Ximon Sagucio General Biology 3rd Quarter Output.

Week 4 Evidence For Evolution
Evidence for evolution

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria
Bacteria can evolve quickly because they reproduce at a fast rate. Mutations of bacteria produce
new strains. Some bacteria might become resistant to certain antibiotics, such as penicillin, and
cannot be destroyed by the antibiotic. The evolution of the bacteria is an example of natural
selection and supports Darwin's theory of evolution.
Development of resistance
The main steps in the development of resistance are:
1. random mutation occur in the genes of individual bacterial cells

2. some mutations protect the bacterial cell from the effects of the antibiotic
3. bacteria without the mutation die or cannot reproduce when the antibiotic is present
Domestication of Dogs
The dynamic duo of dogs and humans goes back more than 33,000 years to when dogs were first
domesticated. And it’s proven to be a remarkable interspecies relationship. Through selection
during domestication, dogs have developed behavioral adaptations that have led to a unique
ability to read and use human communication in ways that other animals cannot.
“Dogs are more skillful in using human communicative cues, like pointing gestures or gaze
direction, even than human’s closest living relative, chimpanzees, and also than their own closest
living relatives, wolves, or other domesticated species,” write the authors of a new study looking
at the evolution of puppy dog eyes, of all things.
The research comprises the first detailed analysis looking at the differences in anatomy and
behavior between dogs and wolves. They concluded that the facial musculature of both species
were similar, except above the eyes: “Dogs have a small muscle, which allows them to intensely
raise their inner eyebrow, which wolves do not.” "The evidence is compelling that dogs developed a
muscle to raise the inner eyebrow after they were domesticated from wolves,” said leader of the current
study, Dr. Juliane Kaminski, a comparative psychologist at the University of Portsmouth, Kaminski.
"The findings suggest that expressive eyebrows in dogs may be a result of humans unconscious
preferences that influenced selection during domestication. When dogs make the movement, it seems to
elicit a strong desire in humans to look after them," she add. "This would give dogs, that move their
eyebrows more, a selection advantage over others and reinforce the 'puppy dog eyes' trait for future
generations."
With which co-author Rui Diogo agreed: "I must admit that I was surprised to see the results myself
because the gross anatomy of muscles is normally very slow to change in evolution, and this happened
very fast indeed, in just some dozens of thousands of years."
In concluding that “domestication transformed the facial muscle anatomy of dogs specifically for facial
communication with humans” in a mere 33,000 years, the study leaves much for the dog lovers amongst
us to wonder. What evolutionary changes might this unique partnership bring about in another 33,000
years? And can we please have talking dogs someday?
Pesticide Resistance
Durable crop protection is an essential component of current and future food security. However, the
effectiveness of pesticides is threatened by the evolution of resistant pathogens, weeds and insect pests.
Pesticides are mostly novel synthetic compounds, and yet target species are often able to evolve
resistance soon after a new compound is introduced. Therefore, pesticide resistance provides an
interesting case of rapid evolution under strong selective pressures, which can be used to address
fundamental questions concerning the evolutionary origins of adaptations to novel conditions. We ask: (i)
whether this adaptive potential originates mainly from de novo mutations or from standing variation; (ii)
which pre‐existing traits could form the basis of resistance adaptations; and (iii) whether recurrence of
resistance mechanisms among species results from interbreeding and horizontal gene transfer or from
independent parallel evolution. We compare and contrast the three major pesticide groups: insecticides,
herbicides and fungicides. Whilst resistance to these three agrochemical classes is to some extent united
by the common evolutionary forces at play, there are also important differences. Fungicide resistance
appears to evolve, in most cases, by de novo point mutations in the target‐site encoding genes; herbicide
resistance often evolves through selection of polygenic metabolic resistance from standing variation; and
insecticide resistance evolves through a combination of standing variation and de novo mutations in the
target site or major metabolic resistance genes .
Week 5 Structural and Development characteristics and

relatedness of DNA sequence in classifying living things
Activity 1
1 Homologous 3 Convergence 5 Analogous 7 Analogous 9 Homologous
2 Parallelism 4 Analogous 6 Analogous 8 Analogous 10 Covergence
Activity 2
1 Yes, because they can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
2 They have different names
Distinctive characteristics of a specific taxon relative to other Taxa

Activity 1 unlocking similarities and differences
Categories Monera Protista Fungi

Types of cell Unicellular Unicellular Unicellular or
multicellular
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes
Presence of organelles No cellular organelles Mebrane-bound Cell
organelles
Cell organelles are present
Cellular organization Simple structure Complex structure Complex
cellular
organization
Presence of cell wall Cell wall is present Well developed Cell wall is
made up of
but not well Cell wall is present chitin
developed
Presence of nucleus No true nucleus Has a true nucleus Possess a
true nucleus
Mode of nutrition Autotrophic or Holozoic parasitic or Heterotrophic
or
heterotrophic photosynthetic saprophytic
Locomotory organelles Flagella and cilia Flagella and cilia Flagella are
present for
absent absent locomation
Mode of reproduction Reproduction Reproduction is Sexual and
asexual
is asexual asexual
location Found everywhere Found in aquatic moist Found mostly
in an acidic
And shady places environment
Example of species Mycobacteria, bacillus Dinoflagellates, protozoan Yeast and
mushrooms
Slime moulds
Activity 3 Compounding animals

1 A] Animals are heterotrophs
B] Animals digest their own food
C] Animals move from one place to another to look for food, escapes from
enemies, find a better place to live and find mates
D] Animals are multi cellular organisms.
E] Animals are eukaryotic
2 A] Skeleton framework. Invertebrates do not possess a backbone and an internal
skeleton Vertebrates possess a backbone and an internal skeleton.
B] Body size. Generally, vertebrates are larger than invertebrates. Some
invertebrates grow to gigantic proportions such as the colossal squid (46 feet in
length)
C] Example of species. Flatworms, arthropods, sponges, insects are few examples.
Invertebrates. Mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds are examples of
Vertebrates.
3 Roundworms (phylum Nematoda) have a slightly more complex body than
cnidarian
4 Animals are adapted to land because of the presence of organs such as skin
which contain er balance. Reptiles and kidneys for wat substance, lungs for
breathing, resistant - water keratin, a have a hard shell around their eggs. Animals
possess legs and other specialized locomotory organs. Animals can also survive in
aquatic environment due to their gills for breathing or directly through the skin,
developed kidneys that help prevent the water from equalizing salt concentrations
across membranes through osmosis
Week 6 Species Diversity and Cladistics

ACTIVITY 1: Sharable link
1. F 2.C 3. A 4. G 5. E 6. D 7. B 8. H
LEARNING ACTIVITY 2 Branch it out
Cells Legs Antenna Wings 2 sets of
wings
Worm X
Spider X X
Carpenter X X X
ant
House fly X X X X
Dragon fly X X X X X
HOUSE FLY
DRAGON FLY
LEARNING ACTIVITY 3 Going Further
1 if you know the molecular origin of a disease you will know how to check and
how to cure the disease just like what they did in the vaccines of COVID 19
2 COVID-19 is not only a global pandemic and public health crisis; it has also
severely affected the global economy and financial markets.
3 As a STEM student I will help in giving apprehension or awareness about
COVID 19 through social media because we all know that most of the
people today is using social media so it is a big platform for me to use to be
able to share and spread awareness on COVID 19 worldwide.
Week 7
Give example of products from recombinations DNA technology
- through recombinations DNA techniques bacteria has been created that are
capable of synthesizing human insulin, human growth harmone, alpha
interferon, hepatitis B vaccine, and other medically useful substances.
Isolating vast amounts of protein, identifying mutations, diagnosing
hereditary illnesses carriers, and transferring genes from one organism to
another are just a few of the recent improvements made possible by
recombinant DNA technology.
Illustrate the use of databases to searcg genes for desired traits
- These are databases containing information about an important region of the
human genome/s, which grew at an exponential rate in the previous genomic
era as a result of greater understanding of the genetic etiology of human
illnesses and the discovery of multiple genomic variants.

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Week 4 Evidence For Evolution

Evidence for evolution

1. random mutation occur in the genes of individual bacterial cells

Week 5 Structural and Development characteristics and

1 Homologous 3 Convergence 5 Analogous 7 Analogous 9 Homologous

2 Parallelism 4 Analogous 6 Analogous 8 Analogous 10 Covergence

1 Yes, because they can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

2 They have different names

Distinctive characteristics of a specific taxon relative to other Taxa

Categories Monera Protista Fungi

Activity 3 Compounding animals

Week 6 Species Diversity and Cladistics

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