Injection Molding Training

Academy

SPR - Injection Molding SME’s Team

 What is our objective?

§To develop knowledge in Injection Molding Process

in our associates in order to familiarize them with
the Plastic Injection Molding Industry business by
presenting practical and relevant information
regarding:
§ Materials/Resins
§ Equipment
§ Tooling
§ Optimized Process Development-SIM, Decouple Molding,
DOE, Process Match, etc.
 Topics
· Introduction
· Plastic Materials
· Injection Molding Machine and Ancillary
Equipment’s
· Tooling Overview
· Injection Molding Process
· Scientific Injection Molding Overview (SIM)
· Cosmetic Defect & Troubleshooting (For reference)
· Summary
 Introduction

· What is Injection Molding?

– The Injection molding of thermoplastics is a process by which the
plastic material is melted and then injected into a mold cavity. Once
the melted plastic is in the mold, it cools to the shape that reflects the
cavity and core.
 Plastic
Material
s
Materials
Plastics

Thermoplastics Thermosets

Amorphous Semicrystalline Polyester

Polycarbonate Nylons Urethane
Acrylics Polypropylene Expoxy
PVC HDPE
Polystyrene PEEK
ABS
Materials

Semicrystalline Amorphous

Polymer Morphology is the arrangement of the molecules in the polymer

sample. 7
 Materials
Properties
Semicrystalline Amorphous
More shrinkage and warpage Less shrinkage and warpage
A definitive melting point (like ice) Gradual softening (like butter)
An ordered molecular arrangement A random molecular arrangement
Good chemical resistance Poor chemical resistance
Opaque or Translucent Transparent
Flexible / Soft Brittle / Rigid
Higher heat resistance Lower heat resistance
Higher wear & fatigue resistance Lower wear & fatigue resistance
Higher strength Lower strength
Lower melt viscosity Higher melt viscosity
Lower friction Higher friction
Harder to process Easier to process

For Semicrystalline materials the For Amorphous materials the

melt transition is like ice. melt transition is like butter.
Materials
Hygroscopic Resins

· Some polymers are Hygroscopic:

– Have a strong affinity to attract moisture
– Will absorb moisture onto their molecular
structure if exposed to ambient air
– Internal moisture can not be removed with hot air
alone
– Which mean they absorb moisture. This moisture
changes properties and affects viscosity; as result,
it must be removed prior processing. Can affect
functionality and cosmetic of the components.
· Common hygroscopic plastics:
– ABS
– Nylon
– Polyurethane
– Polyester
– Polycarbonate
– Peek
– PBT
– PET
– Delrin
Injection Molding Equipment
Equipment
Injection Molding Machine and Ancillaries Equipment
Overview Vacuum

Resin Flow
Resin Feeder

Vacuum
Additive Feeder 2
Part/Runner-removal robots
(option)

Molding system
4 Additive
Flow Vacuum
5 1
Injection system Hydraulic
(Not used insystem
electric 3
6 Molding unit)

Resin container Dryer Vacuum pump

Compress
Power Air

Ancillaries systems: Coolant flow

For Machine: Mold:
Resin Dryer Chiller
Additive Feeder Thermo-Elector
Resin Feeder
Part/Runner-removal Robot
DME
Temperature
2 1
Power
Pressurized Air Controller
(option) 11
Mold system Thermo-Elector Chiller
Equipment

· Control with Hydraulic and Electrical Systems

· Plasticizing and Injection Unit
· Clamping Unit
· Ancillaries Equipment
Equipment
Control Systems
· Type of control: Hydraulic, Electrical or Hybrid
– Rotation of the screw.
– Axial displacement of the screw.
– Application and removal of the plasticizing & injection unit.
– Closing and opening the mold.
– Ejector movements.
Equipment
The Injection Unit
· Plasticizing main functions:
– Melting the molding compound
– Conveyance of the molding compound
– Accumulation of the molding compound
– Injection of the molding compound
– Build-up of pack & holding pressure
Equipment
The Injection Screw

· Feed Zone: The portion of the screw that picks up the material from the feed
opening (base of the hopper) and begins to soften the material as it being
conveyed. The feed depth are constant.
· Transition Zone ( Compression Zone): The portion of the screw where the root
diameter increase gradually resulting in the decrease of the feed depth. This
causes the softened plastic pellets to further melt and compress eliminating any of
the air pockets.
· Metering Zone: The depth of the flights in this section are minimum but constant.
This helps the accurate control of the melt discharge for the molding shot. In
other words, it meters the amount of the melt. The flight depth are constant.
Equipment
The Injection Check Ring

The Check Ring:

The check ring is used
to prevent the plastic
from being blown back
during the injection
phase of molding cycle.
Equipment
The Clamping Unit
· Consists of one fixed platen also known as the A Side
and one movable platen also known as the B Side.
· May be arranged horizontally or vertically
· Mechanical Clamping Units
· Electrical Clamping Units
Equipment
The Clamping Unit

§ Consists of one fixed platen

and one movable platen.

Fixed
Platen

Movable
Platen
Equipmen
t Ancillary Equipment

Mixer Hopper
Unit Unit

Feeding
System
Equipment
Ancillary Equipment
Examples of products manufactured in SPR using the mixer unit.

Hub Formula
Lexan Resin
Red Colorant
Equipment

Dryer Unit &

Conveying
System

Dryer Functions:
· Remove the moisture from hygroscopic resin
material before being processed.
· Parameters to remove the moisture:
· Drying temperature
· Dry Time
· Moisture %
Note: These parameters are provided by the resin manufacturer.
The moisture in the resin could be affected:
· Viscosity
· Functionality
· Cosmetic
· Dimensional
· Mechanical properties
Equipment
Ancillary Equipment
Temperature
Control Units
(TCU)

TCU Functions:
· Remove the heat from plastic melted material through
the mold
· Usually the time of cooling is around 50% of the total cycle.
· Parameter use:
· Temperature
Note: This parameter is provided by the resin manufacturer.
The cooling in the resin could be affected:
· Functionality
· Cosmetic
· Dimensional
· Stresses
· Mechanical properties
Equipmen
t Ancillary Equipment TCU
Heat Transfer

Temperature Ranges
Commercial Resins:
(Polystyrene, Polyethylene, ABS, etc.)
Water — 60°F to 250°F
For Engineering resins:
(Peek, Radel, Ultem,etc)
Hot Oil — 300°F to 550°F
High Pressure water – 60°F - 437°F
Toolin
g
Tooling
The Mold: Tasks and Functions

· Primary Tasks
– Receipt and distribution of
the melt.
– Forming/shaping the
molded part.
– Cooling the molded part
– Remove part from the mold
· Secondary Tasks:
– Absorbing the forces.
– Transmitting motion.
– Guiding the mold parts
Tooling
Mold Components and Function
LOCATING RING

LEADER PIN

SPRUE BUSHING

A-PLATE

SPRUE BUSHING
LOCATING RING
PLASTIC PART CAVITY

A-PLATE
LEADER PIN
PLASTIC PART
CAVITY

CORE

CORE SHOULDER
BUSHING
B-PLATE
B-PLATE
RETURN PIN
RETURN PIN EJECTOR
EJECTOR PIN
RETAINER
EJECTOR PLATE
RETAINER
EJECTOR BOX PLATE
EJECTOR PIN

SHOULDER BUSHING
EJECTOR PLATE

GUIDED EJECTION SUPPORT PILLAR SUPPORT PILLAR

GUIDED EJECTION

EJECTOR PLATE

EJECTOR BOX

GUIDED EJECTION
Courtesy of: Jim Walsh
UWM – School of Continuing Education
Tooling
The Plastic Inside the Mold

Sprue
Sprue Bush

Injection Device
Runner
Gate
Cavity
Gate

29
Sprue Gate - Manual
Edge Gate - Manual

rr

r-
-

______ i7
Sub Gate Automatic
Submarine Gate
Tunnel Gate
Runner Flexes
During Ejection
Vents

34
35
Courtesy of: Jim Walsh
UWM – School of Continuing Education
Land
= .030
- .060
(.125
max.)
Width = as
needed per
design
D1 = Per
resin
specificati
ons
D2 = .030
- .060
Cooling

38
ir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 Cavity Surface ' Parting Line

rr

SIDE VIEW OF CAVITY STEEL

A. = Hole Diameter Choices

11/32 Dia. hole 'with 1/6 pipe fitting 7/1R
Dia. hole with 1/4 pipe fitting 19492 Dia.
hole with 3/8 pipe fitting 23/.32 Dia. hole
with 1/2 pipe fi tting

B. = Hole Distance
L 14 to 5 hole diameters apart, depending
upon specific design, strength and rigidity.

= Minimum Hole Distance From Niolding Surface

11/2 to 2 hole diameters from molding surface. Mold
strength and rigidity must be considered!
I
f

Proper
Cuolinci

Better Part in Shorter Ti n-e

I I If
Poor
Cooling 4
p O0 r Part in Lon cier Ti
Ejection

41
 Piece Hot runner
(a) (b)

Ejectors Sprue
Core side Cavity side

4
2
Injectio
n
Molding
Process
Process
Process Stages
· Consists of individual stages which follow one another,
overlapping to some extent, and are continuously repeated.
– Close Mold
– Injection
– Pack & Holding Pressure
– Remaining Cooling Time
– Open Mold
– Handling

The Injection Molding Cycle

Process
Process Stage
· Plasticizing the polymer & injecting the melt...

Melt & Plastification

Flow Rate & Injection

Process
Process Stage
· Pack and hold phase, cooling and part ejection

Pressure Gradient
& Cooling Rate

Demold/Ejection
“Scientific Injection Molding”
Overview (SIM)
Process
SIM: What is it?
· Scientific Molding is:
– A systematic approach to establish all molding variables based on
data...not opinions.
– The optimization of temperature control, filling, packing, cooling,
and part removal.
– A machine-independent process focused on the plastic’s point of
view.
– Systematic Molding is a concept developed nearly 30 years ago by
Rodney J. Groleau (RJG).
Process
4 Key Processing Values
§Basic parameters to optimize the molding process:
§ Plastic Melt Temperature (ºF or ºC)
§ Plastic Flow Rate (cc/sec)
§ Pressure Gradient (Plastic Pack & Hold Pressure )
§ preferred pressure is cavity pressure
§ next best pressure is the nozzle (plastic) pressure
§ least relevant-pressure is hydraulic pressure
§ Cooling Rate (mold temp & cooling time)
The focus of scientific molding is the performance of
the melt in the mold, not the set points on the machine.
Process
Decoupled Molding Concept by RJG
· The concept are:
– Decouple I,II & III
– Decouple II: The mold is filled as quickly as possible to a set volumen
at the second stage, hold is used to pack and hold the plastic in the
mold.
Process
Process Optimization- The 7-Step Study
§Step 1: Dynamic Check Ring test
§ Show the condition of the check ring is getting a consistent enough seal
to avoid uncontrollable shot variation.
§ Helps in achieving better shot to shot consistency
§ Reduces variations on the plastic weight
Process
Process Optimization- The 7-Step Study
§Step 2: Viscosity Curve-Plastic Flow Rate (cc/sec)
§ Show effect of injection speed on viscosity
§ Shows the most consistent region of viscosity
§ Reduces Lot to Lot variations

Orientation of the molecules in the direction of Effect of change in injection speed on the viscosity of
flow at different injection speeds (shear rates) the plastic in the non-Newtonian and Newtonian
region
Process
Process Optimization- The 7-Step Study
§Step 3: Cavity Balance Study
§ Show the fill balance between all the cavities
§ Helps in achieving better cavity to cavity consistency
Process
Process Optimization- The 7-Step Study
§Step 4: Pressure Drop Study
§ Does the machine have enough pressure ?
§ Is the process pressure limited ?
§ Helps in consistency
Process
Process Optimization- The 7-Step Study
§Step 5: Process Window Study
§ Shows the extent of capability of the mold to make cosmetically acceptable
parts
§ Helps in determine the maximum and minimum range of the Hold Pressure,
Mold Temperature, Etc.)
§ Bigger the window, better are the chances of consistency

Example: Process window study for amorphous Example: Process window study for crystalline
materials – hold pressure vs. melt temperature materials – hold pressure vs. mold temperature
Process
Process Optimization- The 7-Step Study
§Step 6: Gate Seal Study
§ Shows when the gate seals
§ Since plastic weight is constant consistency is better
§ Help in dimensional control
Process
Process Optimization- The 7-Step Study
§Step 7: Cooling Time Study
§ Shows the effect of cooling time
§ The cooling time is usually the mayor part of the cycle time
§ Improves efficiency
Process
Process Optimization- DOE
§ Design of experiments Step # 1 Determine the Name of the main molding parameters to consider for this mold (yellow boxes). These
will be the factors used in the DOE. (i.e. Mold Temperature, Hold Pressure, Cure Time)

§ To select the optimal scenario a Step # 2 Determine the Min and Max limit (yellow boxes) for each of the parameters that will be used for the

Design of experiments is used to DOE. These will be the levels used in the DOE.

find the effects of the Factor 1

Name
Mold Temp
Min
120
Max
180
Nominal
150

parameters on the quality of the Factor 2 Hold Pressure 700 900 800

part
Factor 3 Cooling Time 4 6 5

§ Suggested Molding Parameters Step # 3 Stabilize DOE molding settings, mold parts, bag & identify each shot with the shot number and
the setting parameters. Inspect each group after shrink is complete.

for DOE : Step # 4 Determine how many shots will be collected for each group in the box. 3

§ Hold Pressure Step # 5 Determine how many shots will be measured for each group in the box. 3

§ Cooling Time Factor Factor

§ Melt Temperature 1 2 3
Mold Temp
1
Hold
2 3
Cooling Time
Hold Pressure
§ Mold Temperature Group #
Mold Temp
Pressure
Cooling Time
Actual Actual Actual setting
setting setting
§ Hold Time 1 - - - 120 700 4

§ Note: Max number of factor to be 2 - - + 120 700 6

used= 5 But in most cases= 3 3 - + - 120 900 4
4 - + + 120 900 6
5 0 0 0 150 800 5
6 + - - 180 700 4
7 + - + 180 700 6
Effect of holding 8 + + - 180 900 4
pressure, melt 9 + + + 180 900 6
temperature, and Note: Form based on Taguchi L8 design with one center point. Form can be expanded to encompass more factors if needed.

mold temperature
on part length
 Process
Process Parameters
Master Cycle Sheet:
The sheet usually is the first piece of documentation that is generated during the
validation of the mold. It primarily contains the validated parameters for the
process.
 Process
Process Parameters
Process Match- Systematic Molding concepts:
A systematic approach in order to document a validated existing process parameters and transfers it to another machine utilizing the calculations and
conversions to move the process. Robust documentation and matching processes based on four plastic variables is the most accurate method for moving
molds.
Plastic Variables:
· Plastic Temperature
· Plastic Flow Rate
· Plastic Pressure Gradient
· Plastic Cooling Rate and Time
Note: The validated parameters can be transferred to a similar or different machine via Process match concepts in order to reduce the validation
requirements.
Process ®
M o l d Q u a l i fi c a ti o n F l o w C h a r t

Recommended Mold Qualification Procedure

Step 1: Mold Function Qualification Step 2: Mold-Part Quality Qualification

(Scientific Processing Section)

START (Design of Experiments Section)
Select DOE Parameters

1- Dynamic Seal Study

Perform DOE

2 - Viscosity Study
v
Select DOE Optimal
Parameters
Not OK 3 — Cavity Balance ti

OQ - Run test Process

Fix Mold
or Adjust
4 - Pressure Drop Determine DPW
Part Design Mold Steel

Process Parameters
Not OK 5 - Process Window
"1r

PQ Run to Evaluate the

Molding Process
6 - Gate Seal Study I And
Molding Process Capability

7 —Cooling Study

Yes Mold or Part

NoIssues?
THI
NK
IN
PLA
STIC
 PLASTIC IS
THE
FUTURE!!!!

Questio
ns?????
?
Cosmeti
c
Defects
&
Trouble
shootin
g
(for
referenc
e)
 Sink Marks
· Sink Marks appear near material accumulations in form of depressions on the
surface of the molded parts. Usually occur during the cooling process if certain
areas of the part are not cooled sufficiently causing them to contract.
· Possible Solutions:
– Decrease amount of regrind use.
– Decrease back pressure.
– Confirm that the non-return valve being used is not leaking excessively.
– Decrease melt temperature. Do this if the sink marks are near the gate or thick walled areas.
– Decrease mold temperature. Do this if the sink marks are near the gate or thick walled areas.
– Decrease injection rate. Do this if the sink marks are near the gate or thick walled
areas. – Dry material.
– Increase injection pressure. Do this if the sink marks are away from the gate or in thin walled areas.
– Increase injection speed. Do this if the sink marks are away from the gate or in thin walled areas.
– Increase mold temperature. Do this if the sink marks are away from the gate or in thin walled
areas. – Increase injection-hold pressure.
– Increase shot size and confirm that the a cushion is being maintained.
– Increase size of sprue and/or runners and/or gates.
– Relocate gates on or as near as possible to thick sections.
– Increase cooling time.
– If possible change the mold design to maintain an even wall thickness throughout the part.
 Sink
Marks
 Blister
· Blisters are hollows created on or in the
molded part. In contrast to a void (vacuum)
this entrapped gas can also appear near the
walls.
· In molded parts blisters must be divided into
three categories:
1. Air Bubbles
2. Voids
3. Gas Bubbles
 Entrapped air (bubbles)
· Are produced during the filling of the molded
part, as air is drawn in by the melt. The air
may originate from the plasticizing unit or
from areas of the Tool, which are not vented.
· Possible Solutions:
– The defect decreases if no decompression is used.
– Change the Holding Pressure and the Holding Pressure Time (have
hardly any influence on the size of the cavity).
Entrapped Air
 Voids
· Voids are hollows created in the part. They are normally found in thick
sectioned parts caused by material being pulled away from the hot center
section towards cold mold walls leaving a void in the center. Possible
Solutions
· Possible Solutions:
– Clean vents.
– Decrease injection speed.
– Decrease melt temperature.
– Dry material.
– Increase injection pressure.
– Increase holding pressure
– Increase mold temperature.
– Increase shot size.
– Increase size of gate.
– Increase size of sprue and/or runners and/or gates.
Voids
 Gas Bubbles (Blisters)
· Blisters are hollows created on or in the molded part. In contrast to
a void (vacuum) this entrapped gas can also appear near the walls.
Gas Bubbles appear as particles resulting from decomposition at
the molding or in the surface, result in thermal damage to the
material
· Possible Solutions:
– Decrease melt temperature.
– Decrease screw speed.
– Dry material.
– Increase back pressure.
– Increase mold temperature.
– Ensure regrind is not too coarse.
– Provide additional mold vents.
– Relocate gate.
 Gas
Bubbles
 Streaks
· Streaks, especially burned streaks, streaks of
air and streaks of humidity tend to be very
similar making visual identification difficult, if
not impossible. Therefore, the processor
requires as much information as possible
about the plastic, processing of American
National Standard and also in influences of
the environment, in order to identify Streaks.
 Humidity Streaks
· They usually appear on the surface of the
pieces in the form of "Splash" in the direction
of the flow of Plastics.
Possible Causes:
– The mold walls are very cold.
– The material temperature is very low.
– Humidity in the mold cavities.
Humidity Streaks
 Burn Streaks
· Burn streaks
They are the result of very high temperatures,
excessive residence time, degrading material,
gaseous decomposition.

· Possible solutions:
– Reduce melt temperature.
– Slower injection.
– Decreasing the residence time in the barrel.
– Increase the "Gate“ size.
Burn Streaks
 Air Streaks
· Air streaks
In many cases the air streaks appear as
opaque, silver and / or white. Usually around
curved areas, ribs and thin walls. Can appear
near "Gate".
Possible Solutions:
– Reduce Holding.
– Reduce injection speed.
Air Streaks
 Color Streaks
· These are the result of a non-normal distribution
of the colorant used or can be caused by different
orientation of the pigment in the melt mixing
process. It can be caused by thermal damage to
the pigment or a pigment lean.
Possible Solutions:
– Increasing the percentage of pigment.
– Increasing the temperature of melted.
– Increase the mixing of the pigment.
Color Streaks
 Glass fill Streaks
· Usurious and opaque areas appear with the
use of glass fiber in the plastic usually used to
add strength to the piece. These appear with a
metallic tone in the piece.
Glass fill
Streaks
 Weld Line
· Weld lines in the plastic pieces represent an optical and
mechanical weak point. An some cases in this area can
change the color, including metallic shades.
Possible causes:
– Generally very low temperature in the mold.
– Non-uniform melt temperature.
– Very low injection pressure.
– Very low injection rate.
– Insufficient vent flows found.
– Filling rate not uniform.
– Unsuitable material flow through the channels or cavity.
 Weld Line
· Possible solutions:
– Increasing the temperature.
– Increase the pressure.
– Increasing the injection rate.
– Modify Vents in the mold.
– Modify the "Gate" to smooth the flow.
Weld Line
 Jetting
· Jetti ng "is the formation of a cord of molten
plastic entering the mold cavity from the
casting duct, in an uncontrolled movement.
The molten cord makes minimal contact with
the wall of the cavity, extending in folds during
phase of which are then filled with molten
plastic surrounded by entering below. This
phenomenon creates a lack of uniformity,
deformation, internal local stresses.
 Jetting
· Possible
Causes:
– Flow
failure.
– Difficulty
maintainin
g a steady
flow.
– Injection
speed.
· Possible
Solutions:
– Injection
speed
changes.
– Change
the design
of Tool.
– Initial
velocity
changes.
– Package
changes.
 Jetting

Ciusanitio (Wog),
 Finger Prints
· These are visible at the surface of the parts and are similar
to the track of the fingers.

· Possible causes:
– Lack of Material.
– Low holding pressure.
– Mold Design.
– Injection speed problems.

· Possible Solutions:
– Injection Speed Increase.
– Increase holding pressure.
– Increase "Shot Size“.
Finger
Prints
 Short Shots
· This occurs on a part that has solidified prior to completely
fill the cavity. The defect can be corrected by increasing the
melt temperature or injection pressure. The effect could
also be caused by the use of a machine with a capacity of
under-dosing, in which case you need a larger machine.
· Possible Causes:
– An insufficient amount of material in the plasticizer is the typical
cause of a poorly filled piece.
– This defect also occurs if the melting temperature is too low.
– Insufficient mold temperature combined with a slow injection
speed excessively precipitates cooling flow, which prevents the
filling of the cavity.
– This also tends to occur if the injection pressure is too low.
– The injection unit should be powerful enough in this case.
 Short Shot
· Possible Solutions:
– Suitable vents.
– Increase Injection pressure.
– Gates and the appropriate area Runner.
– Change in temperature.
– Check the area of the machine screw.
Short Shot
 Burns and Dieseling
· Black spots (burns) on the surface of the
molding is observed. Often the pieces are not
totally filled in those areas.
· The effect is purely a diesel problem
ventilated or air outlet. It may be near blind
holes, end of travel, and near several points
where flow fronts converge.
 Burns and Dieseling
· Possible Cause:
– It occurs when air can not escape or does not move fast
enough to the corners, ventilation ducts or ejectors
towards the end of the injection process, air is compressed
and the temperature rises. The result is very high
temperatures that can reach the auto ignition of the
plastic and be the cause of burns in the material.
· Possible Solutions:
– Decrease Injection Speed .
– Decrease plastic temperature.
– Increase Tool temperature .
– Correction of Mold Vents.
Burns and Dieseling
 Flash
· This occurs near the "parting line" of parts, areas of the
mold sealing, venting, holes and/or ejectors area. This
excess material many times is visible, sometimes also
can be excessively large. This can be caused by poor
pressure mold closing and/or areas of wear on the
mold, although the very low viscosity resin could cause
it.
· Possible Solutions:
– Increase mold clamping force.
– Correct flaws in the molds.
– Reduce Injection Speed
– Changes in the plastic temperature.
Flash
 Stress Marks
· This is caused by an external pressure on the
part. This tension areas turn white and are
areas where the part can be assumed.
· Possible solutions:
– Tool redesign.
– Low ejection speed.
Stress Marks
 Black spots
· These spots or black spots on the parts appear due to
thermal degradation of the material, contamination in the
resin and/or Tool wear.
· Possible causes:
– Very high melt temperature.
– Residence time too high in the plasticizing unit.
– Wrong temperature.
– Plasticizing unit dirty.
· Possible Solutions:
– Check material for contamination.
– Lower the speed of injection.
– Lower temperatures plasticizing unit .
– Check dirt accumulated in the plasticizing unit .
Black
Spot
 Flow Lines
· The flow lines are lines of different color on the
plastic parts. These lines are visible to the naked
eye and are related to the following causes.
· Possible Causes:
– Tool very cold.
– Low injection pressure.
– Very low melt temperature.
· Possible Solutions:
– Raising the mold temperature.
– Increase the injection pressure.
– Increase the melt temperature.
Flow Lines
THI
NK
IN
PLA
STIC
 PLASTIC IS
THE
FUTURE!!!!

Questio
ns?????
?