Research Plan X

RATIONALE
Allelopathy is a common biological phenomenon by which one organism produces biochemicals
that influence the growth, survival, development, and reproduction of other organisms. These
biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and have beneficial or detrimental effects on target organisms.
Allelopathy is a natural ecological phenomenon. It has been known and used in agriculture since ancient
times. Phytotoxicity is a toxic effect by a compound on plant growth. Such damage may be caused by a
wide variety of compounds, including allelochemicals.
Mangifera indica L.belonging to the family Anacardiaceae is one of the best known and most
evergreen trees, native to Indian subcontinent and found widely distributed in tropical and subtropical
regions. According to some studies from Keio Research Information System of Keio University, mango
leaves contain allelopathic substances and have potential as soil additive material for weed management.
Analyses of the aqueous extracts of mango leaves HPLC have indicated the presence of caffiec acid,
coumaric acid, vanelic acid, benzoic acid and other phenolic acid. The Mangifera indica 'Haden' is a
named mango cultivar that became one of the most widely cultivated in the world after it was introduced
in the early 20th century through south Florida.
Cyperus rotundus, commonly known as purple nutsedge, or nut grass is a slender, erect, glabrous,
perennial grasslike plant, 10 to 40 centimeters high, found throughout the Philippines in open areas at low
and medium altitudes, common weed in gardens, and has been called the world's worst weed. It is one of
the most extensively researched non-cultivated plant species on the planet, yet the complexities of its life
cycle.
In the continual search for natural herbicides from plant products, leaf extracts from Mangifera
indica were investigated for inhibitory effect on the seed germination of the popular weed, that is,
Cyperus rotundus. Earlier reports have also shown that water soluble leachate from the matured fresh
leaves of M. indica has the allelopathic potential to reduce the development of food crops, like Capsicum
annuum. However, such studies are conducted separately between weeds and food crops, therefore still
unclear to know whether which among the kind of plants will be affected by the phytotoxicity potential of
M. indica.
With these ideas, the researcher decided to come up with a study on the comparative effects of
mango leaves on the germination of the selected weed and food crop using plant allelopathy, which aims
to investigate the effects of different concentrations of both fresh and dry leaves extracts of M. indica on
two different plants, to assess the compatibility among them, and determine which plant will be more
affected.
A. QUESTIONS OR PROBLEMS BEING ADDRESSED
Are mango leaves potentially allelopathic to affect the growth of purple nutsedge weeds
and chili peppers?
Specifically, the objectives of this study are:
1. To measure the growth of the purple nutsedge weeds and chilli regularly during the
experiment, in terms of radicle length and coleoptile length.
2. To compare which of the plants will be more affected than the other.
B. EXPECTED OUTCOMES AND HYPOTHESES
Expected outcome:
Be able to determine if mango leaves have an allelop athic/ phytotoxic effect to the
germination of purple nutsedge weeds and chilli peppers.

Null:
The mango leaves will not have an allelopathic/ phytotoxic effect to the weed and food
crop.
Alternative:
The mango leaves will have an allelopathic/ phytotoxic effect to the weed and food crop.
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
a. Research Design
This study will use an experimental research design, specifically the Two-Pair Group Design, wherein
there are two groups ( fresh leaves extract and dry leaves extract) which two different plants will be
treated. . The presence of controlled group serves as control for comparative purposes. ANOVA will be
subjected for the results of the experiment.
Effect of Mangifera indica ‘Haden’ leaf extracts on radicle length (RL) and coleoptile length (CL)
of Cyperus rotundus (Purple Nutsedge) and Capsicum annuum (Chili Pepper) seeds.
Mangifera indica ‘Haden’ Extracts
Purple Nutsedge Chili Peppers
RL CL RL CL
T0
Distilled water
T1
5%
T2
15%
T3
25%
T4
Commercial Herbicide
b. Materials
1. Fresh mango leaves
2. Dry mango leaves
3. Jars
4. Distilled water
5. Purple nutsedge (“Balisanga”) tubers
6. Chili Pepper seeds
7. Filter paper
8. Petri dishes
9. Gram scale
10. 100mL graduated cylinder
11. Forcep
c. Methods and Procedures
PHASE I
 Collection and preparation of materials
1. Fresh mango leaves were selected from field grown mature mango trees in Centro
Occidental, Polangui, Albay. It will be washed thoroughly, air-dried, then pulverized
before extraction.
2. Purple nutsedge seeds will be collected from a single population in Polangui, Albay.
3. Chili Pepper seeds will be purchased from Polangui, Albay.
PHASE II
 Extract preparation
1. Fresh mature mango leaves will be solar dried before extraction.
2. After solar drying, the leaves will be pulverized into fine pieces using mortar and pestle.
3. 10 g of dry pulverized leaf materials will be carefully transferred into cleaned, sterilized and
labeled sample containers.
4. Using a graduated cylinder to measure the volume, 200, 66.5and 40 ml of sterile, deionised
distilled water was added to the corresponding labeled sample containers.
5. The mixture will be shaken and the jars will be covered and left for 24 hours.
6. Thereafter, mixtures will be filtered using filter paper to make extracts of 5%, 15%, and 25%
concentration, respectively.
PHASE III
 Experimental setup preparation and treatment application
1. Petri dishes will be sterilized before the experiment, then a filter paper will be put inside.
2. 10 seeds of each plant will be placed in each petri dish containing the filter papers.
3. The filter papers each petri dish will be initially moistened or saturated with 5mL of
respective leaf extractions and 5mL of distilled water and herbicide for the controls.
4. There will be four sets of treatments on the experiment: Set A will be Purple Nutsedge seeds
with fresh leaves extract on different concentrations (and control); Set B will be Chili
Pepper seeds soaked in fresh leaves extracts; Set C will be Purple Nutsedge seeds in dry
leaves extract; and Set D will be Chili Pepper seeds in dry leaves extract.
5. Each treatment, including control, will be replicated three times, obtaining 15 units of
both experimental and control treatments in total.
PHASE IV
 Monitoring of experimental set-up
1. Readings will be taken at interval such as the emergence of radicle and coleoptile in each
experimental treatment. Subsequent extracts and distilled water will be added if needed.
2. Radicle length and coleoptile length will be measured by picking the seed using forceps
and a meter scale ruler will be used in reading the measurements.
3. Readings will be recorded for a week of germination.

PHASE V
 Data Analysis
1. After the time allotted for the set-up, the researcher will analyze the data gathered, in terms of
the length of the radicles and coleoptiles, with the use of statistical tests such as analysis of
variance.
2. The researchers will evaluate the data after being exposed to each treatment and determine the
effect of the extracts.
3. Comparison between the germination of plants will be first evaluated, then comparison
between the kinds of extraction afterwards.
Bibliography
Suzuki, M., Khan, M. S. I., Iwasaki, A., Suenaga, K., & Kato-Noguchi, H. (2016). Allelopathic
potential and an allelopathic substance in mango leaves. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica - Section B Soil
and Plant Science, 1-6. DOI: 10.1080/09064710.2016.1215517
Cheng F., Cheng Z. (2015), Frontiers in Plant Science; Research Progress on the use of Plant
Allelopathy in Agriculture and the Physiological and Ecological Mechanisms of Allelopathy, vol. 6,
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4647110/
Ferguson J., Rathinasabapathi B., Chase C., Horticultural Sciences Department; Allelopathy:
How Plants Suppress Other Plants, Original publication date July 2003, Revised March 2013,
http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.

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RATIONALE

Allelopathy is a common biological phenomenon by which one organism produces biochemicals

wide variety of compounds, including allelochemicals.

in the early 20th century through south Florida.

A. QUESTIONS OR PROBLEMS BEING ADDRESSED

and chili peppers?

Specifically, the objectives of this study are:

experiment, in terms of radicle length and coleoptile length.

B. EXPECTED OUTCOMES AND HYPOTHESES

germination of purple nutsedge weeds and chilli peppers.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

subjected for the results of the experiment.

Purple Nutsedge Chili Peppers

1. Fresh mango leaves

2. Dry mango leaves

5. Purple nutsedge (“Balisanga”) tubers

6. Chili Pepper seeds

c. Methods and Procedures

 Collection and preparation of materials

Occidental, Polangui, Albay. It will be washed thoroughly, air-dried, then pulverized

3. Chili Pepper seeds will be purchased from Polangui, Albay.

1. Fresh mature mango leaves will be solar dried before extraction.

labeled sample containers.

distilled water was added to the corresponding labeled sample containers.

 Experimental setup preparation and treatment application

both experimental and control treatments in total.

 Monitoring of experimental set-up

and a meter scale ruler will be used in reading the measurements.

3. Readings will be recorded for a week of germination.

effect of the extracts.

between the kinds of extraction afterwards.

and Plant Science, 1-6. DOI: 10.1080/09064710.2016.1215517

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