FUEL INJECTION

1) A 4.8-liter V8 SI engine operates on a four-stroke GDI cycle at 4200 RPM. The engine
operates with two direct injections of gasoline in each cylinder during each cycle with
an overall air–fuel ratio of 28:1. The first injection in each cylinder consists of one-
fourth of the total fuel input and occurs late in the intake stroke and early part of the
compression stroke, 10° bBDC to 80° aBDC.The second injection inputs the rest of the
fuel near the sparkplug shortly before ignition, 70° bTDC to 30° bTDC. A supercharger
gives the engine a volumetric efficiency of 98% at this speed.
Calculate:
1. pseudo-steady-state mass flow rate of fuel into the engine
2. length of time of one first fuel injection
3. mass flow rate through injector during first fuel injection
4. mass flow rate through injector during second fuel injection
2) A six-cylinder, 3.6-liter SI engine is designed to have a maximum speed of 6000 RPM. At this
speed the volumetric efficiency of the engine is 0.92. The engine will be equipped with a two-
barrel carburettor, one barrel for low speeds and both barrels for high speed. Gasoline density
can be considered to be
Calculate:
1. throat diameters for the carburettor (assume discharge coefficient)
2. fuel capillary tube diameter (assume discharge coefficient)
3) At injection pressure of 150 bar a spray penetration of 25 cm in 20 milliseconds is obtained. If
an injection pressure of 250 bar had been used, what would have been the time taken to
penetrate the same distance. Assume the same orifice and combustion chamber density. The
combustion chamber pressure is 25 bar.
[Hint: Use the relation S ∝ t √Δp where ‘S’ is penetration in cm ‘t’ is time in millisecond ‘Δp’
is the pressure difference between injection pressure and combustion chamber pressure]
4) Calculate the diameter of the fuel orifice of a four-stroke engine which develops 25 kW per
cylinder at 2500 rpm. The specific fuel consumption is 0.3 kg/kW h fuel with 30◦API. The fuel
is injected at a pressure of 150 bar over a crank travel of 25◦. The pressure in the combustion
chamber is 40 bar. Coefficient of velocity is 0.875 and specific gravity is given by
141.5
𝑆. 𝐺 =
131.5 + ∘ 𝐴𝑃𝐼
5) A CI engine with bore B = 8.2 cm has the fuel injectors mounted in the centre of the
cylinder head. The injectors have a nozzle diameter of 0.073 mm, a discharge
coefficient of 0.72, and an injection pressure of 50 MPa. Average cylinder pressure
during injection can be considered 5000 kPa. Density of the diesel fuel is 860 kg/m3.
Calculate:
(a) Average velocity of the fuel jet as it leaves the injector. [m/sec]
(b) Time for a fuel particle to reach the cylinder wall if it travels at average exit velocity.
[sec]
6) A 2.4-liter, four-cylinder, four-stroke cycle engine is equipped with multipoint port fuel
injection, having one injector per cylinder. The injectors are constant-flow devices, so
the fuel flow rate into the engine is controlled by injection pulse duration. Maximum
power is obtained at WOT when injection duration is continuous. At this condition,
engine speed is 5800 RPM with stoichiometric gasoline and an inlet pressure of 101
kPa. At idle condition, the engine speed is 600 RPM with stoichiometric gasoline and
an inlet pressure of 30 kPa. Volumetric efficiency can be considered 95% at WOT.
 Calculate:
(a) Fuel flow rate through an injector. [kg/sec]
(b) Injection pulse duration in seconds at idle conditions.
(c) Injection pulse duration in degrees of engine rotation at idle conditions.
7) A four-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine develops 100 kW at 3500 rpm. Its brake
specific fuel consumption is 180 gm per kW h. Calculate the quantity of fuel to be
injected per cycle per cylinder. Specific gravity of the fuel may be taken as 0.88.
8) A closed type injector has a nozzle orifice diameter of 1.0 mm and the maximum cross
sectional area of the passage between the needle cone and the seat is 2.0 mm 2. The
discharge coefficient for the orifice is 0.85 and for the passage is 0.80. The injection
pressure is 200 bar and the average pressure of charge during injection is 25 bar, when
the needle cone is fully lifted up. Calculate the volume rate of flow per second of fuel
through the injector and the velocity of jet at that instant. Specific gravity of fuel is
0.85.
9) A large twelve-cylinder, 460 L, two-stroke cycle engine operates using dual fuel. 92%
of the intake air is used for stoichiometric combustion of methanol, while 8% is used
for stoichiometric combustion of light diesel fuel for ignition. The engine operates at
195 RPM with a volumetric efficiency of 93%. The methanol is input during the intake
stroke, while diesel fuel is injected into each cylinder by a single injector from 15°
bTDC to 6° aTDC.
Calculate:
(a) Mass flow rate of air into engine. [kg/sec]
(b) Mass flow rate of methanol into engine. [kg/sec]
(c) Mass flow rate of diesel fuel through an injector. [kg/sec]
10) An experimental V6, two-stroke cycle, 3 litre, SI engine uses crankcase compression.
Stoichiometric gasoline is used and oil is added to the fuel at a ratio of 25:1. When the
engine is running at 3000 RPM, the delivery ratio λdr = 0.95 and the trapping efficiency
λte = 0.85. All fuel and oil present at combustion is burned.
Calculate:
(a) Mass flow rate of air into engine. [kg/sec]
(b) Mass flow rate of oil into engine. [kg/sec]
(c) Mass flow rate of unburned oil in exhaust. [kg/sec]
TURBOCHARGING
11) A three-litre four-stroke diesel engine develops 12 kW per m3 of free air inducted per minute.
The volumetric efficiency is 82% at 3600 rpm referred to atmospheric condition of 1 bar and
27 ◦C. A rotary compressor which is mechanically coupled to the engine is used to supercharge
the engine. The pressure ratio and the isentropic efficiency of the compressor are 1.6 and 75%
respectively. Calculate the percentage increase in brake power due to supercharging.
12) A 5.6-liter V8 engine, with a compression ratio of operates on an air-standard Otto cycle at
2800 RPM, with a volumetric efficiency and a stoichiometric air–fuel ratio using gasoline. The
exhaust gas flow undergoes a temperature drop of 44°C as it passes through the turbine of
the turbocharger. Calculate: (a) Mass flow rate of exhaust gas. [kg/sec] (b) Power available to
drive the turbocharger compressor. [kW]
13) A turbocharged, three-cylinder, four-stroke cycle, 1.5-liter, multipoint port-injected SI engine
using stoichiometric gasoline operates at 2400 RPM with a volumetric efficiency of 108%. The
turbocharger has a turbine isentropic efficiency of 80% and a compressor isentropic efficiency
 of 78%. Exhaust flow enters the turbine at 770 K and 119 kPa and exits at 98 kPa. Air enters
the compressor at 27°C and 96 kPa and exits at 120 kPa.
Calculate:
(a) Mass flow rate through the turbocharger compressor. [kg/sec]
(b) Mass flow rate through the turbocharger turbine. [kg/sec]
(c) Inlet air temperature at turbocharger compressor exit. [°C]
(d) Exhaust temperature at turbocharger turbine exit. [°C]
14) A four-stroke engine working on dual-combustion cycle is supercharged by a turbocharger. Air
from the atmosphere at 1 bar and 27 ◦C is compressed isentropically to 1.6 bar. Both
compressor and turbine have isentropic efficiency of 75%. The air is cooled to 37 ◦C before
entering the engine cylinder. The compression ratio of the engine is 18 and the peak pressure
not to exceed 125 bar. The total heat input is 1200 kJ/kg. The heat rejection is at constant
volume. The exhaust gases, assumed to obey gas laws, is throttled to 1.6 bar before entering
the turbine where is expands isentropically to atmospheric pressure. Neglecting all the
pressure and frictional losses, calculate the extra work available from turbocharger.
15) An eight-cylinder turbocharged aftercooled four-stroke cycle diesel engine operates with an
inlet pressure of 1.8 atmospheres at its maximum rated power at 200 rev/min. B = 128mm, L
= 140mm, ηv (based on inlet manifold conditions of 1.8 atm and 325 K after the aftercooler) =
0.9. The compressor isentropic efficiency is 0.7.
(a) Calculate the power required to drive the turbocharger compressor.
(b) If the exhaust gas temperature is 650oC and the turbocharger isentropic efficiency is 0.65,
estimate the pressure at turbine inlet. The turbine exhausts to the atmosphere.
16) The charging efficiency of two-stroke cycle diesel engines can be estimated from measurement
of the concentration of O2 and CO2 in the burned gases within the cylinder, or in the exhaust
blowdown pulse prior to any mixing with fresh air. The engine bore = 125 mm, stroke =
150mm, compressor ratio = 15. The fuel flow rate at 1800 rev/min is 1.6 g/s per cylinder. The
conditions used to evaluate the air density for the reference mass are 300 K and 1 atm. The
molar concentration (dry) of CO2 and O2 in the in-cylinder burned gases are 7.2 and 10.4
percent. The scavenging air flow rate is 80 g/s. Evaluate (a) the charging efficiency, (b) the
delivery ratio, and (c) the trapping efficiency (assuming the trapped mass equals the reference
mass).
17) A four-stroke diesel engine working at sea level (pressure: 1 bar and temperature 17◦C)
develops a brake power of 300 kW with a volumetric efficiency of 85% at sea level conditions.
The engine works at an air-fuel ratio of 17:1, with a specific fuel consumption of 0.25 kg/kW-
h. The engine runs at 2000 rpm. Determine the engine capacity and the bmep. This engine is
taken to an altitude of 3 km where the ambient temperature and pressure are −23◦C and
0.715 bar. A mechanically coupled supercharger is fitted to the engine which consumes 12%
of the total power developed by the engine. The temperature of air leaving the supercharger
is 35 ◦C. Determine the degree of supercharging required to maintain the same brake power
of sea level. Also calculate the isentropic efficiency of the compressor. Assume that air-fuel
ratio, thermal efficiency and volumetric efficiency remain the same for naturally aspirated and
supercharged engine.
18) A mechanically coupled supercharger is run by a four-stroke four-cylinder square diesel engine
with a bore of 120 mm as per the arrangements shown in figure below.
 Air enters the compressor at 25 ◦C and the compressor pressure ratio is 1.7. From the
compressor the air is passed on to a cooler where 1250 kJ/min of heat is rejected. The air
leaves the cooler at 67 ◦C. Some air from the compressor is bled after the cooler to
supercharge the engine. The volumetric efficiency is 85% based on intake manifold pressure
and temperature. The other details about the engine are: bp is 55 kW, speed is 3500 rpm and
mechanical efficiency ηm is 85%.
Determine:
(i) imep of the engine
(ii) (ii) actual air consumption rate of the engine
(iii) (iii) the air handling capacity of the compressor in kg/min.

Take isentropic efficiency the compressor to be 85%.

19) A 4-stroke diesel engine has a compression ratio of 14 and works in ambient condition of 1.013
bar and 27oC. A supercharger is added to the engine which raises the inlet pressure to 1.3 bar
and the inlet temperature to 60°C, other conditions remaining the same. Determine:
(i) The percentage change in charging efficiency;
(ii) The percentage change in indicated output of the engine.
20) A petrol engine, with a compression ratio of 7.5 develops 75 kW indicated power with ambient
conditions of 1.01 bar and 27°C. A supercharger is added which increases the inlet pressure
to 1.38 bar and inlet temperature to 48°C under otherwise identical conditions. If the
volumetric efficiency of the engine is 81% without supercharging, calculate:
(i) The volumetric efficiency;
(ii) Indicated power of the supercharged engine.