. is fairly easily explained.
B. has cubes in incoherent order.
C. shows different views of a subject.
D. was created by Picasso and Braque.

Exercise 7
The Year Without a Summer
1816 was a strange year indeed. In America, in midsummer, a ‘dry log’ covered the land so
thickly that snow fell, and large parts of the country were gripped by an intense and lingering
cold front. The situation was no better in Great Britain and Europe, where cool temperatures
and wet weather persisted for months. Mary Shelley, author of Frankenstein, while holidaying
in Switzerland, complained of 'incessant rainfall’, a feeling which may have put her in the mood
for writing her most famous work. But there were to be far more significant effects of what
become known as the ‘year without a summer".
But where did the summer go? The main culprit, surprisingly, was a volcano on the other side
of the planet: Mount Tamhora. in Indonesia, whose eruption of the year before was of such
colossal magnitude that it altered global climate. In the years leading to this, the mountain had
experienced minor eruptions, but the 18.15 event was the culmination — a huge explosive
outburst of the central volcanic vent with subsequent caldera collapse. Over 70,000 people in
the vicinity were killed from lava flows, tsunamis, and pumice and ash falls. But more
significantly, the eruption — now acknowledged as the largest in recorded history —ejected
huge amounts of dust into the stratosphere. This atmospheric layer is the highest and most
static, and least affected by rainfall, which means that it takes relatively long periods for
volcanic dust to be washed out. If these dust particles are of fine composition, they are quickly
blown around the globe, to remain there for years.
On a somewhat benign note, this air-borne ash resulted in beautiful pastel-coloured sunsets
and extended twilights in Northern Europe. However, on a (quite literally) darker note, it set
into motion a ‘volcanic winter’ due to the filtering of the sun’s rays, and the increased
reflectivity of the atmosphere, where heat and sunlight are bounced back into space. But what
is intriguing in this case is that even without the Tambora explosion, the period 1790 to 1830
was already one of the coldest on record. This period has officially become known as the
‘Dalton Minimum’, after John Dalton, a London-based meteorologist who noted that the sun at
that time did not seem as active in its production of sunspots and solar flares. Whether there is
a correlation between this and the average amount of solar radiation emitted is still unclear. If

this does exist, the effect would be small—a fraction of a percent less, but, arguably, significant
to our small planet orbiting so far away.
Adding further complexity to the issue, there had been other significant volcanic eruptions in
the years prior to Tambora — in the Caribbean, Japan, and the Philippines — in which massive
dust clouds were the characterising feature. Looking at the Philippino example, 1814 saw the
most destructive eruption of Mt Mayon ever. Killing thousands, burying whole towns and
villages, the volcano spewed out millions of tons of ash and rock into the high atmosphere.
When we put all these factors together, the sequence is thus clearer. With the world already
suffering from lower temperatures due to natural variations in the sun’s surface action, a series
of severe volcanic eruptions occurred. As a result, the accumulation of ash in the stratosphere
rose to a historic high, to which the mammoth Tambora explosion substantially added, sending
a savage cold spike throughout the already cooler globe.
The consequences were dire. With the dramatic temperature swings, falling to near-freezing
within hours, and with the sudden summer frosts and sustained drenching rainfall, all across
the Northern Hemisphere, staple crops such as maize and wheat failed to mature, and much
livestock were killed. With agricultural production already low due to the cooler preceding
years, and with the rudimentary road systems of those times rendering the importation and
distribution of emergency food supplies limited, this final blow was devastating. It resulted in
widespread malnutrition, starvation, and outbreaks of diseases such as typhus and cholera. It
created streams of starving refugees, large shifts of population, riots, looting of food
warehouses, and other breakdowns of civic order. 100,000 people were thought to have died
in Ireland alone, with many times that figure on the European continent. There was such
mortality that the famine is now considered the worst of that century.
The question then is whether it could happen again. And the answer is, since it has happened
many times before in geological history, a definite yes. The most extreme case occurred
about 70,000 years ago, when the world’s largest known eruption took place at Lake Toba
(relatively close to Tambora). This is thought to have plunged the planet into a decade-long
volcanic winter, and triggered the onset of the last ice age, a deep freeze of the planet which
lasted many tens of thousands of years, all of which, some speculate, just about wiped out the

human race. We can rest in the assurance, however, that such events are extremely few and
far between. You will certainly be able to enjoy your summer holidays, for a long time to come.
Questions 27-34
Complete the flowchart.
A Year without a summer

Questions 35-40
Write the correct letter, A-G, next to the questions.
Which location saw
A America
B Lake Toba
C London
D Northern Europe
E Philippines
F Switzerland
G Tambora
35. a positive effect of a volcanic eruption?
36. the biggest volcanic eruption?
37. scientific observation?
38. a series of eruptions?
39. buildings destroyed?
40. a book written?

Execise 8
Waterfalls
Waterfalls are places where rivers or streams direct their flow over vertical drops. They have
always been a lure for their scenic beauty or, in the case of the biggest, their ability to
showcase nature’s might and majesty. Niagara Falls, on the border of Canada and America
(discharging the most water of all), is a magnet for visitors, as is Victoria Falls, also straddling an
international boundary between Zimbabwe and Zambia, and presenting the single largest sheet
of falling water in the world. Similarly, the remoteness and inaccessibility of the highest
waterfall, Angel Falls, located deep in the middle of the Venezuelan jungle, has not stopped it
from becoming one of the country’s top tourist attractions.
There are many possible causes of waterfalls, but a common one is differences in rock type.
When a river flows over a resistant rock bed, erosion is slow, but with the complex geological
faulting of the Earth’s surface, softer patches of rock can be exposed. The water cuts into this,
resulting in a minor turbulence at the boundary, stirring up pebbles and grit from the riverbed,
which increases the erosive capacity of the current. And so a process begins whereby the river
takes on two tiers, or levels, and a waterfall is born. Other more abrupt causes of waterfalls are
earthquakes or landslides, which create fault lines in the land, or divert watercourses,
respectively. Additionally, during past ice ages, glaciers scoured out many deep basins. These
glaciers may have disappeared, but their feeder rivers can continue to flow as waterfalls into
the remaining depressions.
Obviously then, waterfalls come in a variety of shapes and sizes, as different as the local
geology in which they are found, and this has resulted in an abundance of descriptive terms.
The word 'cataract’ refers simply to a large powerful waterfall, while a ‘cascade’ descends a
series of rock steps. If these steps are very distinct, it is a ‘tiered waterfall’, and if each step is
larger still, of approximately the same size, and with a significant pool of water at each base, it
is known as a multi-step waterfall’. If the falling water engages with the rock face, it often
widens, to be called a 'horsetail waterfall’, while if it does not touch the rock face at all, it is a
‘plunge waterfall’ — often the most picturesque.

Regardless of such differences, all waterfalls have in common a vertical height and average flow
of water. These features, taken together, are a measure of the waterfall’s power, quantified
using a ten-point logarithmic scale. Giant falls, such as Niagara, are graded at the very top of
this scale, find smaller falls, which may occur in town creeks, at the bottom. Another common
feature of larger falls is a ‘plunge pool’. This is caused by the rubble at the base of the falls,
which is stirred and broken into smaller pieces. In the never-ending eddies and whirlpools,
these pieces scour out a deep underwater basin. An interesting consequence is that such falls
are in the process of retreat, since the softer material at the lower face suffers undercutting.
This gives rise to rock shelters behind the falling water, which steadily become larger until the
roof collapses, and the waterfall retreats significantly backward into the Earth.
Of course, to people at large, a waterfall seems fixed and forever. Erosion is indeed a slow
process; however, given a sufficiently powerful waterfall and the right sort of rock, the retreat
can be over a meter a year. This would be clearly observable over a person’s life time, and a
fast-motion view, spanning several decades, would see an essentially unchanged height of
falling water burrowing backwards with surprising evenness. Since this motion is towards
higher elevations or through more hilly terrain, a host of geological features can be laid in the
waterfall’s retreating path. Victoria Falls are a prime example, with its lower reaches
characterised by spectacular islands, gorges, and rock formations.
This retreat occasionally causes problems, as can be seen with Niagara Falls. In just over ten
millennia, the falls have moved almost 11 kilometres upstream. Since the Niagara river marks
the border of Canada and America, as agreed in 1819, the detectable retreat of these falls since
that time technically means that the Canadian frontier has advanced forward at the expense of
America, although this argument has obviously caused dispute. More practically, with so much
infrastructure, such as hotels, roads, bridges, and scenic viewpoints, all rigidly established, it
remains important to limit the erosion. For this reason, the exposed ridges of the falls have
been extensively strengthened, and underwater barriers installed to divert the more erosive of
river currents.
The most ambitious erosion-control measure took place in 1969 on Niagara’s American Falls,
whose retreat was nibbling away at American territory. The branch of the Niagara river
which feeds these subsidiary falls was dammed, allowing the main Horseshoe Falls to absorb

the excess flow. The then-completely-dry-and-exposed river bottom and cliff face allowed a
team of US-army engineers to use bolts, cement, and brackets, to strengthen any unstable rock.
Five months later, the temporary dam was destroyed with explosives, returning water to the
falls, but with the inexorable erosion process having been slowed considerably.
Questions 27-31
Write TRUE, FALSE, or NOT GIVEN.

27. Niagara, Victoria, and Angel Falls are on international boundaries.
28. Landslides can create waterfalls faster than erosion.
29. Glaciers have produced the most waterfalls.
30. A tiered waterfall has the largest steps.
31. Niagara is a Grade Ten waterfall.

Questions 32-36
Complete the diagrams.
32......................................
33......................................
34......................................
35......................................
36......................................
Questions 37-40
What are gorges and rock formations examples of?
37 …………………………………………………………………
Who has benefited from the erosion at Niagara Falls?

38 ………………………………………………………………
What is used to control some of Niagara’s water movements?

39 …………………….……….……….…………
On what geological parts of American Falls did the 1969 project focus?
40 ……………………………………

UNIT 5. SPEAKING PART 1
WH- QUESTIONS
I. Vocabulary
1. a. Look at these underline phrase in each answer, then think of the meaning of the phrase
or when we can use them.
To be honest, clothes and fashions are not really important to me. I tend to wear clothes that
are comfortable and practical rather than fashionable.
I think I would have to say that it really depends. If I’m doing something outside, then I guess
it’s quite likely that I will prefer the weather to be sunny but not boiling hot.
.......................................... ............................................................................................................
.......................................... ............................................................................................................
.......................................... ............................................................................................................
.......................................... ............................................................................................................
b. Read the answer below and underline other useful idioms and phrases for Speaking part 1
“Well to be honest, I think I would have to say that it really depends. Like for instance, if I have
the money, then it‘s quite possible that I will watch a movie in the cinema, two or three times a
month. Whereas in contrast, if I’m broke, it‘s more likely that I watch movies at home on DVD.
You probably know that DVDs are quite cheap here, especially compared to the price of a
cinema ticket.”
c. Find more flexible phrases that are synonyms with :
To be honest: ................... ............................................................................................................

.......................................... ............................................................................................................
I think I would have to say that it really depends: ........................................................................

.......................................... ............................................................................................................
Like for instance: ............. ............................................................................................................

.......................................... ............................................................................................................

2. Choose the best answer.
1. I really ………………………….seeing crazy things on TV programs sometimes.
A. Get a kick out of C. go back to the drawing board
B. keep one’s chin up D. broke
2. I can’t afford to go on holiday- I’m (flat) …………………………
A. go back to the drawing board C. broke
B. in high spirits D. keep one’s chin up
3. I ………………………………….. when I watched a comedy film on TV after work.
A. fly off the handle C. fall for
B. felt like a million bucks D. got in on the ground floor
4. I……………………………………. my trip. I love the people but the clim ate upsets me.
A. explore all avenues C. have mixed feelings about
B. give it my best shot D. get a head start
5. I really enjoy being with my best friends because he is always ……………………………….
A. full of beans C. at the drop of a hat
B. not playing with a full deck D. over the moon

II. Practice exercise
Exercise 1. Sports
1. How often do you swim?
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2. What sports do you like? (Why?)
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3. What activities would you do if you were spending some leisure time at a beach or near the
ocean? ..............................................................................................................................................
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4. Why do some people like water sports?
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5. What sports do children prefer?
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Exercise 2. TV
1. What (types of) programmes did you watch when you were a child?
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2. What’s your favourite TV program?
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3. When do you usually watch TV?
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4. How often do you watch TV?
...........................................................................................................................................................
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5. What are the most popular TV shows in your country?
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
.......................................... …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Exercise 3. Hometown
1. Where is your hometown?
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2. What do you like about it?
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3. What do you not like about it?
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4. How often do you visit your hometown?
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5. How has your hometown changed over the years?
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Exercise 4. Weather
1. How is the weather today?
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2. What’s your favourite kind of weather?
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3. What is the climate like in your country?
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4. What is the best time to visit your country?
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5. What are the common problems brought about by weather conditions in this area?
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Exercise 5. Fashion
1. What type of clothes do you like to wear?
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2. What kind of clothes do people in your country usually wear?
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3. How important is fashion to you?
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4. What kind of clothes do you dislike?
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5. What kind of clothes do people wear to work in your country?
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YES/ NO QUESTION
I. Vocabulary
1. Match the phrases and expresssions with their meaning
1. as time goes on a. a method of reaching a solution by trying various

means until you succeed.
2. out of steam b. to talk about something that changes gradually
3. cutting-edge c. it’s a natural part of one’s character
4. it’s in the blood d. tired, exhausted.
5. trial-and-error method e. something innovational and leading.
6. to take up doing smth f. to be in bad physical condition, to lose strength.

7. to be out of condition (to g. please a strong feeling of something
be out of shape)
8. that's the way the ball h. to start doing something new (usually sport).
bounces
9. Satisfy my desire. i. to like spending time with each other.
10. enjoy each other's k. used to say that things don't always go as planned,
company but there is nothing we can do about it.

2. Choose the best expressions and phrases for each sentence below.
a. Steve and Noah are always together, they definitely ………………………………………………
b. Dave didn't win the game as he expected, but he never minds - ……………………………………………
c. Due to today's intense workday I am ……………..…….………….., so I won’t be able to work

tomorrow.
d. I learned swimming by ……………..……………………..………….., trying different moves until I figured

out how to float on water.
e. All my family are really fond of reading—I guess ……………..……………………..…………..
f. Lily hasn't been training for years, she is …………………………………………………………………..
g. All my family are really fond of reading—I guess ……………..……………………..………….. now.
Exercise 1. Sport
1. Do you like swimming?
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2. Do you like to go swimming on holiday?
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3. Should everyone learn swimming? Why?
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4. Are boys and girls good at the same sports?
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5. Do you like to do daily exercise? (Why?/Why not?)
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Exercise 2. Family
1. Could you tell me something about your family?
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2. Do you think it is good to live with grandparents?
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3. Do you think it good to be the only child in the family?
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4. Is there any generation gap in your family?
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5. Do you like your family?
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Exercise 3. TV
1. Did you watch much TV when you were a child?
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2. Do you often watch TV?
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3. Do you think television has changed in the past few decades?
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4. Do you like watching TV shows from other countries?
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5. Has television changed your life in any way?
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Exercise 4. Technology
1. Do you enjoy using technology?
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2. Do you use the Internet for your studies?
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3. Do you have your own computer?
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4. Are you interested in robots? Why?
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5. Do you like robots to work at your home?
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Exercise 5. Reading
1. Do you like to read books?
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2. Do you ever visit the library?
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3. Do you prefer reading books or watching films?
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4. Do you usually read for leisure or for work purposes?
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5. Do you think children like reading nowadays?
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PEOPLE AND THING DESCRIPTION
I. Skill development
1. Suggestion
Generallythe cue card provided write down five headings with a little space between each
one.
Introduction
Past
Description
Opinion
Future
For example:
Describe a kind of vegetable or plant you like grow.
You should say:
What it is
What it looks like
Where you want to plant it
And explain why you like to plant it.
Introduction: Today I am going to tell about a plant that I would prefer to grow once in my life.
It is the rice plant – one of the most crucial plants in Vietnam.
Past and description: Actually I have been familiar with rice grains ever since I was
a preschooler. It is unforgettable how fascinated I was to discover how such a slender plant
could produce so many rice grains that provideour population with a healthy diet. It is thin
with long green leaves and the seeds turn yellow when they’re ready to be harvested. A small
field is an ideal place to plant this kind of plant, as long as it supplies enough water for the plant
development.
Opinion: I prefer to plant rice for several reasons. Firstly, the rice plant is crucial to Vietnamese
communities in various ways. Rice has become indispensable in Vietnamese meals and it
reminds me about the past of our country when there was no rice to live on. Secondly, I realize
that rice plant is the important key of our country development. Taking economic contribution

into consideration, rice is even more important as millions of Vietnamese citizens earn their
living by means of rice cultivation. As a matter of fact, rice is Vietnam’s leading export, which
brings about huge annual revenues for the government.
Future: All in all, it seems to be crazy but I’m really fond of growing rice plant in the future.
However, it depends on each type of question, we can add or omit any part of them.
Look at the speaking part 2 and do the task below.
Describe a TV program that made you laugh a lot

You should say:
What it is called and what it is about
Who the main characters are
What made you laugh
And explain why you remember this TV program so well
Speaking part 2 has a cue card mention to information we should say. However, it is much
better if we expand the ideas and divide the idea properly.
a. Introduction
Start with any phrase you know, example: I’d like to talk about the show that made me
laugh a lot, the one that springs to my mind if Friends.
b. Description
2.1. Type of program: American television sitcom.
2.3. Evaluation: people consider it as one of the best series in the world.
2.4. The content/ plot of program
- The character: three girls and three boys, each of the characters has very distinct
personality traits that make them unique.

- The brief plot: the stories revolve around their work life and love life. However it
never tries to gloss over the harsh reality of life. At time the characters lost their jobs,
struggled on low incomes and got stuck in the career they hated.
- The meaning of program: express their dynamics evolve; they’ve even become lovers,
breaking up and making up. The topics addressed apply to all kinds of people, we can
see bit of ourselves in the six friends as they try to make their way in the world – which
isn’t so different to ours now.
c. Opinion- the reason why you like and remember it.
Firstly, these stories are all situations that us today can identify with as we struggle to
make a living.
Secondly, the show starred many talented actors and actresses- Matthew Perry who
portrayed the character Chandler - a very witty man with his constant joke-making
d. Conclusion
It’s hard to elaborate how funny it is and maybe some of the jokes are no longer
appropriate today, but all in all it’s still worth a watch.
Sample answer
"I would like to talk about the TV show that made me laugh a lot; the one that springs to my
mind is Friends which is an American television sitcom. So far, it is still considered as one of the
best series by so many people around the world.
There are six main characters in the sitcom: three girls and three boys, which revolve around
their work life and love life. However it never tries to gloss over the harsh reality of life. At time
the characters lost their jobs, struggled on low incomes and got stuck in the career they hated.
Friends aired for 10 years, form 1994 to 2004 but it is still popular today by its practicality,
closeness and humor. The show expressed their dynamics evolve; they’ve even become lovers,
breaking up and making up. The topics addressed apply to all kinds of people, we could see bit
of ourselves in the six friends as they try to make their way in the world – which isn’t so
different to ours now.

I love it because of several reasons; firstly, these stories are all situations that we today can
identify with as we struggle to make a living. Secondly, the show starred many talented actors
and actresses- Matthew Perry who portrayed the character Chandler - a very witty man with
his constant joke-making
It’s hard to elaborate how funny it is and maybe some of the jokes are no longer appropriate
today, but all in all it’s still worth a watch.
2. Brainstorming
Describe a useful website that you often visit.

You should say:
What the contents of this website are
How you first found this website
How often you visit this website
And explain how this website helps you.
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Sample
So, if there is anything that I miss about America, it would definitely be Netflix. I am really into
TV series, you know, especially the DC comic series like the Flash, Green Arrow and Super-girl.
Netflix is the world’s leading internet television network but it’s still unauthorized in Vietnam,
so I found my first few months at home really quite unbearable.
Fortunately though, Minh, my good friend and saviour, saved me from this dilemma by
introducing me to an unbelievable website called newmovie.vn. So basically, the website’s
owners, who apparently are also real movie buffs, manage to get the hottest new shows from
around the world and upload them on a daily basis for Vietnamese viewers for, if you can
believe it, absolutely no charge whatsoever. Newmovie.vn possesses unlimited access to not
only my favourite tv series’ but also many other shows on my movies-to-watch list including
things like Game of Thrones and Sherlock Homes. Since this discovery, I’ve become addicted to
the website and am a daily visitor.
In conclusion, newmovie.vn is a real lifesaver and honestly, I don’t think I could put up with all
the stress and assignments in my life without my daily dosage of films from newmovie.com.
Exercise 1.
Describe someone you admire who is much older than you

You should say:
who this person is
how long you have known him/ her
what qualities he/ she has
And say why you admire him/ her.
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Exercise 2.
Describe a toy that you received when you were a child

You should say:
What the toy was
Who gave it to you?
How you used this
And explain how you felt when you got this toy
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Exercise 3.
Describe a writer you would like to meet.

You should say
Who the writer is
What you know about this writer already
What you would like to find out about him/her
And explain why you would like to meet this writer.
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Exercise 4
Describe a TV program you enjoy

You should say:
What it is
When you watch it
Who you watch it with
And explain why you like to watch
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Exercise 5.
Describe a game or sport that you enjoy playing.
You should say:
what kind of sport that is;
who you play it with;
where you play it;
and explain why you think doing this is healthy.
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PLACES AND EVENTS
I. Suggestion
Describe a place where you like to go to.

You should say:
where the place is
how you get there
what it looks like
and explain why you like this place.
Answer these question to find the hints for speaking part
a. Introdcution
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b. What place will you mention?
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c. How frequently do you go there? What do you do there?, who is there? how is this a
special place for you? Your reason for liking this place?
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d. Why is this place important to you? (Is it because you enjoy staying there or the people
who live there are the persons you care about)
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Sample
I like to visit my hometown more than visiting any other place. After I finished my school, I
came to the capital of your country and did my graduation here. Later on, I have started my
job and since then have been staying here. Whenever I get vacations, I plan to visit my
hometown.
To go there, I need to purchase advance bus ticket 2-3 days prior to the departure. I mostly
go there by bus. Alternatively, I can go to my hometown on a train. The bus journey takes
around 4-5 hours and the train journey takes 1-2 hours more than the bus journey. After
reaching our hometown station, I usually pick a shared taxi that drops me near my home.
My hometown is a small urban area with full of beauty and wonder. Green trees, fresh air
and serene environment make it an ideal place to live in. My hometown is just beside a
river and has less density of population than the capital city. The houses and shopping
Centres are not crammed and have their own urban charms. My hometown is a special
place for me as I have spent my childhood there. There are three tourist attractions are
there and the place is renowned for traditional foods and customs. Roads are clean and
people are educated there. Anyone who visits this place will find it attractive.

II. Practice
Exercise 1.
Describe a recent happy event that make you happy

You should say:
what it was
when and where it happened
who is involved
And explain why it was happy.
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Exercise 2.
Describe a local event you have attended.

You should say:
What this event was
When and where it was
What happened in the event
and explain what you liked about this event.
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Exercise 3.
Describe a national festival in your country

You should say:
when it takes place
why it takes place
what the people do during this festival
and explain why this festival is important to you
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Exercise 4.
Describe a city or town you have been to

You should say:
Where it is
When you visited it
What you did there
And explain why you like it
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Exercise 5.
Describe a sporting event that you enjoyed watching.

You should say:
what the event was
where you watch it
who watched this event with you
and explain why you enjoyed watching this event
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COMPARISON AND PREDCITION
I. Vocabulary
1. Put this question into the correct group.
Do you prefer live in a house or an apartment?
What are the differences between letters and emails?
Do young people and old people like listening to the same kind of radio programs?
What changes have you seen in the past few years in your town?
What are the differences between the south and the north in your country?
Compare and contrast two periods of time
How are the houses today different from the ones in the past?
What are the differences between living in the city and the countryside?
Do men and women have the same attitudes to shopping?
a. Compare and contrast two things: .............................................................................................

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b. Compare and contrast two places ................................................................................................
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c. Compare and contrast two groups of people .............................................................................

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d. Compare and contrast two groups of people ...............................................................................
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2. Read the short answer below and find words and phrases expressing the prediction and
comparison.
a. Question: Will computers and robots replace teachers in the future?
I reckon it’s highly likely that robots and computers will be used in schools rather than teachers.
If technology continues to progress at this pace, then I can definitely see that teachers in the
classroom will not be needed in the future. For instance, I recently read a report in the
Guardian newspaper that Japan is planning to put robots in English classrooms to help pupils
with their pronunciation, so yes there is a strong possibility that robots will be doing the job of
a teacher within 10 years.
b. Question: What is the difference between studying online and studying at a school?
Studying on the internet such as an online course is more effective than studying at school,
because we can focus more without the distractions of being in a class. We can also study at
our own pace and with recent advances in technology, it is often much cheaper to study online
than at a school. For instance if you want to learn English it will be more expensive to enroll in a
school than studying through YouTube videos or taking a Skype lesson.
c. Question: How are education priorities today different than those in the past?
Many years ago teaching was about rote learning and the pupils used to listen to the teacher in
a lecture format. In recent years in the western world especially, there has been more of a
focus on individualism and critical thinking skills. For example, when I was in high school I
remember the teacher was writing up stuff on the blackboard with no group discussion among
the class. These days the classroom is very different place.

3. Fill the given words to complete the phrases or expressions, basing on the italic words.
chalk and cheese a crack at my hunger

a pleasure the bill leaving
computer real communication distance
my mind
1. Boys and girls are like as different as ………………………………. . They completely have different
leisure time activities.
2. Education now gives more priority to the ability to use technology; it means that students
today must be both literate and …………………………………… literate
3. I hadn't worked in an office for several years, so it took me a while to get back
into …………………………………………….
4. Thanks to bad weather, we ended up by……………………………. our beach house ahead of

schedule.
5. I've decided now to have ………………………………….. the world cross country race.
6. I first thought those strawberries were too expensive, but when I tasted them I understood
that their quality justified ………………………………..
7. I think that cooking is more of a chore than ………………………………………….
8. I couldn’t restrain ……………………………….. anymore and went to the nearest fast-food.

restaurant.
9. We believe that ………………………………….. learning offers a way of overcoming shortages of

qualified instructors.
10. Some people have become somewhat isolated, and now spend most of their time online,
neglecting ……………………………………. with friends and family around them.

Exercise 1. Clothes
1. How different are the clothes you wear now from those you wore 10 years ago?
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2. What do you think will be the effect of the fashion industry in the next ten years?
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Exercise 2.
1. How has the internet changed social behaviour?
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2. What will be the next big development online?
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Exercise 3. Education
What changes do you think will come in the education system in future?
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How are educational priorities today different from those in the past?
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Exercise 4. Transport
Have the types of transport people use changed much over the last few decades?
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What kind of improvement have there been in transport in our country in recent years?
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Exercise 5. Eating habits
How are the eating habits now in your country different from eating habits in the past?
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How may eating habits change in coming decades?
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OPINION, ADVANTAGE- DISADVANTAGE AND PROBLEM- SOLUTION
I. Vocabulary
1. Put the expressions into their groups.
Is/ was cause by…… Consequently,…
Is/ was down to….. One drawback……..
As far as I’m concerned… The main disadvantage…..
As a result of…. I am firmly convinced that…..
One of the main advantage… One of the major strong points of…..
Due to….. To be honest I think….
It often said that… I reckon…..
This can be attributed to…… I strongly believe that….
If you ask me I think… I am absolutely certain that…
It is widely believe that…….
Giving opinion Advantage and Cause and effect/ Problem and
disadvantage solution

2. Read these sentences below
a. Actually, despite being interested in watching advertisement, I myself feel that they are
really interrupting when I am enjoying a good film series or TV show. Normal advertisements
are fine but those with inappropriate content, for example, those which are violent or adult-
related issues may trigger anger for people.
b. Celebrity endorsements can be great for business, and some famous spokespeople have
even become inextricable from the brands they represent.
c. His name was familiar to me, for many years ago my parents were acquainted with him, but
they drifted apart.
d. That’s expected to reduce exposure by students to harmful exhaust fumes and particles from
the buses.
e. They began to think themselves the most wonderful people in the world, and they got a
tremendous superiority complex.
f. The market no longer offers disposable plastic bags at checkout.
g. The modified system was more elaborated with reference to different social rules,
distinguishing among moral rules, prudential rules, personal issues, and table manners.
h. The trend toward more fuel-efficient cars should continue for the rest of the decade.
Find the suitable words or phrases with their definition

1. A form of brand or advertising campaign that involves a well- known person using their fame
to help promote a product :………………………………..
2. Stop something from happening for a short period: ………………………………………………………………
3. Any material that is disturbing, improper, and just plain wrong for children: …………………………
4. They gradually become less friendly and their relationship ends: …………………………………………..
5. Gases ejected from an engine as waste products: …………………………………………………………………...
6. You believe that you are better, cleverer, or more important than other
people: ………………………………..
7. A product designed for a single use after which it is recycled or is disposed as solid
waste: ………………………………..
8. The rules used while eating, which may also include the use of utensils: ………………………………..
9. Working in a way that does not waste fuel: ………………………………………

Exercise 1. Eating habits
How healthy is your country’s food?
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Why do you think different cultures have different table manners?
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Exercise 2. Environment
1. Do you think it is the responsibility of governments alone to protect the environment?
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2. What measures can individuals take to protect the environment?
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3. Do you think large companies and business organizations should be more environmentally
friendly? Why? How?
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Exercise 3. Friendship
Friendship is the most important relationship. Do you agree? Why? Why not?
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What are some ways your best friend has influenced your life in a positive way?
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Exercise 4. Advertisement
How do advertisements attract attention?
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Do you think advertisements actually influence people to buy things? And How?
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Do you think there should be controls on advertising?
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Exercise 5. Culture
What do you think is the best way to learn about another culture?
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Do you think that learning foreign languages can help us understand foreign cultures?
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How can we benefit from learning about other cultures?
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UNIT 11. WRITING TASK 1
BAR, LINE AND PIE CHART
BAR CHART
I. Mind map
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The bar chart below shows the percentage growth in average property prices in three
different countries between 2007 and 2010.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
1. Information analysis
Type of chart: ………………………… ........................................................................................................
Unit: ……………………………………… ........................................................................................................
The main information include: ……………………………………………. .........................................................
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Tense use: ………………………………. ......................................................................................................
2. Writing
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................
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Conclusion (optional) ....................................................................................................................

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Sample
The bar chart compares three different nations, namely Algeria, China and Argentina, in terms
of changes in real estate values from 2007 to 2010.

Overall, the prices of property in China experienced an enormous growth over the period
shown. While Algeria showed a steady decline in its figures, the opposite trend can be seen
when we look at Argentina’s property prices.
As can be seen from the chart, in 2007 Algeria accounted for the highest growth percentage
with over 6%, doubling that of Argentina and three times higher than that of China. However,
during the following years, this country witnessed a decrease in its growth rate, down to 4.5%
in 2008 and only 3% in 2010. By contrast, over the period from 2007 to 2010, China
experienced a constant rise in its property prices, with the figure reaching the highest point of
about 7% in 2010.
In comparison, between 2007 and 2008, Argentina’s figure climbed quickly and reached a peak
of nearly 5% before dropping suddenly to slightly over 1% in the next year and ending at
approximately 2.3% in the last year.

2. Practice exercise
Exercise 1.
The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in millions) of telephone calls in Finland,
divided into three categories, from 1995 – 2004.
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Exercise 2.
The chart below shows the percentage of male and female teachers in six different types of
educational setting in the UK in 2010.
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Exercise 3.
The graph below shows female unemployment rates in each country of the United Kingdom
in 2013 and 2014.
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LINE GRAPH
1. Mind map
The graph below shows UK acid rain emissions, measured in millions of tonnes, from four
different sectors between 1990 and 2007.
comparisons where relevant
Write at least 150 words
Type of chart: …………………………........................................................................................................
Unit: ……………………………………… ........................................................................................................
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Tense use: ………………………………. ......................................................................................................

2. Writing
Introduction: .................................................................................................................................
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Overview:
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Body 2 ...........................................................................................................................................
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Conclusion ( optional) ...................................................................................................................

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Sample
The line graph compares four sectors in terms of the amount of acid rain emissions that they
produced over a period of 17 years in the UK
It is clear that the total amount of acid rain emissions in the UK fell considerably between 1990
and 2007. The most dramatic decrease was seen in the electricity, gas and water supply sector.
In 1990, around 3.3 million tonnes of acid rain emissions came from the electricity, gas and
water sector. The transport and communication sector was respondible for about 0.7 million
tonnes of emissions, while the domestic sector produced around 0.6 million tonnes. Just over 2
million tonnes of acid rain gases came from other industries.

Emissions from electricity, gas and water supply fell dramatically to only 0.5 million tonnes in
2007, a drop of almost 3 million tonnes. While acid rain gases from the domestic sector and
other industries fell gradually, the transport sector saw a small increase in emissions, reaching
a peak of 1 million tonnes in 2005.
(written by Simon)
Exercise 4.
The graph below gives information about international tourist arrivals in five countries.
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Exercise 5.
The graph below shows the population figures of different types of turtles in India between
1980 and 2012.
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Exercise 6.

The graph below shows the population change between 1940 and 2000 in three different
counties in the U.S. state of Oregon.
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PIE CHARTS
I. Mind map
The pie chart shows the amount of money that a children's charity located in the USA spent
and received in one year, 2016.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
Type of chart: ………………………… ........................................................................................................
Unit: ……………………………………… ........................................................................................................
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Tense use: ………………………………. ......................................................................................................

2. Writing
Introduction
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Overview
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Body 1
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Body 2
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Conclusion (optional)
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Sample
The given pie charts illustrate the sources of annual revenue and expenses by a USA based
children’s charitable organization.
Overall, the major contribution in revenue was made by donated food, and most of the
finances were spent on program services.
Majority of the revenue collected was generated by donation of food, which accounted for
86.6%. The contributions of the community and program comprised 10.4% and 2.2%,
respectively. All the remaining sources, like government grants and investment contributed
only 0.8% to the total revenue.
Also, a huge sum of money (95.8%) was consumed by program services, whereas just 2.6% and
1.6% of the total expenses were spent for fundraising and management and general services.
To sum up, less than a quarter of revenue was raised by donations from sources other than
food which may be explained by the amount spent on fundraisings by the charitable
organization.

Exercise 7.
The pie charts below show information on the highest level of education of women in
Someland in 1945 and 1995.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information in the two graphs below.
You should write at least 150 words.
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Exercise 8.

The two graphs show the main sources of energy in the USA in the 1980s and the 1990s.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the changes which occurred.
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Exercise 9.
The pie charts below give information about world population in 1900 and 2000.
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TABLE, MAP, PROCESS, MAP AND MIXED
TABLE
I. Mind map
The table shows the proportion of different categories of families living in poverty in
Australia in 1999.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. Make
comparisons where relevant..
Type of chart: ………………………… ........................................................................................................
Unit: ……………………………………… ........................................................................................................
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Tense use: ………………………………. ......................................................................................................

2. Writing
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................
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Sample
The table gives information about poverty rates among six types of household in Australia in
the year 1999.
It is noticeable that levels of poverty were higher for single people than for couples, and people
with children were more likely to be poor than those without. Poverty rates were considerably
lower among elderly people.

Overall, 11% of Australians, or 1,837,000 people, were living in poverty in 1999. Aged people
were the least likely to be poor, with poverty levels of 6% and 4% for single aged people and
aged couples respectively.
Just over one fifth of single parents were living in poverty, whereas only 12% of parents living
with a partner were classed as poor. The same pattern can be seen for people with no children:
while 19% of single people in this group were living below the poverty line, the figure for
couples was much lower, at only 7%.
Exercise 1
The take below gives information about the underground railway systems in six
cities.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
make comparisons where relevant.
Passengers per year

City Date opened Kilometres of route
(in millions)
London 1863 394 775
Paris 1900 199 1191

Tokyo 1927 155 1927
Washington DC 1976 126 144
Kyoto 1981 11 45
Los Angeles 2001 28 50
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Exercise 2.
The table below shows the number of medals won by the top ten countries in
the London 2012 Olympic Games.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and
London 2012 Olympic Games Medal Table

Rank by Gold Country Gold Silver Bronze Total
1 United States 46 29 29 104
2 China 38 27 23 88
3 Great Britain 29 17 19 65
4 Russia 24 26 32 82
5 South Korea 13 8 7 28
6 Germany 11 19 14 44
7 France 11 11 12 34
8 Italy 8 9 11 28
9 Hungary 8 4 5 17
10 Australia 7 16 12 35
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Exercise 3.
The table shows the Proportions of Pupils Attending Four Secondary School
Types Between Between 2000 and 2009.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and
Secondary School Attendance
2000 2005 2009
Specialist Schools 12% 11% 10%
Grammar Schools 24% 19% 12%
Voluntary-controlled Schools 52% 38% 20%
Community Schools 12% 32% 58%
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PROCESS
1. Mind map
The diagram illustrates the process that is used to manufacture bricks for the building
industry.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
Type of chart: ………………………… ........................................................................................................
Unit: ……………………………………… ........................................................................................................
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2. Writing
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................
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Conclusion (optional) ..................................................................................................................

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Sample
The diagram explains the way in which bricks are made for the building industry. Overall, there
are seven stages in the process, beginning with the digging up of clay and culminating in
delivery.
To begin, the clay used to make the bricks is dug up from the ground by a large digger. This clay
is then placed onto a metal grid, which is used to break up the clay into smaller pieces. A roller
assists in this process.
Following this, sand and water are added to the clay, and this mixture is turned into bricks by
either placing it into a mould or using a wire cutter. Next, these bricks are placed in an oven to
dry for 24 – 48 hours.

In the subsequent stage, the bricks go through a heating and cooling process. They are heated
in a kiln at a moderate and then a high temperature (ranging from 200c to 1300c), followed by
a cooling process in a chamber for 2 – 3 days. Finally, the bricks are packed and delivered to
their destinations.
Exercise 4
The diagram shows the growth cycle of a volcanic island. Write a 150-word report for a
university lecturer describing the main features of the cycle.
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Exercise 5
Try this process diagram question about the manmade process of hydroelectricity.
The diagram shows how electricity is generated by a hydroelectric dam.
Write a 150-word report for a university lecturer explaining how the process works.
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Exercsie 6.
The diagram below shows the stages and equipment used in the cement-making process, and
how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
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MAP
1. Mind map
The two maps below show an island, before and after the construction of some tourist
facilities.
Type of chart: ………………………… ........................................................................................................
Unit: ……………………………………… ........................................................................................................
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Tense use: ………………………………. ......................................................................................................

2. Writing
Introduction .................................................................................................................................
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Overview .......................................................................................................................................
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Sample
The two maps depict an island, before and after the construction of a few tourist facilities. As it
is shown in the maps, dramatic changes have occurred on the island.
Looking at the first map, we can clearly see that the island was a plane piece of land with a few
trees mainly in the eastern side. There is a beach to the west of the island. There were hardly
any other natural and manmade features on the island.
In the second map, we can see accommodation facilities for tourists. There is a cluster of
housing in the west and also another cluster of housing in the centre of the island. There is a
restaurant and reception area between these housing centres. The houses on the west are
connected by a footpath which also extends to the beach. Tourists can swim around the beach.
There is a vehicle track around the reception area. It extends to the restaurant on the north
and the pier in the south from where tourists can enjoy boating and fishing. Overall, the
construction has made the island a tourist attraction.

Do you have a report on this topic? Submit it below in the comments for a free band score
estimate.
Exercise 7.

The diagrams below show the changes that have taken place at Queen Mary Hospital since
its construction in 1960.
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Execise 8.
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task

The maps below show the centre of a small town called Islip as it is now, and plans for its
development.
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Exercise 9.
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task

The maps below show Hunderstone town at present and a proposed plan for it.
comparison where relevant.
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MIXED (MULTIPLE CHART)
1. Mind map
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Unit: ……………………………………… ........................................................................................................
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Tense use: ………………………………. ......................................................................................................

2. Writing
Introduction .................................................................................................................................
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Overview ......................................................................................................................................
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Body 1. Specific details of the main features in chart number 1
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Body 2. Specific details of the main features in chart number 2
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Sample
The pie graph displays the principal causes why farming land deteriorates while the table
illustrates how three regions of the planet were affected by these factors in the 1990s.
We can clearly see from the pie chart that there are three primary causes of farmland
degradation, and over-grazing is the major one. The table shows that Europe had a far higher
percentage of unproductive land compared to the other two regions in this time period.

The pie chart represents four causes, with over-grazing representing the biggest proportion at
just over a third. Widespread clearing of trees and the over-use of crops constitute nearly one
third and just over a quarter respectively.
The table shows that nearly one quarter of Europe’s entire surface had fallen victim to
degeneration. Only a small proportion of North America’s total land became less productive at
5% and Oceania was marginally higher with a value of 13%.
Exercise 10

The line graph below shows the number of annual visits to Australia by overseas residents.
The table below gives information on the country of origin where the visitors came from.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information given.
1975 2005
South Korea 2.9 9.1
Japan 3.2 12.0
China 0.3 0.8
USA 0.4 1.1
Britain 0.9 2.9
Europe 1.1 4.5

Total 8.8 30.4
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Exercise 11.
The graph below shows the demand for electricity in England during typical days in winter
and summer. The pie chart shows how electricity is used in an average English home.
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Exercise 12.
The charts below show reasons for travel and the main issues for the travelling public in the
US in 2009.
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ARGUMENTATIVE
I. Mind map
Read the task 2 below and write.
Families who send their children to private schools should not be required to pay taxes that
support the state education system. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this
statement?
Make an detail outline
a. Introduction
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b. Body paragraph 1- the 1st reason you agree/ disagree
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c. Body paragraph 2- the 2nd reason you agree/ disagree
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Example .......................................................................................................................................
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d. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................
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Sample
It is often argued that it is more advantageous to choose a job with high wage, even if it doesn't
appeal to you at all. I completely disagree with this opinion and think that job satisfaction is
much more important than salary.
First of all, I believe that job satisfaction gives people a sense of fulfillment that no money can
guarantee. Even if someone is earning a high salary, but feels tensed and compromises with his
conscience, this person won’t enjoy his life. While pursuing one’s interests will always bring
pleasure and feeling of satisfaction. For example, a lot of famous researchers made their career
choices not because of appealing wages, but because they were passionate about science.
That’s why it’s more important to choose the kind of work that makes you happy than to look
only at a high salary.
Secondly, doing what you like keeps you motivated and therefore leads to a career growth. In
other words, there is a strong relation between job satisfaction and productivity. People who
love their jobs can easily excel in their fields of work and achieve better results than those, who
put salary on the first place. For instance, Henry Miller decided to leave his everyday job
despite a good wage and ventured to become a writer. And after enduring years of ups and
downs he became one of the most famous and well-paid authors of the twentieth century.
Thus, advantages of jobs that keep you satisfied outweigh the drawback of a low salary in a
long-term perspective.
To conclude, I strongly believe that job satisfaction is more beneficial than high salary because
it makes people happy and motivated.

Exercise 1.

Write about the following topic:
Maintaining public libraries is a waste of money since computer technology can replace their
functions. Do you agree or disagree?
Give reasons for yur answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experiences.
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Exercise 2.
Scientific research should be carried out and controlled by the governments rather than
private companies. Do you agree or disagree?
experiences.
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Exercise 3.
Everyone should become vegetarian because they do not need to eat meat to have a healthy
diet. Do you agree or disagree?
experiences.
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Exercise 4.

The best way to solve the world’s environmental problems is to increase the cost of fuel. To
what extent do you agree or disagree?
experiences.
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Exercise 5.

People should follow the customs and traditions when people start to live in a new country.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
experiences.
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DISCUSSION
I. Mind map
Read the task and make the detail outline below.
Some people think that strict punishments for driving offences are the key to reducing traffic
accidents. Others, however, believe that other measures would be more effective in
improving road safety.
a. Introduction
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b. Opinion 1. that strict punishments for driving offences are the key to reducing traffic
accidents
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Example: ..............................................................................................................................................
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c. Opinion 2. other measures would be more effective in improving road safety.
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Example: ..............................................................................................................................................
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d. Conclusion
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Sample
People have differing views with regard to the question of how to make our roads safer. In my
view, both punishments and a range of other measures can be used together to promote
better driving habits.
On the one hand, strict punishments can certainly help to encourage people to drive more
safely. Penalties for dangerous drivers can act as a deterrent, meaning that people avoid
repeating the same offence. There are various types of driving penalty, such as small fines,
licence suspension, driver awareness courses, and even prison sentences. The aim of these
punishments is to show dangerous drivers that their actions have negative consequences. As a
result, we would hope that drivers become more disciplined and alert that they follow the rules
more carefully.
On the other hand, I believe that safe driving can be promoted in several different ways that do
not punish drivers. Firstly, it is vitally important to educate people properly before they start to
drive, and this could be done in schools or even as part of an extended or more difficult driving
test. Secondly, more attention could be paid to safe road design. For example, signs can be
used to warn people, speed bumps and road bends can be added to calm traffic, and speed
cameras can help to deter people from driving too quickly. Finally, governments or local
councils could reduce road accidents by investing in better public transport, which would mean
that fewer people would need to travel by car.
In conclusion, while punishments can help to prevent bad driving, I believe that other road
safety measures should also be introduced.

II. Practice exericise
Exercise 1.
Some people think that parents should teach children how to be good members of the
society. Others, however, believe that school is the place to learn this.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
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Exercise 2.
Some people think that it is more beneficial to take part in sports which are played in teams,
like football, while other people think that taking part in individual sports, like tennis or
swimming, is better. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
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Exercise 3.
In many countries today, people in cities either live alone or in small family units, rather than
in large, extended family groups. Is this a positive or negative trend?
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Exercise 4.
Some people think that all university students should study whatever they like. Others
believe that they should only be allowed to study subjects that will be useful in the future,
such as those related to science and technology. Discuss both these views and give your own
opinion.
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Exercise 5.
Some people think that strict punishments for driving offences are the key to reducing traffic
accidents. Others, however, believe that other measures would be more effective in
improving road safety. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
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PROBLEM- SOLUTION AND CAUSE- EFFECT
PROBLEM- SOLUTION
I. Mind map
Read the task and make the detail outline below
The internet has transformed the way information is shared and consumed, but it has also
created problems that did not exist before.
What are the most serious problems associated with the internet and what solutions can you
suggest?
Answer for these question before you make an outline

How many problems will be discussed? ...........................................................................................
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What will be they? ............................................................................................................................
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What expressions will be used to introduce the problems? ............................................................
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How will the problems be illustrated further? .................................................................................
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What results will be discussed for each problem? ...........................................................................
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Outline
a. Introduction
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b. Body 1
b1. Problem 1
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Explanation/ Example ....................................................................................................................
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Result..............................................................................................................................................
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b2. Problem 2
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Explanation/ example ....................................................................................................................
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Result..............................................................................................................................................
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c. Body 2
c1. Solution 1
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Idea.................................................................................................................................................
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How ................................................................................................................................................
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c2. Solution 2..................................................................................................................................
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Idea.................................................................................................................................................
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How ................................................................................................................................................
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c3. Solution 3
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Idea.................................................................................................................................................
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How ................................................................................................................................................
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d. Conclusion
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Sample
The enormous growth in the use of the internet over the last decade has led to radical changes
to the way that people consume and share information. Although serious problems have arisen
as a result of this, there are solutions.
One of the first problems of the internet is the ease with which children can access potentially
dangerous sites. For example, pornography sites are easily accessible to them because they can
register with a site and claim to be an adult. There is no doubt that this affects their thoughts
and development, which is a negative impact for the children and for society. Another major
problem is the growth of online fraud and hacking. These days, there are constant news stories
about government and company websites that have been hacked, resulting in sensitive
information falling into the hands of criminals.
It is important that action is taken to combat these problems. Governments should ensure that
adequate legislation and controls are in place that will prevent young people from accessing
dangerous sites, such as requiring more than simply confirming that you are an adult to view a
site. Parents also have a part to play. They need to closely monitor the activities of their
children and restrict their access to certain sites, which can now be done through various
computer programs. Companies must also improve their onsite IT security systems to make
fraud and hacking much more difficult by undertaking thorough reviews of their current
systems for weaknesses.

To conclude, the internet is an amazing technological innovation that has transformed people’s
lives, but not without negative impacts. However, with the right action by individuals,
governments and businesses, it can be made a safe place for everyone.

Exercise 1.
The internet has transformed the way information is shared and consumed, but it has also
created problems that did not exist before. What are the most serious problems associated
with the internet and what solutions can you suggest?
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Exercise 2.

Consumers are faced with increasing numbers of advertisements from competing companies.
To what extent do you think consumers are influenced by advertisements? What measures
can be taken to protect them?
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Exercise 3.

In the developed world, average life expectancy is increasing. What problems will this cause
for individuals and society? Suggest some measures that could be taken to reduce the impact
of ageing populations.
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CAUSE- EFFECT
I. Mind map
Read the task and make an outline for it.
Today more people are overweight than ever before.
What in your opinion are the primary causes of this?
What are the main effects of this epidemic?
a. Introduction
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b. Causes of obesity
Cause 1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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Explanation/ example ...................................................................................................................
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Cause 2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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Explanation/ example ...................................................................................................................
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c. Effects of obesity
Effect 1 .........................................................................................................................................
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Example .........................................................................................................................................
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Effect 2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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Example .........................................................................................................................................
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d. Conclusion
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Sample
Nowadays the number of overweight people is constantly increasing. This essay will discuss the
main reasons of this epidemic and then describe the possible effects of the problem.
In my opinion, the foremost causes of obesity are inactive lifestyle and unhealthy eating habits.
Today more and more people rely on cars instead of walking, have less physical demands at
work and prefer inactive leisure activities. This results in burning less calories and gaining
weight. Moreover, the problem is accentuated by the growing number of people, who eat
irregularly and consume large portions of high-calorie food. For example, about 50% of the
adult population in Europe with so-called disordered eating suffer from obesity.
The possible effects of this problem include physical health problems and loss of productivity.
First of all, obesity results in incorrect functioning of the human body and contributes to the
risk of developing some chronic illnesses. For example, as body fat percentage increases, the
person’s metabolism worsens, which in turn may result in diabetes or heart diseases. Secondly,
overweight people are very unhealthy and often suffer from stress and tiredness. This lessens
their work capacity and results in lower productivity. For example, it has been proven that an
obese person needs to put more effort to complete some task than a person with normal
weight.
To sum up, obesity is a big problem that affects a lot of people nowadays. It’s mainly caused by
inactive lifestyle and eating disorders and results in severe health problems and loss of
productivity.
Exercise 4.

The consumption of the world’s resources (oil, and water etc.) is increasing at a dangerous
rate. What are causes and solutions?
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Exercise 5.
These days people in some countries are living in a 'throw-away' society which means they
use things in a short time then throw the things away.
What are the causes and the impacts this trend can have?
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Exercise 6.
It is observed that in many countries not enough students are choosing to study science
subject.
What are causes?
And what will be effects on society?
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Giáo Trình Luyện Đề Ielts

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CONTENTS

UNIT 1. LISTENING SECTION 1 AND 2 .................................................................................................. 2

UNIT 2. LISTENING SECTION 3 AND 4 ................................................................................................ 16

UNIT 3. READING PASSAGE 1 AND 2 .................................................................................................. 30

UNIT 4. READING PASAGE 3 ............................................................................................................... 82

UNIT 5. SPEAKING PART 1. WH- QUESTIONS ................................................................................... 120

UNIT 6. SPEAKING PART 1. YES/ NO QUESTION .............................................................................. 127

UNIT 7. SPEAKING PART 2. PEOPLE AND THING DESCRIPTION ....................................................... 134

UNIT 8. SPEAKING PART 2. PLACES AND EVENTS ............................................................................ 144

UNIT 9. SPEAKING PART 3. COMPARISON AND PREDCITION .......................................................... 151

UNIT 13. WRITING TASK 2. ARGUMENTATIVE ................................................................................. 221

UNIT 14. WRITING TASK 2. DISCUSSION .......................................................................................... 230

GIÁO TRÌNH LUYỆN ĐỀ IELTS Page 1

GIÁO TRÌNH LUYỆN ĐỀ IELTS Page 2

8. traffic lights ....................

Exercise 2 ( Track 1.2)

Notes on sports club

GIÁO TRÌNH LUYỆN ĐỀ IELTS Page 3

GOLD All Free Any time £250 5 £...............

from 10.30 to 3.30

10. To book a trial session, speak to David .................................. (0458 95311).

GIÁO TRÌNH LUYỆN ĐỀ IELTS Page 4

Minimum joining age: 18 years

For registration, must take

GIÁO TRÌNH LUYỆN ĐỀ IELTS Page 5

 Open in: 1. ……………………………………….

 Length of exhibition: 2. ……………………………..

 A wide range of manufacturers will be showcased.

 The 4. ……………………………….is prohibited to take into the museum.

 Every ticket includes one fere photo.

 Price of the ticket: 5. £ …………………………………………..(in advance).

 Transfer to Mark 6. ……………………………(Box Office Manager).

 Held in the 7. …………………………………………Palace this year.

 Not far from 8. ………………………………….

 Website: www. 9. ………………………….com.

 Best way to contact: 10. ………………………….

GIÁO TRÌNH LUYỆN ĐỀ IELTS Page 6

MINTONS CAR MART

Engine size: (1) .........................

Type of gears: (2) .........................

Preferred colour: (3) ......................... blue

Customer wishes to arrange (4) ..........................

Part exchange? yes

Name: Wendy (5) ........................

Title: (6) ...........................

20, Green Banks

GIÁO TRÌNH LUYỆN ĐỀ IELTS Page 7

Contact number: (for (8) .......................... only) 0798257643

Name: (9) .............................

Mileage: maximum 70,000

Colour: metallic grey

Condition: (10) ............................

GIÁO TRÌNH LUYỆN ĐỀ IELTS Page 8

11. Dormouse numbers have fallen .................... as well as in the UK.

12. Dormice are about as heavy as two .....................

13. You are most likely to have seen a dormouse in a .....................

15. opened by woodmice ....................

16. opened by voles ....................

17. opened by dormice ....................

GIÁO TRÌNH LUYỆN ĐỀ IELTS Page 9