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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

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International General Certificate of Secondary Education

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MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2010 question paper
for the guidance of teachers

0610 BIOLOGY
0610/31 Paper 3 (Extended Theory), maximum raw mark 80

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of
the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not
indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began,
which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the
examination.

• CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.

CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2010 question papers for most IGCSE,
GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level
syllabuses.
 Page 2 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper
IGCSE – October/November 2010 0610 31

General notes

Symbols used in mark scheme and guidance notes.

/ separates alternatives for a marking point

; separates points for the award of a mark

A accept – as a correct response

R reject – this is marked with a cross and any following correct statements do not gain any
marks

I ignore/irrelevant/inadequate – this response gains no mark, but any following correct

answers can gain marks.

() the word/phrase in brackets is not required to gain marks but sets context of response
for credit. e.g. (waxy) cuticle. Waxy not needed but if it was described as a cellulose
cuticle then no mark.

Small underlined words – this word only/must be spelled correctly

ORA or reverse argument/answer

ref./refs. answer makes appropriate reference to

AVP additional valid point (e.g. in comments)

AW alternative words of equivalent meaning

MP marking point (number)

ecf error carried forward

© UCLES 2010
 Page 3 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper
IGCSE – October/November 2010 0610 31

Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance

1 (a) (i) A – pollen tube ;

B – ovule ;
C – egg cell / female gamete / female nucleus ; [3] R egg / ovum

(ii) 1 (stigma) place where pollen grain, germinates / develops (to I lands
form a tube) ;
2 growth of pollen tube (down the style) ; MP2 A male gamete travels down R pollen grain
3 pollen tube / A, enters, ovule / B ; moves
4 ref to micropyle ;
5 tip of, pollen tube / A, opens ; linked to pollen tube
6 (male) nucleus / gamete fuses with, female gamete /
nucleus / egg cell (nucleus) / C ;
7 forms zygote ; A ovum as an ecf
8 diploid ; [max 3]

(iii) max 3 for advantages OR disadvantages

advantages
1 idea that self-pollination perpetuates variety that is well
adapted to habitat ;
2 greater chance of pollination / ensures pollination occurs ; I faster
A reproduction / fertilisation
3 less wastage of pollen / gametes / energy (in pollen
production) ;
4 idea that useful if no other plants (of same species) nearby ;
5 no need for pollinating agent ;

disadvantages
6 less, variation ; R ref. to clones / genetically identical
7 ref. to genotype becoming homozygous ;
8 ref. to harmful alleles (A genes) ;
9 less chance of adapting to changing conditions / AW ;
10 more susceptible to diseases ;
11 may become extinct ;
[max 4]

© UCLES 2010
 Page 4 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper
IGCSE – October/November 2010 0610 31

Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance

(b) (i) Glycine ; [1] R Glycine max

(ii) network / AW, of veins / one (large) central vein ;

broad leaves ; A reverse arguments
two, cotyledons / seed leaves ; I large leaves
flower parts in multiples of, 4 / 5 ; R parts
A ‘not in 3s’
central / main, root ;
vascular bundles regularly arranged ; A vascular bundles not irregularly arranged
has (true) secondary growth ; [max 2]

[Total: 13]

© UCLES 2010
 Page 5 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper
IGCSE – October/November 2010 0610 31

Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance

2 (a) (i) follicle stimulating hormone / FSH ;

oestrogen ; [2]

(ii) ovary ; [1]

(b) 1 thickens / maintains, endometrium / lining of, uterus / womb ; R wall ecf thereafter
2 prepares (endometrium) for implantation ;
3 prevents menstruation / stops menstrual cycle in pregnancy ;
4 promotes development / maintains, blood vessels / glands (in
endometrium) ;
5 prevents FSH secretion / inhibits LH ;
6 prevents follicle development ;
7 AVP ; e.g. prevent muscle contraction of uterus wall [max 3] A stimulates mammary glands

(c) advantages to max 2

1 (passive) immunity / antibodies (to baby) ;
2 develops bond between baby and mother ;
3 idea of composition matches baby’s needs / easier to digest ;
4 reduced risk of cancers (child or mother ) ;
5 cost ;
6 AVP ; e.g. milk is sterile / at body temperature / less chance
of allergy

disadvantage to max 1
7 difficulty in producing (enough) milk ;
8 embarrassment ;
9 nipples become painful ;
10 cannot delegate to (male) partner / AW ;
11 AVP ; e.g. HIV, some drugs, nicotine may be transmitted [max 3]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2010
 Page 6 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper
IGCSE – October/November 2010 0610 31

Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance

3 (a) release of energy, from, food / named food ; A word / chemical, equation (even if not balanced)
with oxygen ; [2] for 1 mark R produce / create

(b) 1 external intercostal muscles contract ; MPs 1 and 2 ignore diaphragm

2 ribcage raised ; A ‘expands’
3 volume of, thorax / chest / lungs, increases ; A space / size
4 pressure of air decreases ; allow MPs 3–5 if in context of diaphragm
5 pressure of atmospheric air is greater than air in lungs ; [max 4]

(c) 1 (external) intercostal muscles relax ; R refs. to diaphragm

2 ribs, fall / move in and down ;
3 internal intercostal muscles contract ;
4 ref. to elasticity of lungs ; [max 2]

(d) (i) 70 ; [1] if answer not in Table 3.1 A elsewhere

(ii) 1 requires more oxygen ; A lactate for lactic acid throughout the answer
2 oxygen debt ;
3 lactic acid produced during exercise ;
4 (as a result of) anaerobic respiration ;
5 not enough oxygen supplied, to muscles (during running) ;
6 lactic acid lowers pH of blood ;
7 high concentration of carbon dioxide in blood ; A ‘need to remove carbon dioxide’
8 from aerobic respiration ;
9 (carbon dioxide) detected by, brain / receptors ;
10 (carbon dioxide) stimulates high ventilation rate ;
11 (carbon dioxide) increases depth of breathing ;
12 lactic acid is, broken down / respired / converted to glucose ;
13 ref. to homeostasis ; [max 5]

[Total: 14]

© UCLES 2010
 Page 7 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper
IGCSE – October/November 2010 0610 31

Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance

4 (a) muscles / surrounding tissues, contract / squeeze, vessels ;

valves, prevent backflow / ensure one way flow ;
ref. to breathing (lowering pressure in chest) ; [2]

(b) 1 fat / fatty acids (and glycerol), absorbed (in ileum ) ;

2 ref. to making fat water soluble ;
3 fat enters lacteals ;
4 lacteals, empty into lymph vessels / are part of lymphatic
system ; other possible AVP idea that not overloading blood
5 AVP ; with fat / by-passes the liver / goes to adipose tissue
e.g. transport of fat in lymph may reduce risk of plaque in first
arteries [max 2]

(c) (i) mitosis ; [1]

(ii) antibody ; [1]

(iii) ref. to antibodies in context of, immobilising / ‘marking’ / A any alternative wording for effect on bacteria
agglutinating, bacteria ;
phagocytosis (by cell R) ; A cell R is a phagocyte
(bacteria) ingested / engulfed ;
into a, vacuole / vesicle ;
digested / broken down ; I ‘killed’ / destroyed (in question) unless qualified
by, enzymes / acid ; [max 3]

© UCLES 2010
 Page 8 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper
IGCSE – October/November 2010 0610 31

Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance

(d) 1 positive correlation ;

2 more antibiotics used, more bacteria are resistant ;
3 variation between countries at each dosage ;
4 data quote 1 ;
5 data quote 2 ;
e.g.
countries with antibiotic use of <1%, less than 10% bacteria
are resistant data quotes must have figure (or range) for use of
countries with antibiotic use of 3(+)%, more than 40% antibiotics and % resistance
bacteria are resistant

variation – e.g. some countries at 2.5%, with 4.5% and

32.5% [max 3]

(e) accept ora

1 bacteria are resistant to some antibiotic ; R people become, immune / resistant

2 ref. to selection ;
3 result of overuse ;
4 some are specific ;
5 some antibiotics used for rare disease(s) ;
6 some only used as last resort ;
7 have (many / unpleasant) side-effects / harmful / cause
allergy ;
8 too expensive ;
9 cannot be used on children ;
10 AVP ; ref. to other uses, e.g. on animals [max 3]

[Total: 15]

© UCLES 2010
 Page 9 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper
IGCSE – October/November 2010 0610 31

Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance

5 (a) 1 – producer ;
2 – secondary / 2nd level / 2nd order , consumer ; [2]

(b) 1 idea that energy is lost, along the food chain / at each trophic
level / between trophic levels ;
2 idea that 90% lost between trophic levels / 10% passed on ;
3 respiration / movement / heat loss / metabolism ;
4 excretion ;
5 food not eaten / food not digested / ref. to egestion / AW ;
6 tuna / top carnivores, are in smaller numbers ;
7 more energy available in, trophic level 2 / herbivorous fish,
than in, level 4 / tuna or dolphins ;
8 AVP ; [max 3]

(c) 1 idea that if not conserved they would become extinct ; A ‘extinguished’
2 ref. to, maintaining numbers of other species in food web /
disruption of food web / maintaining balance in food web ;
3 maintaining (bio)diversity ;
4 so increase in number of, carnivorous fish / squid / trophic
level 3 ;
5 reduction in, herbivores / herbivorous fish / zooplankton /
tropic level ;
6 less food available for, consumers / AW ;
7 would be less, tuna / food, for humans ;
8 aesthetic reason (for conserving) / AW ;
9 economic reason (for conserving) / AW ;
10 AVP ;
11 AVP ; [max 4]

(d) 1 persists / not broken down / does not decay ;

2 eaten by animals ;
3 fish / turtles / mammals, get entangled / trapped / suffocate ;
4 AVP ; [max 2]

© UCLES 2010
 Page 10 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper
IGCSE – October/November 2010 0610 31

Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance

[Total: 11]

6 (a) line at 1 until end of May ; if points are plotted, but no line or block graph used =
exponential increase from June to 100 000 at beginning of July ; max 1
A a straight line
decrease at end of August to around 10 000 ;
remains about 10 000 until beginning of November ; [max 3]

(b) eaten by, predator / fish ;

not enough food ;
too cold ;
pollution ;
AVP ; [max 2] A eutrophication

(c) 1 accept ref. to limiting factor(s) once in the answer ; I refs. to numbers and descriptions rather than
explanations
lag phase (March April May)
2 slow reproduction rate / BR = DR ; for MP2 – 12 must be clear which period of the graph
3 no food / too cold / AW ; or phase is being described

exponential / log, phase (June)

4 reproduction rate increases / BR > DR ;
5 increase in temperature ;
6 food available ;

steady / stationary / AW, phase (September October

November)
7 reproduction rate slows / BR = DR ;
8 decline phase ;
9 (reached) carrying capacity / AW ;
10 DR > BR ;
11 predation ;
12 less food / competition for food; [max 4]

© UCLES 2010
 Page 11 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper
IGCSE – October/November 2010 0610 31

Question Expected Answers Marks Additional Guidance

[Total: 9]

7 (a) (positive) geotropism / gravitropism ; [1] R negative geotropism

(b) seedlings also respond to light ;

to make sure there was only one stimulus / variable ;
may show phototropic response ; [max 1]

(c) 1 seeds grown, under / in, soil ;

2 shoots (grow upwards) to reach, light / air ;

3 idea that seedlings will photosynthesise (as soon as
possible) ;
4 roots (grow downwards) to reach water / minerals ; [max 2] I ref. to support

(d) 1 auxins made in shoot tip ;

2 auxins, move to / concentrate on, lower side of shoot ; R auxin produced on lower side
3 stimulate, cell expansion / elongation ; A water absorption by cells
4 cause bending (upwards) / AW ; [max 3] A more growth on lower side

(e) 1 absorbed ;
2 enter phloem ; R xylem and phloem
3 translocated ;
4 movement in the phloem is up and down plant ;
5 ref. to diffusion ;
6 through cell membranes / from cell to cell ; [max 2]

[Total: 9]

© UCLES 2010