Functions VS Relation

A relation is a set of inputs (x domain) and outputs (y or range), often written as ordered pairs
(input, output).

Example:

Using the given ordered pair *( )( )( )( )( )+, complete the table below.

DOMAIN -1 0 1 2 4
RANGE 3 5 -1 -3 -5
Domain: {-1, 0, 1, 2, 4}

Range: {-5, -3, -1, 3, 5}

We can also represent a relation as a mapping diagram or a graph. For example, the relation can be
represented as:

Graph

Functions – It is a relation defines as a set of ordered pairs (x, y) where no two or more distinct ordered
pairs have the same first element (x).

Example: Using the ordered pair below, which of the following relations are functions?

( )( )( )( )

DOMAIN 1 2 4 7
RANGE 3 0 1 2

It is a function. Every value of x corresponds to a unique value of y.

Functions vs Not Function

The table below shows how relations and functions are the same and how they are different.

Examples Relation Function Reason

1. *( ) ( ) ( )+
  It is a relation but not a function because a
function is a set of ordered pairs (x, y)
where no two ordered pairs have the same
x-value but different y-values. in the
example we have two ordered pairs
specifically (2, a) and (2,c) that have the
same x-value which is 2 but different y-
values which are a and c.
2. *( )( )( )( )+
  It is a function because no two ordered
pairs have the same x-value though they
have the same y-values.

It is also a relation because all functions

are relation.
3.
YEAR EXPENSES
  It is a function because no one value in the
year is paired to two values in the
2016 Php 400, 000 expenses.
2017 Php 500, 000
2018 Php 400, 000 It is a relation since if it is a function then
2019 Php 700, 000 automatically it is a relation.

4.
Domain Range   It is a function since every domain is
mapped to a value in the range.

Since it is a function, it is also a relation.

  It is not a function because through the

vertical line test, the line intersects the
graph in more than one point.

5.

Piecewise Functions

A piecewise function or a compound function is a function built from pieces of different functions
over different intervals. It is a function composed of multiple sub functions where each sub function applies
to a certain interval of the main function domain. We can represent a piecewise function as follows:

( ) {

Examples:

1. A slice of cassava cake costs P30. However, if you buy more than 10 slices of cassava cake, it will be P25
per slice. Use a piecewise function to represent the cost in terms of the slices of cassava cake bought.

Solution: if you bought at most 10 slices of cassava cake, you will pay P30 per slice. But if you will buy more
than 10, you will pay P25 per slice of cassava cake, therefore

( ) {

2. A user is charged P500 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 200 free text messages.
Messages in excess of 200 are charged P1 each. Represent the monthly cost for text messaging using the
function t(m), where m is the number of messages sent in a month.

Solution: ( ) {
( )

Evaluating function is the process of determining the value of the function at the number assigned to a
given variable. Just like in evaluating algebraic expressions, to evaluate function you need to:

a. Replace each letter in the expression with the assigned value.’

b. Perform the operations in the expression using the correct order of operations, and
 c. Simplify the resulting numerical expression.

Examples:

1. Evaluate the function ( ) for each replacement value of x.

a. -3 b. 0 c. 2 d. 4

Solution: To evaluate the function, simply replace x in f(x) with the given replacement value, and then
simplify.

a. If then, b. If then,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

c. If then, d. If then,

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2. If , evaluate the following functions.

a. ( ) b. ( )

c. ( ) √ d. ( )

Solution: To evaluate the function, simply replace x in f(x) with the given replacement value, and then
simplify.

a. ( ) ( ) b. ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

c. ( ) √ d. ( )
√ ( ) ( ) ( )
√ ( )
√

3. Bright has 280 pesos in his saving account and adding 40 pesos each week. Write an equation relating T
(total amount saved) and n (number of weeks Bright has been adding money) and find the total amount
Bright saves after 12 weeks.

Solution:

Equation: ( )

Total savings: ( )
( )

Linear Functions and Models

A linear function is a function of the form ( ) where and are real number. Its graph is
a line with slope and -intercept . If , then the degree of the function 1.

We can also express a linear function in equation form as or ( ) .

Examples of Linear function:

1. ( ) ( )
2. ( ) ( ) ( )
3. ( )
4. ( ) ( )
5. ( )

Graphing a Linear Function

Sketch the linear function ( ) .

Solution:

Make a table of values with the linear function ( ) .

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )

Slope and Rate of Change

Let ( ) be a linear function. If and are two different values for and if ( )
and ( ) then the points ( ) and ( ) lie on the graph of . From the definitions of slope and
average rate of change we have

( ) ( )
slope = average rate of change

Example:

A linear function is given. (a) Sketch the graph. (b) Find the slope of the graph. (c) Find the rate of change
of the function.

1. ( )
2. ( )
Solution:
1. ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
 ( )

To determine the slope of a function, we will use two ordered pairs or points from the table of
values or from the points of graph.

Using the points ( ) and ( ). And then, using the general form of a slope.

( ) ( ) ( )
slope =

Actually, you can easily determine the slope of a function without using the general form to compute
because from the given linear function of ( ) , (as explain above) the slope is 4 and the -intercept
is -2.

Thus, the slope of ( ) is 4.

And to determine the rate of change, from the definition the slope of the graph of f and the rate of change
of f are both equal to , or the coefficient of .

Therefore, the rate of change of ( ) is 4.

2. ( )

Solution:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( )

Thus, the slope and the rate of change ( ) is .

Transformations of Functions

Parent Functions

Parent functions are the simplest form of a given family of functions. A family of functions is a
group of functions that share the same highest degree and, consequently, the same shape for their graphs.

Different types of Parent Functions

 Constant Functions are functions that are defined by their respective constant, c. All constant
functions will have a horizontal line as its graph and contain only a constant as its term.

 Linear Functions. The parent function of linear functions is ( ) , it passes through the origin.
All linear functions have a straight line as a graph.

 Quadratic Functions are functions with 2 as its highest degree. All quadratic functions return a
parabola as their graph, and ( ) as their parent functions.

 Cubic Functions – this parent function of polynomials with 3 as its highest degree. Cubic functions
share a parent function of ( )

 Absolute Value Functions – the parent function of absolute value functions is ( ) | | and
expected to return V-shaped graphs.

 Radicals Functions – the two most commonly used radical functions are the square root and cube
root functions. The square root of a function is ( ) √ , while the cube root of a function is
( ) √ .

 Exponential Functions – the parent function graph, ( ) it will never be equal to 0.

 Logarithmic Functions – are the inverse functions of exponential functions, ( ) .

 Reciprocal Functions are functions that contain a constant numerator and x as its denominator. Its
parent function is ( ) .

Definition: Transformation of functions

The word “transform” means “to change from one to another”. Transformation of function is a unique
way of changing the formula of a function minimally and playing around with the graph.

A transformation takes a basic function and changes it slightly with predetermined methods. This change
will cause the graph of the function to move, shift, or stretch, depending on the type of transformation.

Vertical Shifting/Translations

Suppose

To graph ( ) , shift the graph of ( ) upward units.

( ) ( )

To graph ( ) , shift the graph of ( ) downward units.

( ) ( )

Horizontal Shift/translations

Suppose

To graph ( ), shift the graph of ( ) to the right units.

( ) ( )

To graph ( ), shift the graph of ( ) to the left units.

( ) ( )
Combining Horizontal and Vertical Shifting

The values that translate the graph of a function will occur as a number left or right either up or
down.

( )

Reflecting/Rotations

A mirror image of a function across a given line. The reflection of a function can be performed along
the x-axis, the y-axis, or any line.

To graph ( ), reflect the graph of ( ) in the -axis.

( ) ( )

To graph ( ) reflect the graph of ( ) in the -axis.

( ) ( )

Stretching/Shrinking

Transformation that changes the size and/or the shape of the graph of a function.

Vertical Stretching/Shrinking

 To graph ( );

If , stretch the graph of ( ) vertically by a factor of .

If , shrink the graph of ( ) vertically by a factor of .

We can do this vertical (y-direction) simply by multiplying our function by a constant.

Horizontal Stretching/Shrinking

To graph ( )

If , shrink the graph of ( ) horizontally by a factor of .

If , stretch the graph of ( ) horizontally by a factor of .

Examples:

1. Write the equation of the graph obtained when the parent graph is translated 4 units left and
7 units down.
( )

2. Explain the difference in the graphs

( ) Horizontal Shift Left 3 units

Vertical Shift up 3 units

3. If the parent function is ( ) , describe the graph of ( ) ( ) .

The parent would be horizontally shifted right 3 units and vertically shifted up 9 units.

4. If the parent function is ( ) , describe the graph of ( ) .

The graph would be vertically shifted down 8 units and vertically stretched two times as much.

5. What can we tell about this graph?

( ) ( )
 It would be a cubic function reflected across the x-axis and horizontally compressed by a factor
of

Even and Odd Functions

If a function satisfies ( ) ( ) for every number in its domain then is called an even function.
The graph of an even function is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. This means that if we have plotted
the graph of for , then can obtain the entire graph simply by reflecting this portion in the y-axis.

If satisfies ( ) ( ) for every number in its domain, then is called an odd function. The
graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin. If we plotted the graph of for , then we can
obtain the entire graph by rotating this portion through 180 about the origin. This is equivalent to reflecting
first in the x-axis and then in the y-axis.

Neither Odd nor Even Functions

Don’t be misled by the names “odd” and “even” they are just names and a function does not have
to be even or odd. In fact most functions are neither odd nor even.

Examples:

1. The function ( ) is even because

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )

2. The function ( ) ( ) is odd because

( ) ( )
( )

( )

3. ( )

Substitute into and simplify:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

By a quick comparison, this is not match what we started with, so this function is not even. What
about odd?

To check, write down the exact opposite of what we started with, being the original function but
with all of the signs changed:

( ) ( )

( )

This doesn’t match what we came up with, either. So the original function isn’t odd, either. Then, as
we expected: ( ) is neither even nor odd.

Combining Functions

Sum, Difference, Product and Quotient of Functions

Let and be any two functions, the sum ( ), the difference ( ), the product ( ), and
the quotient . /, are functions whose domains are set of real numbers common to and ( ) and
defined as follows:

1. Sum: ( )( ) ( ) ( )
2. Difference: ( )( ) ( ) ( )
 3. Product: ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
4. Quotient: . /( ) ( )

Example:

Let ( ) and ( ) . And their domains.

a. ( )( ) b. ( )( ) c. ( )( ) d. . / ( )

Solution:

a. ( )( ) ( ) ( ) Apply Sum of a Function

Arrange terms in descending order
and simplify

To find the domain of ( )( ) .

Divide both sides by 4, to solve for

, ) The interval notation: , )

b. ( )( ) ( ) ( ) Apply Subtraction of a Function

Arrange terms in descending order
and simplify

To find the domain of ( )( )

Move constant to the right side and change its sign
(transpose)
Divide both sides by and flip the inequality sign
( )

( - The interval notation: ( -

c. ( )( ) ( )( ) Apply Product of a Function

( ) ( ) Apply Distributive Property
Simplify

To find the domain of ( )( )

Factor the expressions
Write the difference
Factor out 3x from the and factor -2 from
( ) ( )
the .
( )( ) Factor from the expression

{ Split into possible case, can be

{ { {
To solve for

Solve for

{ [ )
Find the intersection
{ ( -

( - [ ) Find the union. Interval notation: ( - 0 /

 d. . / ( )

For the domain of . / ( )

Split into possible case, can be
{ { {

{ Use >, < for the denominator because it can’t be

equal to 0.
To solve for

Solve for

{ ( )
Find the intersection
{ ( )

Find the union.

( ) ( ) ( )
Interval notation. . /

Composition of Functions

The composition of the function with is denoted by ( ) and is defined by the equation:

( )( ) ( ( ))

The domain of the composition function is the set of all such that

1. is in the domain of and

2. ( ) is in the domain of

Example:

Given ( ) and ( ) .

Find a. ( )( ) b. ( )( ) c. ( )( ) d. ( )( ) and let .

Solution:
a. ( )( ) ( ( )) For domain, ( )( )
( ) Transpose
( )
Divide both sides by 4

The statement is true for any value of x

because the power function with an even
exponent is always positive or 0.
Therefore, the domain or the -values is all real numbers (ℝ).

b. ( )( ) ( ( )) For domain of ( )( )
( ) The left side of the inequality ( ) is
always positive or negative,
( ) depending on the leading coefficient
from the related quadratic equation
.
Since the leading coefficient
is positive, the left side of the
inequality is always positive,
therefore the statement is true for
any value of .
* | ℝ+
c. ( )( ) ( ( )) The domain of ( )( ) .
( ) Move -25 to the right side and
( ) change its sign

Divide both sides by 16, to solve for

.

Interval notation: 0 /

d. ( )( ) ( ( )) The domain of ( )( ) .
( )
Since the left side is always ,
( ) the statement is true for any value
of .

So, the domain is all real numbers

ℝ (ℝ).

At

a. ( )( ) ( ) b. ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

c. ( )( ) ( ) d. ( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )

One-to-one Functions and their Inverses

The Inverse of a function is a rule that acts on the output of the function and produces the
corresponding input.
So the inverse “undoes” or reverses what the function has done. Not all functions have inverses;
those that do are called one-to-one.

A function with domain A is called a one-to-one function if no two elements of A have the same
image, that is,
( ) ( ) whenever .
An equivalent way of writing the condition for a one-to-one function is this:
If ( ) ( ), then
Example:
Which of the two table of values is one-to-one functions?
A B
-3 -1 0 3 -3 -1 0 3
4 5 8 9 5 1 2 5
Solution:
Table of values A shows one-to-one function since NO two inputs have the same output. On the
other hand, table of values B is NOT one-to-one function since two inputs, -3 and 3, have the same output
which is 4.

HORIZONTAL LINE TEST

A function is one-to-one if and only if no horizontal line intersects its graph more than once.

Examples:
1. Which of the graphs below is considered as one-to-one function?
Solution:
Figure 1 shows one-to-one function since the horizontal line does not intersect the graph at more
than one point. On the other hand, figure 2 is NOT one-to-one function because the horizontal line
intersects more than one. By the definition of horizontal line test, a function is one-to-one if each
horizontal line does not intersect the graph at more than one point.

2. Does the pairing of GSIS members to government employees’ GSIS number represent one-to-one
functions? Why or why not?

Solution:

The pairing of GSIS members to government employees’ GSIS number represents one-to-one function
because each GSIS member is assigned to a unique GSIS number. In general, no two members can have the
same GSIS number.

3. Does the pairing of a person to his or her citizenship represent one-to-one functions? Why or why
not?

Solution:

The pairing of a person to his or her citizenship is NOT a one-to-one function because a person can
have two citizenships (dual citizen).

The Inverse of Functions

By definition the inverse function undoes what f does: If we start with , apply , and then apply
, we arrive back at , where we started. Similarly, undoes what does. In general, any function that
reverses the effect of f in this way must be the inverse of f. These observations are expressed precisely as
follows.

Inverse Function Property

Let be a one-to-one function with domain A and range B. The inverse function satisfies the
following cancellation properties:

( ( ))

( ( ))

Conversely, any function satisfying these equations is the inverse of f. These properties indicate
that f is the inverse function of say that f and are inverses of each other.

HOW TO FIND THE INVERSE OF A ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION

1. Write ( ).

2. Solve this equation for in terms of (if possible).

3. Interchange and The resulting equation is ( ).

Note that Steps 2 and 3 can be reversed. In other words, we can interchange and first and then solve for
in terms of .
Examples:

1. Find the inverse of a function ( ) .

Solution:
( ) Given
Replace 𝑓(𝑥) with 𝑦
Interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦
Apply the SPE/Transpose 3 to the left side

Apply DPE to solve for 𝑦

Apply the Symmetric Property of Equality

( ) Replace 𝑦 with 𝑓 (𝑥 )

The inverse of a function ( ) is ( ) .

2. Find the inverse of the function ( ) , if exist.

Solution:
( ) Given
Replace 𝑓(𝑥) with 𝑦
Interchange 𝑥 and 𝑦
√ √
√ Solve for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥
√
The equation √ does not represent one-to-one function because there are some -values that
corresponds to two different -values. Therefore, ( ) has no inverse function.

Can you remember the composition of function? To verify that the two functions are inverses to one
another, we need to evaluate ( ( )) and ( ( )). If ( ( )) and ( ( )) are both equal to ,
then we can say that the two functions ( ) and ( ) are inverse of one another.
( ( )) ( ( ))
Let’s prove that the inverse of the function ( ) is ( ) .
Given: ( )
( )
Prove: ( ( )) ( ( ))
Solution:
Perform . ( )/
( ( ))
( ( )) . /
( ( ))
( ( ))

Perform ( ( ))
( ( ))
( )
( ( ))
( ( ))
( ( ))
( ( ))

Since ( ( )) and ( ( )) , then we can say that ( ) is the inverse of ( )

.
The example and solution given displayed the different properties of an inverse of one-to-one function.
Rational Equations
A rational equation is one that involves rational expression. It only uses = symbol.
When solving a rational equation, be aware of the domain of the equations, which is the intersection
of the domains of the rational expressions.

Example:
Solve.
1. .
2.
3.
Solution:
1. .
We begin by noting that 3 is not in the domain of the rational expressions and then multiplying each
side of the equation by .
3 is not in domain
( ). / ( ). / Multiply each side by 𝑥 , the LCD of the denominators.
( )
Solve for 𝑥.

However, 3 is not in the domain, and replacing with 3 in the original equation would require
division by 0, which is not defined. Therefore, the equation has no solution.

Just because an equation can be written does not mean that there is a solution, as the equation at
the right illustrates. Equations with no solution are called contradictions.

2.
Solution:
Since the denominators of each expression are the same, the numerators must be equivalent also. This
means that
Therefore, the answer is .

3.
Solution:
Determine the LCD since it has different denominators. LCD is the least common number/expression
divisible to all the denominators.
LCD:
Eliminate the denominators by multiplying each term of the equation by the LCD.

( ) ( ) ( )

You can check the solution of the transformed equations with the original equation.

. / . /
Therefore, is a solution.
Rational Functions
A rational function is a function of the form
( )
( )
( )
where and are polynomials. We assume that ( ) and ( ) have no factor in common. Even though
rational functions are constructed from polynomials, their graphs look quite different from the graphs of
polynomials functions.

The domain of a rational function consists of all real numbers except those for which the
denominator is zero. When graphing a rational function, we must pay special attention to the behavior of
the graph near those -values. We begin by graphing a very simple rational function.

Intercepts of Rational Functions

Intercepts are and coordinates of the points at which a graph crosses the x-axis and y-axis,
respectively.
Note: Not all rational functions have both x and y intercepts. If the rational function f has no real solution,
then does not have intercepts.

Rule:
1. To find the -intercept, substitute 0 for x and solve for y or ( ).
2. To find the -intercept, substitute 0 for y and solve for x.

Example:
Find the intercepts of the following rational functions.
1. ( )

2. ( )
Solutions:
1. ( )
For -intercept
( ) Substitute 0 for x
and simplify

Therefore, the y-intercept is .

For -intercept
Substitute 0 for y of f(x)

( ) ( ) Multiply both sides by 𝑥

Simplify

Therefore, the -intercept is .

2. ( )
For -intercept
( ) ( )
( ) Substitute 0 for x
( ) ( )
and simplify

Therefore, the y-intercept is .

For -intercept
Substitute 0 for y of f(x)

( ) ( ) Multiply both sides by 𝑥 𝑥

 ( )( ) Factor

Therefore, the -intercept are .

Asymptotes of Rational Functions

The graphs of rational functions can be recognized by the fact that they often break into two or
more parts. These parts go out of the coordinate system along an imaginary straight line called asymptote.
Asymptotes are lines that the graph approaches but does not touch.

Finding Asymptotes
1. Vertical Asymptotes
A vertical asymptote is a vertical straight line toward which a function approaches closer and
closer, but never reaches (or touches). Vertical asymptote corresponds to the undefined locations of
rational functions. To find the vertical asymptotes, simplify first the factored rational expression. Set
any remaining factors of the denominator equal to zero. A vertical asymptote will occur at each of
these -values.

2. Horizontal Asymptotes
A horizontal asymptote is a horizontal line that a part of the graph approaches (as x increases
of decreases without bound) but never touches. The rule for finding a horizontal asymptote depends
on the largest power in the numerator and denominator.
a. If the degree (highest power) of the numerator is larger than the degree of the
denominator, then there is no horizontal asymptote.

b. If the degree of the numerator is smaller than the degree of the denominator, then the
horizontal asymptote is at (the x-axis).

c. If the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator, then you
must compare the coefficients in front of the terms with the highest power. The
horizontal asymptote is the coefficient of the highest power of the numerator divided by
the coefficient of the highest power of the denominator.

3. Slant or Oblique Asymptotes

Slant asymptotes occur when the numerator of ( ) has a degree that is one higher than the
degree of the denominator. If you have this situation, simply divide the numerator by the
denominator by either using long division or synthetic division.
Example:
Find the asymptote/s of each rational function and sketch the graph.
1. ( )

2. ( )
Solutions:
1. ( )
Set the denominator equal to zero and solve for x to get the vertical asymptote.

The vertical asymptote is .

The degree of the numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator. Hence, there is
no horizontal asymptote.

Since the polynomial in the numerator is a degree higher than the denominator, we know we
have a slant/oblique asymptote. To find it, we must divide the numerator by the denominator using
long division or synthetic division.
 √

The slant/oblique asymptote: .

2. ( )

To find the vertical asymptote, reduce the function by factoring the numerator and the
denominator.
( )( )
( )
( )( )

The vertical asymptote is .

The degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator, dividing the
coefficient of both the numerator and denominator is 1. So, the horizontal asymptote is .

Common Factors in Numerator and Denominator

We have adopted the convention that the numerator and denominator of a rational function have no
( )
factor in common. If ( ) ( )
and if and do have a factor in common, then we may cancel that factor,
but only for those values of for which that factor is not zero (because division by zero is not defined).
Since, is not defined at those values of its graph has a “hole” at those points.
Example: Graph the following functions.
1. ( ) 2. ( )
Solution:
1. We factor the numerator and denominator:
( )
( )
( )
for
So has the same graph as the rational function ( ) but with a “hole” when is 3.

𝑠 (𝑥 ) ,𝑥
𝑥

2. ( )
( )
( ) for
So the graph of is the same as the graph of ( ) but with a “hole” when is 2.

𝑡 (𝑥 ) 𝑥 ,𝑥

Example:
Graphing the rational function ( ) .
• Factor.
( )( )

• x-intercept.
-1 and 5, from the and

• y-intercept.
( ) ( )
because ( )
• Vertical asymptote.
, from the zero of the denominator ( )
• Horizontal asymptote.
None. Because from the ( ) the numerator is highest than the denominator.
 • Slant asymptote.
Use Division Algorithm

• Graph.
We use the information we have found, together with some additional values, to sketch the
graph.

Rational functions occur frequently in scientific applications of algebra.

Example: Dynamics
A helicopter can fly at 90km/h in still air. If it can fly 220 km with a tailwind at the same time span it can
fly 180 km against a headwind, what is the speed of the wind?
Let be the speed of the wind. Then we can represent the quantities as follows:
Speed (km/h) Distance (km) Time

Tailwind 220

Headwind 180

Since it can fly along the wind and against the wind at the same time span, we can write the equation:

time along the wind time against the wind

Substitute the expressions for time into the equation and then solve for .

( ) ( )

Therefore, the speed of the wind is 9 km/h.