M

ASIAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION COLLEGE

TACLOBAN CITY
S.Y. 2020-2021

O
MATHEMATICS D
IN THE
MODERN U
WORLD
DISTANCE LEARNING FOR AN INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING INSTRUCTION L
E
FREDERICK NORADA LIPON
Instructor
4
 ASIAN DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION COLLEGE
TACLOBAN CITY
S.Y. 2020-2021
Program Title:
Subject: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
Topic: QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS
Module: 4

LEARNING TARGETS:

a. Identify and define quadratic functions, equations, and inequalities. 

b. identify and use properties of quadratic functions and their graphs.
c. solve applications of quadratic functions.

QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS

Recognizing Characteristics of Parabolas

The graph of a quadratic function is a U-shaped curve called a parabola. One important feature
of the graph is that it has an extreme point, called the vertex. If the parabola opens up, the
vertex represents the lowest point on the graph, or the minimum value of the quadratic
function. If the parabola opens down, the vertex represents the highest point on the graph, or
the maximum value. In either case, the vertex is a turning point on the graph. The graph is also
symmetric with a vertical line drawn through the vertex, called the axis of symmetry. 

Figure 1: Graph of a parabola showing where the x and y intercepts, vertex, and axis of

symmetry are.
 The y-intercept is the point at which the parabola crosses the y-axis. The x-intercepts
are the points at which the parabola crosses the xx-axis. If they exist, the x-intercepts represent
the zeros, or roots, of the quadratic function, the values of xx at which y=0.

Example:
Determine the vertex, axis of symmetry, zeros, and y-intercept of the parabola shown.

Solution

The vertex is the turning point of the graph. We can see that the vertex is at (3,1). Because this
parabola opens upward, the axis of symmetry is the vertical line that intersects the parabola at
the vertex. So the axis of symmetry is x=3. This parabola does not cross the x-axis, so it has no
zeros. It crosses the y-axis at (0,7) so this is the y-intercept.
Understanding How the Graphs of Parabolas Are Related to Their
Quadratic Functions

The general form of a quadratic function presents the function in the form

f(x)=ax2+bx+c

where a, b, and c are real numbers and a≠0. If a>0, the parabola opens upward. If a<0, the
parabola opens downward. We can use the general form of a parabola to find the equation for
the axis of symmetry.
 b −b ± √b 2−4 ac
The axis of symmetry is defined by x= - . If we use the quadratic formula x=
2a 2a
to solve ax2+bx+c=0 for the x-intercepts, or zeros, we find the value of x halfway between them
b
is always x= -  , the equation for the axis of symmetry.
2a

Figure shown below represents the graph of the quadratic function written in general form
as y=x2+4x+3y. In this form, a=1, b=4, and c =3. Because a>0, the parabola opens upward. The
b
axis of symmetry x= - =−2 . This also makes sense because we can see from the graph
2(1)
that the vertical x=−2 divides the graph in half. The vertex always occurs along the axis of
symmetry. For a parabola that opens upward, the vertex occurs at the lowest point on the
graph, in this instance (−2, −1). The x-intercepts, those points where the parabola crosses the x-
axis, occur at (−3,0) and (−1,0).

Graph of a parabola showing where the xx and y intercepts, vertex, and axis of

symmetry are for the function y=x2+4x+3

The standard form of a quadratic function presents the function in the form

f(x)=a(x−h)2+k
 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES OF METALS

Physical Properties of Metals

Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile, good conductors of heat and electricity. Other properties
include:

 State: Metals are solids at room temperature with the exception of mercury, which is
liquid at room temperature (Gallium is liquid on hot days).
 Luster: Metals have the quality of reflecting light from their surface and can be polished
e.g., gold, silver and copper.
 Malleability: Metals have the ability to withstand hammering and can be made into thin
sheets known as foils. For example, a sugar cube sized chunk of gold can be pounded
into a thin sheet that will cover a football field.
 Ductility: Metals can be drawn into wires. For example, 100 g of silver can be drawn
into a thin wire about 200 meters long.
 Hardness: All metals are hard except sodium and potassium, which are soft and can be
cut with a knife.
 Valency: Metals typically have 1 to 3 electrons in the outermost shell of their atoms.
 Conduction: Metals are good conductors because they have free electrons. Silver and
copper are the two best conductors of heat and electricity. Lead is the poorest conductor
of heat. Bismuth, mercury and iron are also poor conductors
 Density: Metals have high density and are very heavy. Iridium and osmium have the
highest densities whereas lithium has the lowest density.
 Melting and Boiling Points: Metals have high melting and boil

Chemical Properties of Metals

Metals are electropositive elements that generally form basic or amphoteric oxides with oxygen.
Other chemical properties include:

 Electropositive Character: Metals tend to have low ionization energies, and typically

lose electrons (i.e. are oxidized) when they undergo chemical reactions They normally
do not accept electrons. For example:
 o Alkali metals are always 1+ (lose the electron in s subshell)
o Alkaline earth metals are always 2+ (lose both electrons in s subshell)
o Transition metal ions do not follow an obvious pattern, 2+ is common (lose both electrons
in s subshell), and 1+ and 3+ are also observed
Na0→Na++e−Na0→Na++e−
Mg0→Mg2++2e−Mg0→Mg2++2e−
Al0→Al3++3e−Al0→Al3++3e−

Compounds of metals with non-metals tend to be ionic in nature. Most metal oxides are basic
oxides and dissolve in water to form metal hydroxides:

Na2O(s)+H2O(l)→2NaOH(aq)Na2O(s)+H2O(l)→2NaOH(aq)
CaO(s)+H2O(l)→Ca(OH)2(aq)CaO(s)+H2O(l)→Ca(OH)2(aq)

Metal oxides exhibit their basic chemical nature by reacting with acids to form metal salts and

water:

MgO(s)+HCl(aq)→MgCl2(aq)+H2O(l)MgO(s)+HCl(aq)→MgCl2(aq)+H2O(l)
NiO(s)+H2SO4(aq)→NiSO4(aq)+H2O(l)

Properties of Metalloids

Metalloids have properties intermediate between the metals and nonmetals. Metalloids are
useful in the semiconductor industry. Metalloids are all solid at room temperature. They can
form alloys with other metals. Some metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, can act as
electrical conductors under the right conditions, thus they are called semiconductors. Silicon for
example appears lustrous, but is not malleable nor ductile (it is brittle - a characteristic of some
nonmetals). It is a much poorer conductor of heat and electricity than the metals. The physical
properties of metalloids tend to be metallic, but their chemical properties tend to be non-metallic.
The oxidation number of an element in this group can range from +5 to -2, depending on the
group in which it is located.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL

PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS

Nonmetals
Elements that tend to gain electrons to form anions during chemical reactions are called non-
metals. These are electronegative elements with high ionization energies. They are non-
lustrous, brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity (except graphite). Non-metals can be
gases, liquids or solids.

Physical Properties of Nonmetals

 Physical State: Most of the non-metals exist in two of the three states of matter at room
temperature: gases (oxygen) and solids (carbon). Only bromine exists as a liquid at
room temperature.
 Non-Malleable and Ductile: Non-metals are very brittle, and cannot be rolled into wires
or pounded into sheets.
 Conduction: They are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
 Luster: These have no metallic luster and do not reflect light.
 Melting and Boiling Points: The melting points of non-metals are generally lower than
metals, but are highly variable.
 Seven non-metals exist under standard conditions as diatomic
molecules: H2(g)H2(g), N2(g)N2(g), O2(g)O2(g), F2(g)F2(g), Cl2(g)Cl2(g), Br2(l)Br2(l), I
2(s)I2(s).

Chemical Properties of Nonmetals

Non-metals have a tendency to gain or share electrons with other atoms. They are
electronegative in character. Nonmetals, when reacting with metals, tend to gain electrons
(typically attaining noble gas electron configuration) and become anions:

3Br2(l)+2Al(s)→2AlBr3(s)3Br2(l)+2Al(s)→2AlBr3(s)

Compounds composed entirely of nonmetals are covalent substances. They generally form
acidic or neutral oxides with oxygen that that dissolve in water to form acids:

CO2(g)+H2O(l)→H2CO3(aq)carbonic acidCO2(g)+H2O(l)→H2CO3(aq)carbonic acid

As you may know, carbonated water is slightly acidic (carbonic acid).

Nonmetal oxides can combine with bases to form salts.

CO2( g)
+2Na OH(a
q)→ Na2
CO3( aq)
+H2 O(l)
 Table 1: Shows the Position of Metals, Non- Metals and Metalloids
METALS NON METALS METALLOIDS
GOLD OXYGEN SILICON
SILVER CARBON BORON
COPPER HYDROGEN ARCENIC
IRON NITROGEN ANTIMOTY
MERCURY SULFUR GERMANIUM
ZINC PHOSPORUS

Table 2: Elements categorized into metals, non-metals and metalloids.

Write an “X” in the correct column to indicate whether the element is a

metal, nonmetal or metalloid.

Elements METAL NONMETAL METALLOIDS

A Aluminum
B Calcium
C Antimony
D Cesium
E Carbon
F Manganese
G Fluorine
H Silicon
I Iron
J Hydrogen

Using the Venn Diagram differentiate between Metals, Nonmetal and

Metalloids.
 List four physical properties of metals, nonmetals and metalloids.

METALS NONMETALS METALLOIDS

Use the words in the box below to fill in the blanks based on what you
have learned about metals, non-metals, and metalloids. Words may be
used more than once or not used at all. Some words have already
been filled in for you.

WORD BANK

Moderately 88 Metals Both 22 Malleable

Thin Right Luster Left Ductile Opposite

Heat Appearance Nonmetal Periodic Table Shiny Electricity

Most elements are ______________________________. The _____________ elements on the

left side of the stair step line on the ________________________________ of Elements are
metals. Some physical properties of metals are ____________________________ (shininess),
good conductors of _____________________ and _________________________________,
and can be hammered into _______________ sheets. Non-metals are found to the
_________________ of the stair-step line on the Periodic Table of Elements. The characters of
nonmetals are __________________________________ to those of metals. Nonmetals have a
dull ___________________ or ____________________________________. Nonmetals also
break easily and are not ____________________________ or
______________________________. Metalloids that are on ______________ sides of the zig-
zag line have both properties of metals and nonmetals. Metalloids can be
_____________________ or dull and can conduct heat and electricity
_________________________ well.
“The capacity to learn is a gift, the ability to learn is a skill, the willingness to learn is a
choice.”

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