MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE AT CHIANGMAI FRESH MILK

FARM, BAN HONG DISTRICT, LAMPHUN, THAILAND

Internship Practice Proposal

By:

Kemal Pasya Nugraha 185050101111078

Jaswa Fernando Koten 185050107111097
Medito Pratama 185050107111076
Najmi Azhar Hanifah 185050107111004
Salwa Haneefah Fauzia 185050107111013

FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF BRAWIJAYA
MALANG
2021

i
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE AT CHIANGMAI FRESH MILK
FARM, BAN HONG DISTRICT, LAMPHUN, THAILAND

Internship Practice Proposal

By:

Kemal Pasya Nugraha 185050101111078

Jaswa Fernando Koten 185050107111097
Medito Pratama 185050107111076
Najmi Azhar Hanifah 185050107111004
Salwa Haneefah Fauzia 185050107111013

This internship practice is a partial of the requirements to obtain a Bachelor

Degree at Faculty of Animal Science University of Brawijaya

FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE

UNIVERSITY OF BRAWIJAYA
MALANG
2021

ii
iii
 PREFACE

Alhamdulillah. Praise to Allah SWT for all the grace; so that the authors can complete an
internship proposal titled “Maintenance Management Of Dairy Cows In Chiangmai Fresh Milk
Farm, Ban Hong District, Lamphun, Thailand”. This practical fieldwork proposal is one of the
requirements in the practical fieldwork exam of Faculty of Animal Science, Brawijaya
University. In this opportunity the author deeply thanks to:
1. Prof. Dr. Sc. Agr. Ir. Suyadi, MS., IPU., ASEAN Eng. As Dean of the Faculty of Animal
Science University of Brawijaya and as the main supervisor who has guided and motivated
authors to accomplish this internship proposal.
2. Assoc. Prof. Suntorn Wittayakun, as Dean of Faculty of Science and Agricultural
Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, Lampang, Thailand.
3. Dr. Bullaggul Tipnate, as Chief of Chiangmai Fresh Milk Farm, which has provided the
opportunity and facilities during internship study.
4. Dr. Ir. Marjuki M, Sc., as a main counselor for the implementation of internship in
RMUTL, Lampang Campus, Thailand.
5. Dr. Herly Evanuarini, S. Pt, MP as Head of Animal Science Program University of
Brawijaya. as an examiner who gives advice to improve this internship proposal.
6. All the lecturers in Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna, who have taught and
guided authors while in Lampang, Thailand.
7. Staff and employees of Chiangmai Fresh Milk Farm, who have provided guidance,
valuable experience, and knowledge to the authors, so that the process of internship can be
done well.
8. Our parents and family who always give great encouragement and blessing. On this
occasion the author would like to thank all those who helped in the process of writing this
proposal, both directly and indirectly.

The authors consider that in this proposal, there are still shortcomings, for those authors
need criticism, and constructive suggestions to revise and improve this proposal. Hopefully, this
proposal will be useful especially for the students of Faculty of Animal Science Brawijaya
University and add insight to the other reader.

Malang, September 2021

Authors

iv
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE AT CHIANGMAI FRESH MILK FARM, BAN
HONG DISTRICT, LAMPHUN, THAILAND

Kemal Pasya N 1), Jaswa Fernando K 1), Medito Pratama 1), Najmi Azhar H 1), Salwa
Haneefah F 1), and Suyadi 2)

1)
Student of Animal Nutrition and Feed Department, Faculty of Animal
Science, University of Brawijaya
2)
Lecturer of Faculty of Animal Science, University of Brawijaya

E-mail:
haneefauzia03@student.ub.ac.id

ABSTRACT

The internship practice was held from 19𝑡ℎ of October to 19𝑡ℎ of November 2019 in
Chiangmai Fresh Milk farm, Ban Hong district, Lamphun, Thailand. The objective of this
internship is to understand the management of dairy cattle at Chiangmai Fresh Milk Farm,
observe and enhance dairy cow management abilities, as well as the compliance of Chiangmai
Fresh Milk Farm's management practices with the 2011 FAO GDFP. Primary data were
obtained from interviews and discussions with workers, direct observation of farm work and
conditions, and practical activities, which include animal health care, feed and nutrition,
milking management, breeding, and reproductive management, and environmental sanitation.
Secondary data are gathered from official websites, company pamphlets, and previous
literature. From the study, Chiangmai Fresh Milk farm has done most of the six aspects of
GDFP FAO 2011, however improvements need to be considered in animal welfare and calves
pens condition.

Keywords: Dairy cattle, farm management, good dairy farming practice

v
MANAGEMENT OF DAIRY CATTLE AT CHIANGMAI FRESH MILK FARM, BAN
HONG DISTRICT, LAMPHUN, THAILAND

Kemal Pasya N 1), Jaswa Fernando K 1), Medito Pratama 1), Najmi Azhar H 1), Salwa
Haneefah F 1), and Suyadi 2)

1)
Student of Animal Nutrition and Feed Department, Faculty of Animal
Science, University of Brawijaya
2)
Lecturer of Faculty of Animal Science, University of Brawijaya

E-mail: haneefauzia03@student.ub.ac.id

SUMMARY

The internship at Chiangmai Fresh Milk farm, Ban Hong district, Lamphun, Thailand was
held on 19th of October to 19th of November 2019. This internship aims to understand the
management of dairy cattle at Chiangmai Fresh Milk Farm, observe and enhance dairy cow
management abilities, as well as the compliance of Chiangmai Fresh Milk Farm's management
practices with the 2011 FAO GDFP. The series of activities observed included six important
aspects in the 2011 GDFP, namely maintenance management and animal health, breeding and
reproduction management, milking management, feed and nutrition, animal welfare, and
environmental management.
Daily practical activities carried out during the internship by dividing into 3 groups to take
turns in 4 different posts covering the animal health care, feed and nutrition, artificial
insemination (breeding and reproductive management) and calving management.
Environmental and sanitation observations are carried out in every aspect as additional
activities.
The data obtained, consisting of primary data and secondary data are by Primary data were
obtained from interviews and discussions with workers, direct observation of farm work and
conditions, and practical activities supervised by specialized staffs. Secondary data are gathered
from official websites, company pamphlets, and additional data are also taken from scientific
journals, official websites, and articles. Documentations are obtained by taking photos and
keeping some drug labels that are allowed by the farm.
The analysis of the results of this internship is a descriptive analysis by comparing the
acquisition of observation and practice data with theories. The housing is a free stall type for
lactating cows with wide and good road access. The calf pen is a combination of plastic and
bamboo that needs a bit of repair because some parts are already damaged, as well as for some
of the housing facilities. The method of feeding is limited (restricted feeding) with the
frequency of feeding 2-3 times a day according to age, breed and the amount of milk produced
by cows. Provision of drinking water ad libitum. The feed given is in the form of forage and
concentrate, the common forage used is napier grass and corn tebon which is chopper mixed

vi
with concentrate according to the age of the cow which is totaled into TMR (Total Mixed Ratio).
TMR varies according to nutritional needs and availability of feed ingredients. The main TMR
for high yielding lactating cattle consists of corn husks, edamame shell, cassava, pineapple
silage, dried soybean meal, palm kernel meal, betagro 004s CFM concentrate, and minerals.
The calves were fed with only milk, then gradually mixed with special calf pellets until they
were 3 months old. Calves over 3 months old were given a mixture of hay and forage. Calves
over 1 year old and heifers, apart from being given a special TMR, are also given mineral blocks
which can be licked at any time. The mating system uses Artificial Insemination with liquid
semen. The animal welfare in Chiangmai Fresh Milk is good enough however in some comfort
aspects need more attention and improvement. The milking system is carried out using
automatic machines, with a milking frequency of 2 times a day, the highest production reaches
20-25 L per day per head while most cows produce 7-18 L per day/head. The milk produced is
then sent to the Chiangmai Fresh Milk dairy factory which is then processed into pasteurized
milk, UHT milk, Freshy Milk Ice Cream and “Lanna High Quality Milk” products.
From the study, Chiangmai Fresh Milk farm has done most of the six aspects of GDFP FAO
2011 however improvements need to be considered in animal welfare and calves pens
condition.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

Content Page

PREFACE ................................................................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. v
SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. vi
TABLE OF CONTENT ........................................................................................................ viii
LIST OF TABLE ..................................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF FIGURE .................................................................................................................... x
LIST OF APPENDIX .............................................................................................................. xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATION .................................................................................................. xii
CHAPTER I .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1. Background .............................................................................................................. 1
1.2. Problem Statement ................................................................................................... 2
1.3. Objective .................................................................................................................. 2
1.4. Benefits .................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER II ............................................................................................................................ 3
2.1. General Description of Dairy Cows ........................................................................ 3
2.2. Housing Management .............................................................................................. 3
2.3. Feeding and Drinking .............................................................................................. 4
2.4. Dairy Cows Maintenance Procedures ...................................................................... 5
2.4.1. Stock Management ............................................................................................... 5
2.4.2. Reproduction Management .................................................................................. 8
2.4.3. Maintenance of Adult Female Dairy Cow ............................................................ 9
2.5. Milking Management............................................................................................. 12
2.5.1. Milk Production .................................................................................................. 13
CHAPTER III ......................................................................................................................... 14
3.1. Location and Time ................................................................................................. 14
3.2. Object of the Study ................................................................................................ 14
3.3. Methods of Implementation................................................................................... 14
3.4. Schedule of Activities ............................................................................................ 14
3.5. Analysis of Results ................................................................................................ 15
3.6. Terminologies ........................................................................................................ 15
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 16
APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................. 23

viii
 LIST OF TABLE

Table Page
Table 1. Average performance value of Holstein dairy cows milk production in West Java ... 9
Table 2. Terminologies ............................................................................................................ 15

ix
 LIST OF FIGURE

Figure Page
Figure 1. Lactation curve ......................................................................................................... 10

x
 LIST OF APPENDIX

Appendix Page
Appendix 1. Schedule of Activities ......................................................................................... 23
Appendix 2. List of Daily Activities ....................................................................................... 24
Appendix 3. Recording sheet table .......................................................................................... 27

xi
 LIST OF ABBREVIATION

Abbreviation
1. FH = Friesian Holstein
2. AI = Artificial Insemination
3. FAO = Food and Agriculture Organization
4. GDFP = Good Dairy Farming Practice
5. TDDF = Thai Danish Agriculture and Training Center
6. DPO = Thai Dairy Farm Promotion Organization
7. HR = Human Resource
8. BW = Body Weight
9. BCS = Body Condition Score
10. STH = Soil Transmitted Helminths
11. Ca = Calcium
12. SOP = Standard Operational Procedure
13. CI = Calving Interval
14. CFM = Chiangmai Fresh Milk
15. UHT = Ultra High Temperature Processing
16. TMR = Total Mixed Ratio
17. ADG = Average Daily Gain
18. TDN = Total Digestible Nutrient
19. FMD = Foot and Mouth Disease
20. PG = Progesterone
21. E2 = Prostaglandins
22. CBG = Compressed Biomethane Gas
23. NGV = Natural Gas for Vehicles
24. OHS = Occupational Safety and Health
25. CMT = California Mastitis Test
26. AR = Acetate Ringer’s Solution
27. BRD = Bovine Respiratory Disease

xii
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Dairy cows are one of the milk-producing livestock and are the main milk producer to fulfill
the world's milk needs when compared to other milk-producing livestock. The dairy cow nation
that has the highest milk production among other cow breeds is the Friesian Holstein (FH) cow
(Al-Amin et al., 2017). Dairy cow's milk is rich in nutrients including very high water content,
which is around 87.5%, 5% milk sugar (lactose), 3.5% protein, and 3-4% fat. In addition, cow's
milk also contains various substances needed by the human body during growth, such as a
source of phosphorus, vitamin A and calcium. Several things that affect the productivity of
dairy cows are in terms of livestock genetics, feed management, lactation period in children,
management when cows are in the dry period, and the health of the dairy cows themselves
(Widodo, 2002).
Dairy cattle productivity is very dependent on optimizing the steps during the process of
breeding, feed, and management. In addition, the appropriate temperature and humidity will
improve dairy cattle productivity. On average, dairy cows are tolerant of air humidity by 65%
(Aisyah, 2011). Dairy farming in Thailand started about 80 years ago but only expanded
extensively in the early 1960s, which was established by the Thai Danish Agriculture and
Training Center (TDDF) in Muak Lek, as a joint venture between the Thai and Danish
governments. The approaches include land clearing, purchasing cows, constructing farm
buildings, training breeders, developing a dairy colony, providing extension services,
developing small milk factories, and marketing systems for pasteurized milk production. In
1971, the Thai politic took over the responsibility and the project was unionised beneath the
government of a newly accepted politic fellowship titled "Thai Dairy Farm Promotion
Organization (DPO)".
Some of the goals of DPO are to promote dairy farming, increase milk production, process
milk, and sell dairy products. Since the establishment of the DPO in the last 25 years with the
support of the Thai government for dairy farming and other major government departments, it
has succeeded in increasing almost 24% of raw milk production annually to 79,000 tonnes
between 1982 and 1987. The number of dairy cows during the same period has also increased,
about 20% annually to 75,500 heads in 1987. Systems that can advance the field of animal
husbandry are always supported by the local government, such as by starting to implement
optimal livestock raising management in an educational environment. Several universities in
Thailand continue to compete and collaborate with large farms and utilize Human Resources
(HR) and technology side by side.
Chiangmai Fresh Milk which is one of the farms and companies engaged in animal
husbandry, especially dairy cows. This company uses modern milking technology and
guarantees the quality of their milk to have international standard quality. Chiangmai Fresh
Milk farm has facilities from modern and complete milking equipment, dairy cows with
superior genetics, fast and hygienic delivery and superior human resources that ensure the
quality of this milk is guaranteed safety.

1
 Based on the above situation analysis, it can be seen that maintenance management is an
important factor in increasing the productivity of dairy cows. Therefore, it is necessary to do an
internship regarding the management of dairy cows at Chiangmai Fresh Milk farm.

1.2. Problem Statement

Problem statements from this internship include:
a. How is the management of dairy cattle at Chiangmai Fresh Milk Farm?
b. How to learn and enhance dairy cow management practical skills at the farm?
c. Is the management of Chiangmai Fresh Milk Farm in accordance with the 2011 FAO
GDFP?

1.3. Objective
Based on the problem statements, the objectives of this internship include:
a. To understand the management of dairy cattle at Chiangmai Fresh Milk Farm.
b. To learn and enhance skills in dairy cattle management at the farm.
c. To observe the compatibility of Chiangmai Fresh Milk Farm's management practices
according to the 2011 FAO GDFP.

1.4. Benefits
The benefits of this internship program aim to increase the knowledge and experience
for the interns, and will also benefit academic institutions, industry, and undergraduate
students.
1. For Academic Institutions
● As a technique of assessing students' comprehension of lecture materials and
their ability to apply them in the workplace (industry).
● As a method of expanding the network of collaboration between the academies
and the internship venue's parties.
2. For Industry
● Cooperation between international students (interns) and industry, by getting
temporary workers as company resources.
● Get to know the quality of students who practice in the companies, in order to
achieve the best quality of human resources.
● Accelerate time and work management efficiency.
3. For Undergraduate Students
● To improve the knowledge and ability of students especially in dairy cattle
management industrial farm scale.
● Expanding relationships or networks in the business world that would later
become a place for information about work.

2
 CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. General Description of Dairy Cows

Milk produced by dairy livestock contains a lot of nutritional value, including protein, fat,
carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and complete amino acid content (Mardhatilla, 2018). This
is also added by the statement of Huda et al. (2019) with a different maintenance system,
dependence on the lactation period, milk production, peak production, dry time, and most
importantly the quality of feed will greatly affect the production, quality, and quantity of milk
produced. Recording as a guide for consideration in high productivity selection is very
important because each dairy cow has a different value. Based on Sugihandono et al. (2019)
there are 2 types of dairy cows in Indonesia, namely Bos indicus and Bos Taurus, but the most
superior types include Shorthorn (from England), Friesian Holstein (from the Netherlands),
Jersey (from the Channel Strait between England and France), Brown Swiss (from
Switzerland), Red Danish (from Denmark), and Droughtmaster (from Australia).
Friesian Holstein (FH) dairy cows are the most widely maintained cows in Indonesia, this
is because FH cows have the highest level of milk production with relatively low fat content
compared to other dairy cows. In addition, it was added by the statement of Filian et al. (2016)
that FH cows have body characteristics such as a wedge with white triangular stripes on the
forehead with black and white stripes on the body, including being tame and calm, but difficult
to adapt to hot environments and poor feed. FH cows have the ability to produce 4185.89 ±
990.43 kg/head/lactation or in subtropical climates are able to produce 6,000-7,000 kg milk in
one lactation period, while in Indonesia it is around 10 L/day with an average lactation period
of 317.97±26, 15 days. Male FH cows can weigh 1000 kg and ± 680 kg for ideal females.
According to FAO Good Dairy Farming Practices 2011, dairy cows should be kept
according to the five freedoms, which are freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition,
freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury and disease, freedom from fear, freedom
to engage in relatively normal patterns of animal behaviour. These values are very important
and have a big influence on the production of milk.

2.2. Housing Management

Housing is a building as a living place for livestock, which is intended to protect livestock
against harmful external disturbances such as hot weather, rain, wind, wild animal disturbance,
and to facilitate farm management. A good and effective housing is important to fulfill the
health and comfort needs of livestock, must be safe and comfortable for employees, efficient
use of labor and equipment, and also good biosecurity in the livestock environment to ease
disease control. The requirements for a good housing according to Sandi and Purnama (2017)
must pay attention to several things, including choosing the location of the housing, layout of
the housing, the construction, building materials, and equipment, so as to increase livestock
productivity.
The location of the housing must be determined carefully by taking full attention to
important aspects, namely the availability of water and feed sources, adequate transportation
facilities, especially for feed and product distribution, and better for the available area can be

3
expanded. The housing should not be lower than the surrounding area, to prevent flood and
facilitate processing of manure. Housing locations must be far from the location of public
buildings or residential areas so that it doesn't interfere with the health and comfort of the
environment, especially from the farm waste. Based on the FAO Good Dairy Farming Practice
2011, all animal housing should be adequately ventilated allowing sufficient supply of fresh air
to remove humidity, allow heat dissipation, and prevent build-up of gases such as carbon
dioxide, ammonia or slurry gase. An ideal humidity of 60%-70%, the floor should be always
dry, with a wide feed area and water must be available at all times (Rasyid, 2012; Simamora et
al., 2015).
Designing and building animal housing and/or milking sheds must be considered for animal
comfort. According to FAO Good Dairy Farming Practice 2011 animal housing designs must
avoid dead ends, steep, and slippery pathways. Ensure dairy buildings are safely wired and
properly constructed. Floors should be constructed to minimize slipping and bruising due to
slippery or uneven floors. Excessively rough concrete or surfaces with sharp protrusions and
stones can cause excessive wear or penetrations to the sole of the hoof, resulting in lameness.
Unsuitable floors may inhibit mounting behaviours and lead to injuries. Protective floor
coverings such as rubber can be used on walkways to reduce hoof abrasions. According to Putra
et al. (2018) the floor of the cowshed can be made from concrete or sand plaster, cement, and
stone. While the housing frame can be made of iron, concrete, wood, and bamboo according to
the materials available at the farm location and economic considerations. The roof can use
materials such as tile, asbestos, and zinc. The shape and model of the roof should be designed
to facilitate air circulation, such as the type of roof monitor, semi monitor, shade, and gable.
Djaja et al. (2009) stated that there are two types of dairy cowshed, namely conventional
and free pens. In conventional pens, dairy cows are placed in a row, each of which is limited
by a divider. Meanwhile, the free pen is a large space without any insulation between the cows.
There are two types of cowshed structures for dairy farming, namely single and double pens.
Single pen is the placement of cattle in a row and is usually made on a small scale farm.
Individual pen or single pen, is a cage model for one livestock in one cage. At the front of the
livestock provided a place for feed and water, while in the back is a place for manure flow. The
separation divider in this type of pen should be distanced about 40-50 cm. The height of the
bulkhead is about 1 m or the height of the cow's body. Cows in individual pens are tied with
slap ropes to the front floor to avoid fighting with each other. The area of the individual pen is
adapted to the size of the cow's body, which is about 2.5 𝑥 1.5 𝑚2 . A double pen is the
placement of cows in two rows facing each other or back to back. However, the type of housing
which can be open or closed depends on the plateau which affects the climate in the area.

2.3. Feeding and Drinking

Feed is an edible material and provides feed substance for livestock. Feed is also an
important factor in the success of dairy farming. This is evident in most groups of dairy cows,
they will have high milk production if they are fed well. Mistakes and shortages of feeding will
result in livestock not producing milk properly (Nurhajati, 2013). Feed raw material is a
component part or a constituent of a combination or mixture of feed, whether or not it has
nutritional value in animal feed, including additional feed, materials derived from plants,

4
animals or aquatic animals, or other organic or inorganic materials (Lammers and Ishler, 2011).
According to FAO Good Dairy Farming Practice 2011, dairy animals should be provided with
sufficient feed and water daily, according to their physiological needs. The quality and quantity
of the feed, including appropriate fibre, should reflect the animal’s age, body weight, stage of
lactation, production level, growth, pregnancy, activity and climate. Sufficient space and time
needs to be given for each animal to get access to feed and water. Good feeding management
will reduce competitive pressure and diminish aggressive behaviours between individual
animals.
The feed given to farmers is in the form of forage and concentrate. Forage in the form of
rice straw, sugar cane shoots, lamtoro, alfalfa, elephant grass, bengal grass or king grass. Feed
in the form of grass for adult cows is generally given as much as 10% of body weight (BW)
and additional feed as much as 1-2% of BW. Cows that are breastfeeding (lactating) require
additional feed of 25% forage and concentrate in their rations (Laryska and Nurhajati, 2013).
Forage in the form of fresh grass is always recommended to be added with types of nuts
(legumes). The addition of concentrate ingredients to the feed is given as an option for dairy
farmers. Provision of concentrate feed which has a higher nutritional value than forage is
intended to provide opportunities for livestock to maximize growth/production.
The type and quantity of feed given to dairy cows is different at each age. Feeding is usually
done twice a day, namely morning at 04.00 AM and 10.30 AM. Feed is given gradually and
gradually for calves aged 1-90 days, measured for calves aged 91-425 days according to the
time management of feeding (Untari, 2020).
During the heifer period, feeding affects the development of heifers, both in terms of body
development and reproductive organs, because if the heifer is fed the quality does not meet the
existing standards, the heifer does not have good quality, such as body development and
reproductive organs. The concentrate is given to aged cows. Ideally 8-14 months in the form of
55% coconut cake, 40% fine bran, and 5% tapioca dregs. For the forage, it can be obtained from
grass, dry forage, or good pasture. If the forage or grass is of low quality, a concentrate feed
with 15-16% protein content must be added.
For feeding dairy cows that are lactating, giving feed in the form of forage and concentrate
for dairy cows that are lactating before milking. It is stated that the concentrate is given before
milking is carried out, the goal is to make the cow calm during milking (Resla et al., 2019).
Feeding dairy cows is also very important. Water can be supplied in a number of ways, the
main one being drinking water. Then from the water contained in the feed or through water that
comes from the metabolism of substances contained in the feed. Basically all feed ingredients
contain water. For coarse feed ingredients such as fresh forage or grass, the water content is
quite high, up to 85%. Therefore, cows can actually survive without drinking water, while
eating forage feed. However, this does not apply if the feed is in the form of grains, because the
water content of the feed is less, which is around 10-25%. As a rule, a cow every day on average
needs between 3-6 L/kg of feed, except for pregnant cows and more specifically dry cows.

2.4. Dairy Cows Maintenance Procedures

2.4.1. Stock Management
1. Calves Management

5
 Friesian Holstein (FH) cows originating from West Friesland and North Holland which
have a temperate climate (Ratnasari et al., 2019). Maintenance management is one among the
environmental factors that greatly influence the rise in population and productivity of dairy
cows. The management of calf care from birth to weaning is extremely important to supply
goodwill as a substitute for the mother. The low average milk production achieved in Indonesia
is mainly due to inadequate feeding and management Sudono (Al-amin et al., 2017).
Calf life from birth to 3 months of age may be a critical period and therefore the average
number of deaths can reach 20-25% (Jelantik et al., 2019). The foremost critical period of dairy
calves occurs at the age of 2-3 weeks of life, because the gastrointestinal tract is not yet
developed and functioning perfectly, but physical growth is fast (Rahayu, 2014). Calf age will
grow optimally if good and proper handling management is administered, because calves are
very vulnerable to disease and death, especially newborn calves to create seeds as a substitute
parent (Amelia et al., 2015).
Most of the milk that's produced domestically is from the dairy cattle business, thus in
terms of accelerating national milk production, the population and business scale of dairy cows
must be increased. The potential of dairy cows from Fries Holland (FH) breeds are often
optimized by improving the standard of weight. Improving the standard of seedlings, among
others, is through the choice of varied quantitative and qualitative traits, so as to get good FH
dairy cows. Quantitative traits like chest circumference, shoulder height and linear unit are often
used as the basis for livestock selection (Gumelar and Rian, 2011). Additionally, there also are
qualitative traits that are the most characteristic of those FH dairy cows, like a white mark on
the forehead, a white tail tip, and a black/white underside of the carpus (femur to the limit).
Broadly, the characteristics of the Friesian Holstein cow are black and white with a transparent
border, there is a white triangular shape on the forehead with an extended head, only a little part
is white or black, all tail hair is white, once they are adults their weight can reach ± 700 kg
(Prasetyo et al., 2013).
The growth curve may be a reflection of the power of an individual or population to self-
actualize as a measure of the development of body parts to their maximum size (adult) within
the existing environmental conditions Lawrence and Fowler (Ratnasari et al., 2019 ). The parent
greatly affects the performance of the offspring, so it is necessary to pick dairy cows, especially
for females, so as to urge good offspring (Gumelar and Rian, 2011). The environment also can
directly and indirectly affect calf performance and growth. If calves are raised as a substitute
for broodstock, the farmer should direct the feeding program; 1) maintain calf survival; 2) keep
calves healthy; 3) produce calf growth large enough to breed at the age of 15 months.
Dairy cows colostrum is a yellow liquid released by lactating cows after parturition for
about 24 to 168 hours. dairy cattle colostrum (bovine colostrum) contains active substances for
immunity like immunoglobulin and antimicrobial substances like lactoferrin, lactoperoxide and
lysozyme, also as vitamins and minerals, containing little fat, and microbes (Khotimah and
Farizal, 2013). Calves aged 1-4 days are given colostrum within the amount of 1.5-2 L/day;
calves aged 1-8 weeks are given 3.5 L of milk/day and 0.25 kg of concentrate feed/day and 0-
3 kg of forage feed; Calves aged 3-4 months got 2 L of milk/day, concentrated feed and forage
began to extend in number, namely 1.5-2 kg and 2-4 kg/day.
Simamora et al., 2015 suggest that it is necessary to enhance calf maintenance
management with a feeding strategy, adaptation process of calves, increase supervision

6
management, use of cheap concentrate, and supply separate and adequate cages. Calves are
given starter feed (calf starter and a source of fiber) alongside milk or milk substitutes after
birth to accelerate rumen development (Mukodiningsih et al., 2012). The initial adaptation
process when the calves arrive, health management is administered by giving pure cow milk
and giving worm medicine. The primary and second week feed adaptation treatment was giving
starter rations the maximum amount as 200 g/day and dry elephant grass the maximum amount
as 20 g/day. Water is given ad libitum. Feeding milk during cage adaptation, namely the primary
week of calves given 2 L of pure milk per head where the time for feeding is at 9.00 AM before
feeding starter and within the afternoon at 4.00 PM.
Recording of cows is required to work out the progress and various sorts of activities in
livestock. Recording cards are made for calves, lactating cows, bulls, and milk production
(Purwantiningsih and Kristoforus, 2018). Ear tag is a number or code made from hard plastic
and installed with a permanent technique so it can not be removed or removed unless by
damaging it. Ear tag installation is typically placed on the ear so it is easy to ascertain and easy
to connect because the earlobe is soft. Ear tag should be installed when the cattle are young or
calf, this is to reduce the chance of stressing the livestock. The advantages of putting in ear tags
are to facilitate recording, facilitate selection, facilitate monitoring, and maintenance
management (Purwantiningsih and Kristoforus, 2018).
Calf health is a crucial thing about the dairying business. Health problems in pre-weaning
calves are caused by two factors, namely infectious factors, including bacteria, viruses,
protozoa, and parasites, also as non-infectious factors which have management problems and
environmental factors. The foremost common health problems are diarrhea, duct infection,
bloat, worms, and pneumonia (Rahayu, 2014). Diarrhea causes huge losses because it not only
causes a rise in maintenance costs and mortality, but also reduces the productivity of livestock
within the future. Diarrhea occurs because of a rise within the number of pathogenic bacteria,
especially coliforms within the intestine. Identification and treatment of calves are often the
most measures to cut back and stop disease and death of calves.

2. Heifer Management
Dam or Heifer are cows 13 weeks to 2 years of age, starting from the weaning period to the
first lactation. The raising of heifers is also an important part of raising dairy cows. The purpose
of raising heifers is to provide prospective brooders who are able to produce milk of high quality
and quantity. Proper maintenance of dairy cows will affect the quality of adult dairy cows that
are in their productive period (producing milk), as well as the quality of the cow's milk itself.
Dairy cows that are too fat will store fat in the udder which will result in inhibiting the
ordering of milk-producing cells. Heifers that are too fat can also cause fat accumulation in the
reproductive tract which leads to decreased fertility and can lead to dystochia. Heifer that is
gaunt will also experience a decrease in fertility and it is feared that it can cause other health
problems compared to a virgin who has an ideal body and grows well. Heifers that have an ideal
body weight will have healthy udders so that they will produce high and quality milk (Habib et
al., 2018).
Holstein Friesian is the dairy cow breed that is widely cultivated in the Chiangmai Fresh
Milk farm because it has characteristics such as a large body, striped fur with black and white

7
color, in some parts such as the forehead there is generally a white triangular shape, lower legs,
and white tail feathers and short horns that are relatively forward so it is suitable for (Agil et
al., 2016). Friesian Holstein dairy cows are widely cultivated in Chiangmai Fresh Milk farm
because they have high milk production and relatively low fat content compared to other types
of dairy cows (Damayanti et al., 2020). Apart from Friesian Holstein cattle in Chiangmai Fresh
Milk farm also cultivates other types of dairy cows such as Sahiwal, but the most population
there is Friesian Holstein.
To produce quality dams, the heifer must have a high appetite and a healthy rumen
condition. Apart from affecting the quality of the body, high quality nutrition also affects the
estrus cycle. The first estrus of a healthy heifer is at the age of 9-10 months. Heifers can achieve
milk production of 70.75% of adult cow's milk production and when the second lactation cow
produces milk as much as 90% of adult cow's milk production. This can be built by many factors
such as livestock, the nutrition of the feed provided, and the production capability of the
livestock itself.
Heifers that are 15 months old and weighing about 350 kg, are ready to be mated (Awan et
al., 2016). The dam or heifer who is ready to be mated will show signs such as red, swollen,
discharge from the genitals, restlessness, refusing to eat, and riding information or if she is
ridden, will be silent.
Health care for the Friesian Holstein heifers must also be considered in order to produce
healthy adult sires. The health program that is carried out is by offering vaccinations, always
keeping the cage clean, maintaining clean feed, cutting nails, and cleaning or bathing cows.
Dairy cows must also regularly exercise.

2.4.2. Reproduction Management

Reproduction is a good guide to the successful production of livestock where reproductive
function depends on the physiological development of body tools, especially reproductive tools
that are intended to multiply themselves or offspring. Artificial Insemination (AI) is one of the
appropriate technologies that can be utilized to improve the quality and productivity of
livestock. The advantages achieved in artificial insemination programs include improving
genetic quality, efficiency in the use of males, open opportunities to use broadly superior males,
and preventing disease transmission (Hoesni, 2015).
Estrous turns out to coincide with the maximum development of ovarian follicles. The
cows that have shown signs of estrus (24-72 hours) after the second injection are then
inseminated using the rectovaginal method. Signs of estrus can be seen from the exit of clear
mucus from the cervix flowing through the vagina and vulva, cows appear restless and want to
get out of the cage, often squealing, trying to ride other cows, the base of the tail raised slightly,
appetite and drinking reduced, the vulva is swollen, warm, and discolored to a little reddy
(Partodihardjo, 1980). The cattle try to ride other cows and will stand still when boarded. As
long as the cattle estrus remains standing when the stud is boarded and surrender receives the
male to copulate (Princess et al., 2014).
Lack of feed will cause the condition of the mother's body to be thin and milk production
to be reduced. For cows with poor quality and quantity, the time of the beer will be shorter.
Transcervical artificial insemination using liquid semen is most commonly used in the field

8
because more females can be in artificial insemination and are less risky when compared to
artificial transuterine insemination (Laparoscopic), but it takes skill and precision for artificial
insemination to succeed (Asmarasari, 2007). According to FAO Good Dairy Farming Practice
2011 detailed breeding and reproductive records should be kept and animals observed at
appropriate stages as many diseases are associated with reproduction.

2.4.3. Maintenance of Adult Female Dairy Cow

1. Pregnant Dairy Cows and Dry Period
The length of the dry period is the length of time the cows are stopped in the milking process
until they give birth, the length of the period is calculated from the date the cows stop milking
to the next calving date in days. The ideal dry period recommended for lactating cows in the
tropics is 60 days, if the time is less than 30 days or more than 80 days then the milk production
in subsequent lactation will decrease (Tribudi et al., 2020). Tasripin et al. (2020) also added
that if the management is properly implemented, the standard length of lactation is 305 days.
At this time dairy cows produce milk until just before the dry period, this depends on the
efficiency of livestock reproduction, delay in pregnancy can affect calving intervals and
lactation time.
The Body Condition Score (BCS) standard for dairy cows in the dry period is 3.50-4.00,
this is important in order to restore the body condition which requires adjustment time and the
lost body weight during lactation. Feeding with high energy must be increased until the end of
lactation, because the BCS value will decrease at the beginning of the lactation phase or the
peak of production (Fadeli, 2017).

Table 1. Average performance value of Holstein dairy cows milk

production in West Java (Makin and Suharwanto, 2012)

No Ordering properties of milk Performance

production mean value
1 Milk Production Per Lactation (Kg) 14,93±3,23
2 Milk Production Per Lactation (Kg) 4185,89±990,43
3 Length of Lactation (Days) 317,97±26,15
4 Dry Time (Days) 65,93±14,79

Lactating Dairy Cows

The management of lactating cows is the most important part of running a dairy farm. Milk
production is influenced by genetic, environmental and their interactions. Environmental
factors such as season, rainfall, rainy day, temperature, humidity, year of maintenance and
livestock also affect the performance of milk production a lot, and often related to one another
in causing diversity in milk production (Indrijani, 2008; Pasaribu et al., 2015). Karuniawati and
Fariyanti (2012) also added that the lactation period of production cows and labor availability
affects milk production significantly. While the amount of concentrate and minerals has no real
effect. Nutrition including good diet formulation is the most important aspect for dairy cows,
since it affects production hormones and growth, more importantly the hormones by the
mammary gland to produce milk. Those nutrients include water, protein (amino acids),

9
carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins. In addition to quality and quantity of nutrition, age
of cattle, milking interval, and environmental conditions that link to the behaviour of cows also
affect the level of milk production of dairy cows.
The calving interval is the number of days or months in between one birth with the next
birth which greatly affects the reproductive efficiency of dairy cows. A good calving interval
is ±365 days or 12 months. The short delivery interval is a parameter of reproductive efficiency
desired by breeders to accelerate the process of empty and dry periods so that milk production
in the next period remains maximum. Shorter delivery intervals result in higher daily milk
production and a higher number of children born during the productive period. Vice versa, poor
reproductive efficiency is characterized by a longer birth interval, increased number of cows
that are rejected due to failure to get pregnant, as well as a decrease in milk production. (Ball
and Peters, 2007; Putratama, 2014). Calving interval is strongly related with lactation curve or
the production of milk.
At early lactation or the first 100 days of lactation, cows will achieve peak milk
production, feed intake is lagging and cows are usually losing weight. While during the end of
early lactation, peak dry matter will be achieved and no more weight losses. According to
Knegsel et al. (2014) feeding a greater proportion of glucogenic nutrients in early lactation,
supplementation, reduction of milking frequency, and shortening the dry period can improve
energy and metabolic status in early lactation. Feed intake is the key factor in maintaining high
production. Each kg of dry matter consumed can produce 2-2.4 kg more milk. It is important to
feed at least 40% of the dry matter as forage in order to maintain good rumination. Concentrates
should be added gradually at a rate of about 0.5 to 0.7 kg/day for the first two weeks while
protein content should be 17-19%.

Figure 1. Lactation curve

(Source: Mike Hutjens on youtube.com (2013))

2. Sanitation and Disease Prevention

According to FAO Good Dairy Farming Practices 2011, animals should be kept
according to the five freedoms, which are freedom from thirst, hunger and malnutrition,
freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury and disease, freedom from fear, freedom

10
to engage in relatively normal patterns of animal behaviour. One of the five important points is
freedom from disease which includes sanitation. According to BPTP-Ungaran (2000), cage
sanitation is a preventive activity that includes cleaning the buildings for living livestock or
stables and their environment in order to maintain the health of livestock as well as their owners
(Zuroida and Azizah, 2018). Several things that can affect the sanitary conditions of the cage
include the location of the cage, the construction of the cage building and the cleanliness of the
cage. Several factors that can cause a decrease in the quality of dairy cows include pesticides,
antibiotics, or infectious contaminants that can reduce the quality or safety of milk and meat.
Cage sanitation is said to be good if the assessment (score ≥ 60% maximum value, namely
≥ 45.5) and cage sanitation is said to be bad (score < 60% maximum value < 45.5) with the
category of cage location > 10 meters from public buildings. (Fawaiq, 2019). The building does
not become one with the house, the direction of the cage must be facing to the side or north so
that sunlight can enter and does not directly face the sun. The technical requirements of the cage
building must have ventilation that functions for air exchange, the cage building must be made
of strong and durable, and the position of the pen building must be higher than other buildings
in order to facilitate the process of draining livestock manure, the cleanliness of the cage is
cleaned at least 2 times a day, and the pen has a special place for disposing of livestock waste.
Disease prevention must be done to prevent dairy cows from dangerous diseases. One of
the reasons for veterinary care is to prevent or minimize pain, injury, and disease. Diseases are
prevented by health, nutrition and management programs that improve animal welfare. If a
disease occurs, prompt diagnosis and treatment are prioritized. One of the diseases that must be
prevented is Helminthiasis. Helminthiasis is an intestinal parasitic worm infection from a class
of intestinal nematodes that is transmitted through soil or called Soil Transmitted Helminths
(STH). According to da Silva et al. (2012), efforts to prevent worm disease can be done by
providing grass that is cut during the day, because if it is cut at In the morning the worm larvae
are still at the top (shoots) of the grass so that when the grass is sickled, the larvae can be carried
into the cage and eaten by the cows. In addition, maintaining the sanitation of the cage so that
it is always in a clean state is expected to reduce worm infections.
The next disease that is feared by breeders is Mastitis. Mastitis is an inflammation of the
udder that is acute, subacute or chronic, and occurs in all types of mammals. In cows, this
disease is often found in dairy cows and is caused by various types of bacteria or mycoplasma.
There are two types of mastitis disease that often attacks dairy cows, namely clinical and
subclinical mastitis (Purwaningsih, 2015).
The difference between clinical and subclinical mastitis can be seen from the symptoms
or signs that can be seen with the naked eye. Clinical mastitis usually shows symptoms or signs
of abnormal milk, such as abnormal milk color, mucus, and lumps in the milk. In addition, a
cow's teats affected by clinical mastitis feels hot and a cow will react to show pain when the
nipple is touched, as well as a change in size or swelling. In contrast to subclinical mastitis that
does not show symptoms or signs of milk abnormalities, except by using tools or methods of
detection of mastitis. The disadvantages caused by mastitis are a decrease in the amount and
quality of milk produced, and in a severe condition it can cause the teats to not be functioned
or with other words cannot produce milk. This is of course very detrimental, especially for
breeders. Efforts that can be done to prevent mastitis in dairy cows are by paying attention to
maintenance management, feed management, pen management, milking officer management,

11
and livestock health. By implementing good management in raising dairy cows, it will certainly
reduce the supporting factors for mastitis. Things that must be considered by breeders are
paying attention to a clean livestock environment. First is the condition of the pen and livestock
should not be wet and dirty, second is the condition of the milking officer in a healthy and clean
condition, and third is in carrying out the correct milking process and using clean and safe tools.

2.5. Milking Management

Fresh milk is widely consumed by people that have complete nutritional content to
satisfy the nutritional needs of the body, milk contains a pH between 6.5-6.6 (Pramesti and
Ririh, 2017). In the field of farming, there are several factors which will affect the quantity of
milk production, like the environment, physiological conditions of livestock, age of livestock,
feeding procedures, and milking management (Unari et al., 2016). The milking process is a
crucial aspect in dairying, if it is not handled properly, the standard of the milk produced will
not suit the SNI standard number 01-3141-1998 which has been set.
Milking management on a farm can include several things including milking time,
milking interval, milking frequency and milking management (Unari et al., 2016). Generally,
the milking schedule in dairy farms in Indonesia is within the morning and evening, meaning
that the milking frequency is twice, the milking interval varies widely between each farm. On
the opposite hand, there are two methods for milking, namely by employing a machine and
human labor. Milking with a machine is usually used on farms with an outsized production
scale, while human labor or using hands is usually applied to a small scale.
Milking is the act of removing milk from the udder (Sasongko et al., 2012). The perfect
milking distance from morning to evening and from evening to morning is 12 hours, usually
the milking distance will affect the nutritional content of milk. Cows that are milked 3 times
each day require higher dry matter than those milked 2 times each day, therefore good feed
management is additionally needed to support milk production (Aslam et al., 2014). Milking
management is split into three stages, namely the preparation stage, the milking implementation
stage, and the termination stage. The preparation stage for milking includes activities to supply
the means for milking, cleaning cages, bathing cows, washing udders, and removing the
primary 3-4 jets (Mahardika et al., 2016). The udder before milking must be washed. Washing
udder functions in order that udder is clean and stimulates the discharge of milk, in order that
during this washing, it is necessary for farmers to not lose much milk production.
Washing udders using water with a temperature of 37 °C is beneficial for avoiding
bacterial contamination and also stimulates the discharge of milk from the mammary glands
optimally, because 37 °C is that the normal body temperature for cows and cattle feel
comfortable because the hormone oxytocin works effectively and inhibits the discharge of
hormones. Adrenaline which causes the stop of the hormone oxytocin (Mahardika et al., 2016).
The last stage within the milking activity is washing the udder and doing teat dipping. Teat
dipping treatment of cow nipples can reduce the amount of bacteria and therefore the number
of somatic cells in milk because it can inhibit the entry of bacteria into the udder (Giantara et
al., 2019). Dipping employing a disinfectant can close the milk ducts on the nipples in order
that they are not contaminated by bacteria from the encompassing air which may cause a

12
decrease within the quality of milk (Sasongko et al., 2012). Conditions within the field rarely
do farmers who do teat dipping at the top of milking, this causes low milk quality.
To maximize the production of cow's milk, it is necessary to develop a milking system
and techniques for collecting cow's milk properly. Milking is often done by machine, usually
in industrial grade. The machine is a semi automatic machine for milking cows. This machine
is not made for less than one cow, but mostly one set of tool components is formed to milk 200
cows per hour (Suhartono et al., 2019). The system of this series of tools consists of a vacuum
pump, regulator (measuring device), and pulsator. All components are integrated to flow the
milk to the container which can then be processed into a product. Automatic milking machines
are equipped with flow sensors in order that the machine can detect the quantity of flow that is
released by the cow where when the milk flow starts to decrease, the pump will stop
automatically so it is more efficient (Choifin and Wiji, 2019). A number of the obstacles for
small breeders are the high price of automatic milking machines, so there are still many
smallholder breeders who use traditional methods.

2.5.1. Milk Production

Friesian Holstein (FH) dairy cow is a type of dairy cow originating from temperate areas,
to be precise in North Holland. According to Sudono et al. (2003), Friesian Holstein dairy cows
are dairy cows that can be developed in the tropics. The Friesian Holstein breed is the highest
production dairy cow breed compared to other cattle breeds, both in subtropical and tropical
areas. Milk production for Friesian Holstein cows in their home countries in lactation first and
second were 4,128 and 4,852 kg/lactation, while in tropical areas were 2,709 and 3,209
kg/lactation, respectively.
Milk is an animal food ingredient in the form of a white liquid produced by mammals and
obtained by milking (Hadiwiyoto, 1994). Meanwhile, according to Saleh (2004) good milk is
milk that contains little bacteria, does not contain pathogenic microbial spores, is clean from
dust or other impurities and has a good taste. Important components in milk are protein, fat,
vitamins, minerals, lactose, and enzymes as well as some microbes. Other nutritional
components that are no less important in milk include 87.7% water, 12.1% dry matter, 8.6%
nonfat dry matter, 3.45% fat, 3.2% protein, and lactose 4,6%, minerals 0.85%, vitamins, casein
2.7% and albumin 0.5% (Girisonta, 2008). Milk is also one of the food products which is the
main source for meeting the body's need for calcium (Ca) (Syarifah, 2007).
The factors that influence the production of Friesian Holstein cow's milk include
environmental factors. According to Anggraeni (2000), the external environment is a factor that
influences from outside the body of livestock such as climate, feeding and maintenance
management; Meanwhile, the internal environment is a biological aspect of lactating cows such
as lactation time, dry period, empty period, and calving interval. Other factors that need to be
considered in order to maintain the quality of milk are maintaining the cleanliness of the dairy
cow sheds to keep them clean, cow health and maintenance, how to provide rations, milking
methods and milking SOPs that must be considered, filtering and storing milk, and regularly
washing the tools used.

13
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1. Location and Time

The internship study activities were conducted from 19th October – 20th November 2019.
The Location of internship study at Chiangmai Fresh Milk farm Co., LTD. 379/1 Village No.
7, Lao Yao Sub-district, Ban Hong District, Lamphun Province 51130, with latitude coordinates
18.3062° N, 98.8253° E. Lamphun has a tropical wet and dry or savanna climate. The city’s
yearly temperature is 27.82 ºC (82.08 ºF), whereas farm temperature located in Ban Hong
District is around 21-32 °C during October through December with around 65-76% humidity.

3.2. Object of the Study

The objectives of this internship are to understand the management of dairy cattle at
Chiangmai Fresh Milk Farm. The Observation during the internship activity are the
implementation of dairy farm management at Chiangmai Fresh Milk Animal Health Dairy
Farm, Thailand based on Good Dairy Farming Practices, and those are: 1. Animal health 2.
Milking hygiene 3. Feeding and Nutrition Management 4. Breeding and Reproductive
Management 5. Animal welfare 6. Environment.

3.3. Methods of Implementation

The methods that used in this internship are direct participation in a routine activity,
interviews with specialized staffs and workers.
1. Participation
All student directly participated in all daily activities of the farm. Students are divided into
4 different posts covering the animal health care, feed and nutrition, artificial insemination
(breeding and reproductive management) and calving management.
2. Interview
The interview is done by giving some question in accordance with the activity on the day
with coordinator of the post and staffs.
3. Observation
This observation method use to collect data, facts, and required information. The student
does observation such as seeing, feeling, and understanding the worker activity in CFM,
including the environment in CFM, location area, feed preparation and feeding, drinking
management, health care management, breeding, and reproductive management and milking
management. Secondary data are collected from official website of the dairy farm and company
pamphlet.

3.4. Schedule of Activities

● Internship starts from 19th October 2019 until 20th November 2019.
● Activities that take place during Chiangmai Fresh Milk are working 6 days a week
namely Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday and Saturday. Every
Sunday is a day off. The internship activities started at 04.00 and ended at 18.00 Thai

14
 time. For schedule of activities and division of tasks attached to Appendix 1. Activity
schedule table.
● Practical activities were carried out by dividing into 3 groups to take turns in 4
different posts covering the animal health care, feed and nutrition, artificial
insemination (breeding and reproductive management) and calving management.
Environmental and sanitation observations are carried out in every aspect as
additional activities.

3.5. Analysis of Results

The analysis of the results of this internship is a descriptive analysis by comparing the
acquisition of observation and practice data with theories.

3.6. Terminologies

Table 2. Terminologies
No Terminologies Information
1 FH (Friesian Cattle originating from West Friesland and North Holland which
Holstein) have a temperate climate.

2 Heifer Advanced calves from 13 weeks to 2 years of age, starting from

the weaning period to the first lactation.
3 Calves Designation for a calf from birth to approximately eight months
of age.
4 CI (Calving Calving interval is the number of days or months between one
Interval) birth and the next birth which greatly affects the reproductive
efficiency of dairy cows.
5 Lactation Cows produce milk for 10 months, start producing after giving
birth to calves, the first milk is called colostrum.
6 Colostrum The first milk that comes out of the heifer or mother of cows is
good for calves for growth in early life.
7 Mastitis Mastitis is the inflammation of the mammary gland and udder
tissue that occurs as an immune response to bacterial invasion of
the teat canal by a variety of bacteria.

15
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 APPENDIX

Appendix 1. Schedule of Activities

Description:
The schedule has been made by Chiangmai Fresh Milk by dividing the groups into 3, each group consisting of 2 students. Activities start
from 19 October to 20 November 2020. Activities start at different times according to the given schedule, such as the Milking schedule starting
early that is 4 am, and for other schedules it will be later at around 8 am Thai time. Every 1 week there will be a holiday, namely on Sundays.

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 Appendix 2. List of Daily Activities
Time Activities Description
04.00 - Herding and Herding cows from the lactating cows' shed to the milking area. The process of moving cows from the pen to the
06.00 Milking Cows milking area is carried out alternately, starting from the most milk production to the low milk production. After the
And cows are herded to the milking area, what is next is to enter the cows into the modern milking area.
16.00 -
18.00 Inside the milking area, the udder of the cow will be cleaned with a clean cloth which is used to clean the udder area
from sticking dirt while being sprayed with running water. After the udder is clean, check whether there is mastitis or
not, if there is udder from a cow with mastitis, the milk will not be taken. If the udder's health has been checked, the
next step is to install a vacuum pump on the four udders of the cow. When the machine is milking the cow, the worker
is advised to massage the udder of the cow to help the cow to produce more milk (at high milk production, the cow can
be milked 2x in 1 round). The milking process ends by dipping the four udders with iodine to prevent mastitis. When it
is finished, the next process is to wait for the next cow group and while waiting it is recommended to clean the vacuum
pump because it is susceptible to cow dung.

05.00 – Artificial The first AI post activity that was carried out was to observe whether there were signs of a cow experiencing estrus,
07.00 Insemination such as standing heat, the vulva was kissed by other cattle and was red, and the tail was raised. Everything is done on
And the spot, with the aid of recording the estrus data of each cow. The ovaries were also checked, by palpation of the
19.00 – rectum, to see the health or size of the ovaries which would later be recorded in the data. Fluid or mucus coming out of
21.00 the vulva is a sign that the cow is in estrus and this is a good sign, if the estrus wall of the uterus is hard then that is a
sign of estrus too. The straw sperm used for AI is purchased from a company, where there are various types of sperm,
including wagyu, brown swiss, charolais, and FH, which are stored in liquid nitrogen containers with a temperature of
-197 degrees Celsius. preparation of the syringe or AI gun is done carefully and carefully. The AI process that was first
carried out was to separate the estrous cows and then put them into individual cages, then palpate the rectum and insert
the AI gun into the vagina and make an injection in the corpus uteri. Then always check and collect data on cows that
have been AI in order to see signs of pregnancy. In addition, in the AI post, rectum palpation was also carried out to
check pregnant cows to determine the age and process of the fetus. The BCS data collection was also carried out when
the cows were pregnant and estrus to determine the health and recording of the cows

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 Activities carried out on calves aged 0 - 3 months include giving vitamins and medicines, feeding and drinking. Starting
from the morning the officer gives milk to drink from the calves using buckets and teats (for calves that are only 1 week
old), then the officer gives the calf husk feed. When the feed and drink is finished, the officer clears the bucket from
the drinking area. Then checks each calf for signs of illness. If a calf is found with a lot of snot, it can be ascertained
Calving that the calf has fever. Therefore, the calf is given an injection of Enro Nova 10% and Butasyl 5 ml to cure the calf.
Management Furthermore, an examination is still carried out if the calf is found to be limp and the stool is liquid (diarrhea), it can be
ascertained that the calf has diarrhea. The medicine used is injecting Enro Nova 10% and giving 1000 ml of Acetate
Ringer's infusion. For calves who still have a placenta, iodine is given to the placenta to dry the placenta. The next
activity is for the officer to put the ear tag on the calf that has not been fitted with the ear tag or put back the loose ear
tag. If the calf has been given the drug, the calf data on the available blackboard by writing the ear tag code on the calf
and the type of medicine that has been given.

Feeding Helping workers to select corn stalks and crush corn stalks with a crusher then put it into a feed mixer to be mixed with
concentrate and other ingredients and given concocted feed to livestock using feed trucks according to the age of each
livestock.

Health Care Health care activities include various types of care for cows from weaning age, heifers, lactating cows, and dry cows.
08.00 – Health care workers go around the pen every day to see cows that need care, such as cows that want to give birth, injured
12.00 cows, fever, diarrhea, etc. In addition, at certain times cows are also given vitamins and vaccines. Each cow that needs
Break health care shall be recorded for its identification number and treated as needed. Calves and adult cows that need more
13.00 – serious care are moved to the health care pen, while cows with less need for care are only separated not far from their
17.00 pen. Health care activities include: a) Heifer cattle giving birth: giving calcium borogluconate infusion, drinking water
mixed with prop glycol (250 ml: 250 ml), injecting butacyl, oxycell and febrogsan; b) Diarrhea in cows is treated by
enro injection into the skin; c) Bloat is injected with hepagen; d) Respiratory diseases, such as shortness of breath and
cough with cefokel injection; d) Fever is treated with alamycin injection; e) Wounds and abrasions on the cow's body
are given iodine and q powder. More serious diseases that spread to the cow's body, such as tearing wounds that are
easily contaminated, wounds rot, uterine conditions that are not suitable for surgeries such as sewing wounds, cleaning
maggots, and others as needed. In addition to medical care and treatment, health care activities also include hoof
trimming, namely cleaning and cutting the nails of adult cows so they don't grow too long and disturb the comfort of
the cows. Hoof trimming is carried out in a special clamp pen, where the cow's leg is tied and lifted in a position that is

25
easy and comfortable to cut. Hoof trimming starts with cleaning the nails with water, cutting the tips of the toes, scraping
the surface and gaps of the nails, smoothing the edges of the nails, and spraying copper sulfate on the nails.

26
 Appendix 3. Recording sheet table
Cow Group Transponder Birth Age Last Days Lactation Reproduction Last No. of Days Since Breeder at Last Expected
No No. ID Date Calving in Number Status Insemination Insemination Last Insemination Insemination
Date Milk Date Insemination due date
580171 7 7083 26- 4y 24 Dec 303 2 BRED 17 Aug ‘19 4 67 THANAKORN1 25 Oct 2019
Aug- 2m ‘18
15
600052 6 6424 12- 2y 13 Dec 314 1 BRED 27 Aug ‘19 3 57 THANAKORN1 29 Oct 2019
Apr- 6m ‘18
17
3082 8 11914 28- 5y 26 Feb 239 3 BRED 16 Aug ‘19 3 65 THANAKORN1 8 Nov 2019
April- 6m ‘19
14

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