The Shanghai Cooperation Organization-1

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), or Shanghai Pact, is a

Eurasian political, economic, and security alliance. It is the world's largest regional
organisation in geographic scope and population, covering three-fifths of the
Eurasian continent, 40% of the world population, and more than 20% of global
GDP.
The SCO is the successor to the Shanghai Five, a mutual security agreement
formed in 1996 between China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan.
On 15 June 2001, the leaders of these nations and Uzbekistan met in Shanghai to
announce a new organisation with deeper political and economic cooperation; the
SCO Charter was signed on 7 July 2002 and entered into force on 19 September
2003. Its membership has since expanded to eight states, with India and Pakistan
joining on 9 June 2017. Several countries are engaged as observers or partners.Iran
becomes a member in 2021. So, total countries reached to 9, as SCO members.
The SCO is governed by the Heads of State Council (HSC), its supreme decision-
making body, which meets once a year. Military exercises are also regularly
conducted among members to promote cooperation and coordination against
terrorism and other external threats, and to maintain regional peace and stability.
The Shanghai Five group was created on 26 April 1996 with the signing of the
Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions in Shanghai, China by the
heads of states of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan.
On April 24, 1997, the same countries signed the Treaty on Reduction of Military
Forces in Border Regions in a meeting in Moscow, Russia. On 20 May 1997,
Russian President Boris Yeltsin and Chinese leader Jiang Zemin signed a
declaration on a "multipolar world".
The SCO has established relations with the United Nations in 2004 (where it is an
observer in the General Assembly), Commonwealth of Independent States in 2005,
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2005, the Collective Security
Treaty Organization in 2007, the Economic Cooperation Organization in 2007, the
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 2011, the Conference on Interaction
and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA) in 2014, and the United
Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific in 2015,[10]
African Union in 2018.
The SCO is widely regarded as the "alliance of the East", due to its growing
centrality in Asia-Pacific, and has been the primary security pillar of the region
The Council of Heads of State is the top decision-making body in the SCO. This
council meets at the SCO summits, which are held each year in one of the member
states' capital cities. Because of their government structure, the prime minister of
the parliamentary democracies of India and Pakistan attends the SCO Council of
Heads of State summits, as their responsibilities are similar to the presidents of
other SCO nations.[13] The current Council of Heads of State consists of:[citation needed]
 Xi Jinping (China)
 Narendra Modi (India) (not the de jure head of state)[13]
 Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (Kazakhstan)
 Sadyr Japarov (Kyrgyzstan)
 Imran Khan (Pakistan) (not the de jure head of state)[13]
 Vladimir Putin (Russia)
 Emomali Rahmon (Tajikistan)
 Shavkat Mirziyoyev (Uzbekistan
The Secretariat of the SCO, headquartered in Beijing, China, is the primary

executive body of the organisation. It serves to implement organisational decisions
and decrees, drafts proposed documents (such as declarations and agendas),
function as a document depository for the organisation, arranges specific activities
within the SCO framework, and promotes and disseminates information about the
SCO. The SCO Secretary-General is elected to a three-year term. The current
Secretary-General is Vladimir Norov of Uzbekistan, who assumed his office on 1
January 2019.
The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) Executive Committee,

headquartered in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, is a permanent organ of the SCO which
serves to promote cooperation of member states against the three evils of terrorism,
separatism and extremism. The Director of SCO RATS Executive Committee is
elected to a three-year term. The current Director is Jumakhon Giyosov of
Tajikistan, who assumed his office on 1 January 2019. Each member state also
sends a permanent representative to RATS.
The official languages of the SCO are Chinese and Russian
The SCO is primarily centered on security-related concerns, often describing the

main threats it confronts as being terrorism, separatism and extremism.

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The Shanghai Cooperation Organization-1

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The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), or Shanghai Pact, is a

The Secretariat of the SCO, headquartered in Beijing, China, is the primary

The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) Executive Committee,

The official languages of the SCO are Chinese and Russian

The SCO is primarily centered on security-related concerns, often describing the

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