A

SYNOPSIS REPORT
ON
“Airlines Reservation System”
SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE

OF
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION
SHORT SEARCH DEPARTURES
Session:- 2019-2022

INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY

( REGIONAL CENTRE:- PATNA )
TO PRESENT

NAME OF THE RESEARCHER NAME OF THE RESEARCH

TUSHAR KUMAR SUPERVISOR

ENROLLMENT NO :- 194230562 NISHANT NIRMAL

PROGRAMME:- BCA

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES

INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
Maidan Garhi
New Delhi – 110068
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project “ AIRLINES RESERVATION SYSTEM ”

is the original work done by TUSHAR KUMAR. The Report they prepared is
being submitted in partial fulfillment of BACHELOR OF COMPUTER
APPLICATION requirement at the …INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL
OPEN UNIVERSITY... PATNA.

The content in this report is carried out under the guidance and cooperation of

Nishant Nirmal. .

DATE:- 02/02/2022
 CONTENTS

Title of the Project

1. Introduction 1
2. Objectives of the Project 2-3
2.1 Reservation Activities
2.1.1 Cancellation Activities
2.1.2 Reports
3. Project Category 4-6
Object Oriented Programming System
3.1 Incapsulation
3.1.1 Polymorphism
3.1.2 Inheritance
3.1.3 C++ Implement OOP
3.1.4 Layers of Object Oriented Design
4. System Analysis 7-10
4.1 Investigation and Identification of Need
4.1.1 Identification of Need
4.1.2 Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
4.1.3 Specifications
Feasibility Study 11-12
4.1.4 Technical Feasibility
4.1.5 Economic Feasibility
4.1.6 Operational Feasibility
5. Software Engineering Paradigm 13
5.1 Analysis
5.1.1 Design
5.1.2 Coding and Module Testing
5.1.3 Program Testing
5.1.4 Delivery
5.1.5 Maintainence
6. Platform Used 14
Hardware Requirements
Software Requirements
7. Future Scope of the Project 15
8. References 16
“AIR-LINES RESERVATION SYSTEM”

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 1. INTRODUCTION
Airlines reservation systems (ARS) are systems that allow an airline to sell their inventory
seats. It contains information on schedules and fares and contains a database of
reservations or passenger name records and of tickets issued. ARSs are part of passenger
service systems (PSS), which are applications supporting the direct contact with the
passenger.ARS eventually evolved into the computer reservations system (CRS). A
computer reservation system is used for the reservations of a particular airline and
interfaces with a global distribution system (GDS) which supports travel agencies and other
distribution channels in making reservations for most major airlines in a single system.
Airline reservation systems incorporate airline schedules, fare tariffs, passenger
reservations and ticket records. An airline's direct distribution works within their own
reservation system, as well as pushing out information to the GDS. The second type of
direct distribution channel are consumers who use the internet or mobile applications to
make their own reservations. Travel agencies and other indirect distribution channels
access the same GDS as those accessed by the airline reservation systems, and all
messaging is transmitted by a standardized messaging system that functions on two types
of messaging that transmit on SITA's high level network (HLN). These messaging types are
called Type A for real time interactive communication and Type B [TTY] for informational
and booking type of messages. Message construction standards set by IATA and ICAO, are
global, and apply to more than air transportation. Since airline reservation systems are
business critical applications, and they are functionally quite complex, the operation of an
in-house airline reservation system is relatively expensive.
Prior to deregulation, airlines owned their own reservation systems with travel agents
subscribing to them.Today, the GDS are run by independent companies with airlines and
travel agencies being major subscribers.As of February 2009, there are only four major GDS
providers in the market: Amadeus, Travelport, Sabre and Shares. There is one major
Regional GDS, Abacus, serving the Asian market and a number of regional players serving
single countries, including Travelsky (China), Infini and Axess (both Japan) and Topas (South
Korea). Of these, Infini is hosted within the Sabre complex, Axess is in the process of moving
into a partition within the Worldspan complex, and Topas agencies will be migrating into
Amadeus.
Reservation systems may host "ticket-less" airlines and "hybrid" airlines that use e-
ticketing in addition to ticket-less to accommodate code-shares and interlines. In addition
to these "standardized" GDS, some airlines have proprietary versions which they use to run
their flight operations. A few examples are Delta's OSS and Deltamatic systems and EDS
SHARES. SITA Reservations remains the largest neutral multi-host airline reservations
system, with over 100 airlines currently managing inventory. In the airline industry,
available seats are commonly referred to as inventory. The inventory of an airline is
generally classified into service classes (e.g. economy, premium economy, business or first
class) and any number of fare classes, to which different prices and booking conditions may
apply.

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 2. OBJECTIVES

Airways has a number of reservation offices in each city where the flights operate. Each
reservation office has a number of reservation counters to handle reservations and
cancellations. Each counter has a counter assistant who is responsible for making
reservations or cancellations. The main objective of this project to performed reservation,
cancellation and report.
2.1 In concerned to reservations, the following activities are done :-
 Accepts the date, sector, and class of travel from the person and checks for the
availability of a seat in the Reservation file.
 Confirms the details with the prospective passenger and accepts the remaining details.
 Update the seat availability status in the reservation file and adds the passenger details
to the file. The passenger is assigned a unique Passenger Name Request (PNR) number,
 Collects the fare amount.
 Update the Daily Collection file with the fare amount.

2.1.1 In concerned to cancellation, the following activities is done :-

 Retrieves the details from the file using the PNR number.
 Verifies the details of the ticket and computes the refund amount.
 Updates the seat availability status in the reservations file and marks the corresponding
details of the file.
 Makes the refund and prints the refund receipt.
 Files the receipt along with the signature of the passenger .
 Updates the Daily Collection file.

2.1.2 And Reports are generated as :-

 Print the confirmed and wait-listed passenger list of flights departing .
 Print the daily collection summary report.
 It also generate view rates for different sector & view flight schedules for a specific
period.
 Show status of ticket with given PNR number.
 Report on availability of flight & seats on desired date.
 3. PROJECT CATEGORY

(OOPS – Object Oriented Programming System)

Object Oriented Programming is a method of programming that seeks to mimic the way we
form models of the world. To cope with the complexities of life, we have evolved a
wonderful capacity to generalize, classify and generate abstractions. Almost every noun in
our vocabulary represents a class of objects sharing some set of attributes or behavioral
traits.

The entire basis of Object Oriented Programming, infect is defining the Object in Object
Oriented Programming. Object is a unit that combines both code and data together. And an
object is an instance of a class. Class is a type of data structure defined to hold both data
and the code functions.

Object Oriented Programming also allows you to design and implement your application
more quickly than traditional approaches. Object Oriented Programming also makes code
easier to maintain so that you can refine the implementation without causing major
problems.

Since object-oriented programming was fundamental to the development of C++, it is

important to define precisely what object-oriented programming is. Object-oriented
programming has taken the best ideas of structured programming and has combined them
with several powerful concepts that allow you to organize your programs more effectively.
In general, when programming in an object-oriented fashion, you decompose a problem
into its constituent parts. Each component becomes a self-contained object that contains
its own instructions and data related to that object. Through this process, complexity is
reduced and you can manage larger programs.

3.1 Encapsulation :-

As you probably know, all programs are composed of two fundamental elements:-
Program statements (code) and data. Code is that part of a program that performs actions,
and data is the information affected by those actions. Encapsulation is a programming
mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates, and that keeps both safe
from outside interference and misuse.

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3.1.1 Polymorphism :-

Polymorphism (from the Greek, meaning “many forms”) is the quality that allows one
interface to be used for a general class of actions. The specific action is determined by the
exact nature of the situation. A simple example of polymorphism is found in the Steering
wheel of an automobile. The steering wheel (i.e., the interface) is the same no matter what
type of actual steering mechanism is used. That is, the steering wheel works the same
whether your car has manual steering, power steering, or rack-and-pinion steering.
The first object-oriented programming languages were interpreters, so polymorphism was,
of course, supported at run time. However, C++ is a compiled language. Therefore, in C++,
both run-time and compile-time polymorphism are supported.

3.1.2 Inheritance :-

Inheritance is the process by which one object can acquire the properties of another object.
The reason this is important is that it supports the concept of hierarchical classification. If
you think about it, most knowledge is made manageable by hierarchical (i.e., top-down)
classifications. For example, a Red Delicious apple is part of the classification apple, which
in turn is part of the fruit class, which is under the larger class food. That is, the food class
possesses certain qualities (edible,nutritious,etc.) that also apply, logically, to its fruit
subclass. In addition to these qualities, the fruit class has specific characteristics (juicy,
sweet, etc.) that distinguish it from other food. The apple class defines those qualities
specific to an apple (grows on trees, not tropical, etc.). A Red Delicious apple would, in turn,
inherit all the qualities of all preceding classes, and would define only those qualities that
make it unique. Without the use of hierarchies, each object would have to explicitly define
all of its characteristics. However, using inheritance, an object needs to define only those
qualities that make it unique within its class. It can inherit its general attributes from its
parent. Thus, it is the inheritance mechanism that makes it possible for one object to be a
specific instance of a more general case.

3.1.3 C++ Implements OOP :-

As you will see as you progress through this book, many of the features of C++ exist to
provide support for encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance. Remember, however,
that you can use C++ to write any type of program, using any type of approach. The fact
that C++ supports object-oriented programming does not mean that you can only write
object-oriented programs. As with its predecessor, C, one of C++’s strongest advantages is
its flexibility.

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 OBJECT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT

An object-oriented system draws upon class definitions that are derived from the analysis
model. Some of these definitions will have to be built from scratch, but many others may
be reused it appropriate design patterns are recognized. Object Oriented Design establishes
a design blueprint that enables a software engineer to define the Object Oriented
architecture in a manner that maximized reuse, thereby improving development speed and
end-product quality.

3.1.4 The four layers of the Object Oriented design are :-

 The subsystem layer: It represents each of the subsystems that enable the software to
achieve its customer-defined requirements and to implement the technical
infrastructure that supports customer requirements, in the custom department.

 The class and object layer: It contains the class hierarchies that enable the system to be
created using generalizations and increasingly more targeted specializations.

 The message layer: It contains the design details that enable each object to
communicate with its collaborators. This layer establishes the external and inters
interfaces for the software.

 The responsibilities layer: It contains the data structure and algorithmic design for all
attributes and operations for each object.

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 4. SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 Introduction of User
 Definition of System
 Identification of Need
 Preliminary Investigation
 Modules in AIR-LINES RESERVATION SYSTEM
4.1 The Initial Investigation and Identification of need :-
The most critical phase of managing system projects is planning to launch a system
investigation, we need plan detailing the steps to be taken, the people to be questioned
and they out come expected. The initial investigation has the objective of determining
whether the users request has potential merit. The major steps are defining user
requirements. When the initial investigation is completed. The user receives a proposal
summarizing the finding the recommendation of the analyst.

4.1.1 Identification of need :-

The system need accomplish the following functions:-

 The system should allow the counter assistants to handle ticketing and refunds.
 While accepting reservation data, all necessary validations should be performed. For
example, the system should check whether a flight operates on the date of travel
specified by the passenger. It should also check the seat availability status. After all data
has accepted, the system should print the ticket. It should also store the passenger
details, update the daily collections, and update the seat plan.
 In case of cancellation, the system should accept the PNR number from the user,
validate the PNR number and update the cancellation flag for the passenger. The system
should then print the refund receipt. It should also update the daily collections to reflect
the refund amount. The status of overbooked and wait-listed tickets should be changed
whenever a confirmed ticket is cancelled.

The system should generate the following reports:-

1. Confirmed passenger list

2. Waiting list
3. Daily collection report
In addition, the new system should provide facilitate passengers to perform the following
tasks:
 Check the waiting list status.
 View rates for different sectors.
 View flight schedules for a specific period. This module should be developed as an
affiliate program that can be easily integrated with various Web sites.

4.1.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD) :-

Full descriptions of the system actually consist of a set of data flow diagram.
4.1.3 SPECIFICATIONS :-
Here we have used YOURDON’s data flow symbols.

 Data flow :- Data move in a specific direction from and origin to a destination the
form of a document.

 Process :- People, procedures or device that use or produced data. The physical
component is not identified.

 Source or destination :- External source or destinations of data interact with the

system. The terms source and sink are interchangeable with origin and destination.

 Data store :- Here data are store or referenced by a process in the system.
 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

Check waiting Status Query waiting list & Daily collection

Update available
seat/amount
Reservation/Cancellation
Request

Ask availability of seat,

Fare & schedule

Feed complete detail

Airways
Customer Reservatio Counter Assistant
n System
Response availability Generate PNR No.

of seat, Fare & schedule

Reservation/cancellation Ticket Print

response
Waiting status Response waiting list & Daily
collection list

CONTEXT LEVEL DFD

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ER DIAGRAM
 FEASIBILITY STUDY

The main objective of the preliminary analysis is to identify the problem, evaluate the
system concept of feasibility, and perform the economic and technical analyses perform the
cost benefit analysis. After the clarification analysis the solution proposed it is checked that
it is practical to implement that solution. This is done through the feasibility study. It is
checked for various aspects whether the proposed solution is technically or economically
feasible or not. On the basis if which it has been categorized into four classes.

1) Technical

2) Economic

3) Operational

The outcome of the preliminary analysis should be clear so that an alternate way to do the
job can be found out?

4.1.4 Technical Feasibility :-

During the technical feasibility studies following issues are taken into consideration

1. Whether the required technology is available or not?

2. Required resources are available or not? (Manpower, programmer, software and
hardware etc)
Once the technical feasibility is established, it is important to consider the monetary factors
also. Since it might happen that developing a particular system may be technically possible
but it may be require huge investments and benefits may be less. For evaluating this,
economic feasibility of the proposed system is carried out.

As in our proposed system our team has technically trained manpower with knowledge of
developing the system. We are going to use web technology in our system, which is readily
available. Software to be used is also available easily.

So technically the project is feasible.

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4.1.5 Economic Feasibility :-
For any system if the expected benefits equal or exceed the expected costs, the system can
be judged to be economically feasible. In economic feasibility, cost benefit analysis is done
in which expected costs and benefits are evaluated.

Economic analysis is used for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed system. In
economic feasibility, the most important is cost benefit analysis. As the name suggests, it is
an analysis of the cost to be incurred in the system and benefits derivable out of the system.

As in our institute the hardware and software required for this type of system is already
available so economically our project is feasible.

4.1.6 Operational Feasibility :-

The staff of the company (client) is used to the computer. They will only be give training
about the proposed system to make efficient use of it.

This feasibility study is carried out by a small group of people who are familiar with
information system techniques, who understand the part of the system that are
relevant to the project and are skilled in system analysis and design process.

Considering the above three feasibility we can say that the system is feasible and
ahead for analysis of the system.

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 5. SOFTWARE ENGINEERING PARADIGM
In the software principle we are using the incremental model (evolutionary software
process model). The incremental model combines elements of the linear sequential model
with the iterative philosophy of prototyping.
The linear sequential model suggests a systemic, sequential approach to software
development that begins at the system level and progress through analysis, design, coding
and module testing, delivery and maintenance.

5.1 ANALYSIS :-

In this phase we will gathered all the information about the organization queries and
analysis requirement for both the system and software documented and reviewed with
the users.

5.1.1 DESIGN :-

After analysis we documented all the Interface representations, and algorithm details.

5.1.2 CODING AND MODULE TESTING :-

After designing, coding plays major role in software development process. We are using
JAVA(JSP) in front end, ORACLE in the back end for coding.

Individual modules developed in this phase is also tested before being delivered to the
program testing phase.

5.1.3 PROGRAM TESTING :-

Once the module has been developed. Program testing begins We will provide some other
users for testing for few days, and all problems and errors, which overcome during testing,
will be pointed out. The user requirement will be also kept in mind and then delivery
process begins.

5.1.4 DELIVERY :-

Once the system passes all the tests, it is delivered to the customer and enters the
maintenance phase.

5.1.5 MAINTENANCE :-

Software will undoubtedly undergo changes because errors have been encountered. So
keeping requirement and testing in mind, we will make some necessary changes.
 6. PLATFORM USED

Hardware Requirement :-
1) Pentium Processor or above
2) Color Monitor
3) Keyboard
4) 8 GB Hard Disk or above
5) 32 MB RAM or above
6) 1.44 MB Floppy Disk Drive
7) Speakers

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

1) Windows 9x or MS-DOS 6.22

2) Turbo C++ Compiler
3) Turbo C++ Editor or any other text editor

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 7. FUTURE SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

This project “ AIRLINES RESERVATION SYSTEM” is very flexible and simple. The system will
be developed as a module of the airways system and will be well documented.

Following modifications are possible in future:

 New modules and functionality can be added without many troubles.

 Automatic reservation by customer through Credit Card No. & PIN No.

 This module should be developed as an affiliate program that can be easily integrated
with various Web sites.

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 REFERENCES

During making this project I learn c++ and for programming.

I took help from these various books.

1. Object Oriented Programming (Robert Iafore)

2. Object Oriented Programming (E. Balagurusamy)

3. Introduction to C++ (Sumita Arora)

4. Let Us C (Yashwant Kanitkar)

5. Software Engineering : ROGER’S PRESSMAN

6. System Analysis and Design Methods : GALGOTIA PUBLICATIONS

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