ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS

W W L CHEN and X T DUONG

c W W L Chen, X T Duong and Macquarie University, 1999.
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Chapter 14
INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATION

14.1. Antiderivatives

In this chapter, we discuss the inverse process of differentiation. In other words, given a function f (x), we
wish to find a function F (x) such that F
(x) = f (x). Any such function F (x) is called an antiderivative,
or indefinite integral, of the function f (x), and we write

F (x) = f (x) dx.

A first observation is that the antiderivative, if it exists, is not unique. Suppose that the function
F (x) is an antiderivative of the function f (x), so that F
(x) = f (x). Let G(x) = F (x) + C, where C
is any fixed real number. Then it is easy to see that G
(x) = F
(x) = f (x), so that G(x) is also an
antiderivative of f (x). A second observation, somewhat less obvious, is that for any given function f (x),
any two distinct antiderivatives of f (x) must differ only by a constant. In other words, if F (x) and G(x)
are both antiderivatives of f (x), then F (x) − G(x) is a constant. In this chapter, we shall denote any
such constant by C, with or without subscripts.
An immediate consequence of this second observation is the following simple result related to the
derivatives of constants in Section 11.1.

ANTIDERIVATIVES OF ZERO. We have


0 dx = C.

In other words, the antiderivatives of the zero function are precisely all the constant functions.

Indeed, many antiderivatives can be obtained simply by referring to various rules concerning deriva-
tives. We list here a number of such results. The first of these is related to the constant multiple rule
for differentiation in Section 11.2.
† This chapter was written at Macquarie University in 1999.
14–2 W W L Chen and X T Duong : Elementary Mathematics

CONSTANT MULTIPLE RULE. Suppose that a function f (x) has antiderivatives. Then for any
fixed real number c, we have  
cf (x) dx = c f (x) dx.

ANTIDERIVATIVES OF POWERS.
(a) Suppose that n is a fixed real number such that n = −1. Then

1
xn dx = xn+1 + C.
n+1

(b) We have 
x−1 dx = log |x| + C.

Proof. Part (a) is a consequence of the rule concerning derivatives of powers in Section 11.1. If x > 0,
then part (b) is a consequence of the rule concerning the derivative of the logarithmic function in Section
12.3. If x < 0, we can write |x| = u, where u = −x. It then follows from the Chain rule that

d du d 1 1
(log |x|) = × (log u) = − = (1)
dx dx du u x
again. ♣

Corresponding to the sum rule for differentiation in Section 11.2, we have the following.

SUM RULE. Suppose that functions f (x) and g(x) have antiderivatives. Then
  
(f (x) + g(x)) dx = f (x) dx + g(x) dx.

We next consider trigonometric functions.

ANTIDERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS.

(a) We have  
cos x dx = sin x + C and sin x dx = − cos x + C.

(b) We have  
2
sec x dx = tan x + C and csc2 x dx = − cot x + C.

(c) We have  
tan x sec x dx = sec x + C and cot x csc x dx = − csc x + C.

(d) We have
 
sec x dx = log | tan x + sec x| + C and csc x dx = − log | cot x + csc x| + C.

Proof. Parts (a)–(c) follow immediately from the rules concerning derivatives of the trigonometric
functions in Section 11.3. Part (d) follows from Example 12.3.12 and Example 12.3.13 if we note (1). ♣

Corresponding to the rule concerning the derivative of the exponential function in Section 12.3, we
have the following.
 Chapter 14 : Introduction to Integration 14–3

ANTIDERIVATIVES OF THE EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION. We have


ex dx = ex + C.

Example 14.1.1. Using the sum rule, the constant multiple rule and the rule concerning antiderivatives
of powers, we have
   
1 3
(x2 + 3x + 1) dx = x2 dx + 3 x dx + x0 dx = x3 + x2 + x + C.
3 2

Example 14.1.2. Using the sum rule and the rules concerning antiderivatives of powers and of trigono-
metric functions, we have
  
1
(x3 + sin x) dx = x3 dx + sin x dx = x4 − cos x + C.
4

Example 14.1.3. We have

  
(sin x + sec x) dx = sin x dx + sec x dx = − cos x + log | tan x + sec x| + C.

Example 14.1.4. We have

  
(ex + 3 cos x) dx = ex dx + 3 cos x dx = ex + 3 sin x + C.

Example 14.1.5. To find 

1 − sin x
dx,
1 + sin x
note first of all that
1 − sin x (1 − sin x)(1 − sin x) 1 − 2 sin x + sin2 x 1 − 2 sin x + sin2 x
= = =
1 + sin x (1 + sin x)(1 − sin x) 1 − sin2 x cos2 x
= sec2 x − 2 tan x sec x + tan2 x = 2 sec2 x − 2 tan x sec x − 1.

It follows that
   
1 − sin x
dx = 2 sec x dx − 2 tan x sec x dx − dx = 2 tan x − 2 sec x − x + C.
2
1 + sin x

14.2. Integration by Substitution

We now discuss how we can use the chain rule in differentiation to help solve problems in integration.
This technique is usually called integration by substitution. As we shall not prove any result here, our
discussion will be only heuristic.
We emphasize that the technique does not always work. First of all, we have little or no knowledge
of the antiderivatives of many functions. Secondly, there is no simple routine that we can describe to
help us find a suitable substitution even in the cases where the technique works. On the other hand,
when the technique does work, there may well be more than one suitable substitution!

Remark. It is imperative that one does not give up when one’s effort does not seem to yield results.
We learn far more from indefinite integrals that we cannot find than from those than we can.
14–4 W W L Chen and X T Duong : Elementary Mathematics

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION – VERSION 1. If we make a substitution x = g(u),

then dx = g
(u) du, and  
f (x) dx = f (g(u))g
(u) du.

Example 14.2.1. Consider the indefinite integral


1
√ dx.
1 − x2
If we make a substitution x = sin u, then dx = cos u du, and
  
1 cos u
√ dx =  du = du = u + C = sin−1 x + C.
1 − x2 1 − sin2 u
On the other hand, if we make a substitution x = cos v, then dx = − sin v dv, and
  
1 sin v
√ dx = − √ dv = − dv = −v + C = − cos−1 x + C.
1 − x2 1 − cos2 v
See Section 12.4 concerning derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions.

Example 14.2.2. Consider the indefinite integral


1
dx.
1 + x2
If we make a substitution x = tan u, then dx = sec2 u du, and
  
1 sec2 u
dx = du = du = u + C = tan−1 x + C.
1 + x2 1 + tan2 u
On the other hand, if we make a substitution x = cot v, then dx = − csc2 v dv, and
  
1 csc2 v
dx = − dv = − dv = −v + C = − cot−1 x + C.
1 + x2 1 + cot2 v

Example 14.2.3. Consider the indefinite integral


√
x x + 1 dx.

If we make a substitution x = u2 − 1, then dx = 2u du, and

   
√
x x + 1 dx = 2(u − 1)u du = 2 u du − 2 u2 du
2 2 4

2 5 2 3 2 2
= u − u + C = (x + 1)5/2 − (x + 1)3/2 + C.
5 3 5 3
On the other hand, if we make a substitution x = v − 1, then dx = dv, and
   
√
x x + 1 dx = (v − 1)v 1/2 dv = v 3/2 dv − v 1/2 dv
2 5/2 2 3/2 2 2
= v − v + C = (x + 1)5/2 − (x + 1)3/2 + C.
5 3 5 3
We can confirm that the indefinite integral is correct by checking that
 
d 2 2 √
(x + 1) − (x + 1) + C = x x + 1.
5/2 3/2
dx 5 3
 Chapter 14 : Introduction to Integration 14–5

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION – VERSION 2. Suppose that a function f (x) can be

written in the form f (x) = g(h(x))h
(x). If we make a substitution u = h(x), then du = h
(x) dx, and
  


f (x) dx = g(h(x))h (x) dx = g(u) du.

Remark. Note that in Version 1, the variable x is initially written as a function of the new variable
u, whereas in Version 2, the new variable u is written as a function of x. The difference, however, is
minimal, as the substitution x = g(u) in Version 1 has to be invertible to enable us to return from the
new variable u to the original variable x at the end of the process.

Example 14.2.4. Consider the indefinite integral


x(x2 + 3)4 dx.

Note first of all that the derivative of the function x2 + 3 is equal to 2x, so it is convenient to make the
substitution u = x2 + 3. Then du = 2x dx, and
  
2 4 1 2 4 1 1 5 1 2
x(x + 3) dx = 2x(x + 3) dx = u4 du = u +C = (x + 3)5 + C.
2 2 10 10

Example 14.2.5. Consider the indefinite integral


1
dx.
x log x
Note first of all that the derivative of the function log x is equal to 1/x, so it is convenient to make the
substitution u = log x. Then du = (1/x) dx, and
 
1 1
dx = du = log |u| + C = log | log x| + C.
x log x u

Example 14.2.6. Consider the indefinite integral


3
x2 ex dx.

Note first of all that the derivative of the function x3 is equal to 3x2 , so it is convenient to make the
substitution u = x3 . Then du = 3x2 dx, and
  
3 1 3 1 1 1 3
x2 ex dx = 3x2 ex dx = eu du = eu + C = ex + C.
3 3 3 3
3
A somewhat more complicated alternative is to note that the derivative of the function ex is equal to
3 3 3
3x2 ex , so it is convenient to make the substitution v = ex . Then dv = 3x2 ex dx, and
  
2 x3 1 2 x3 1 1 1 3
x e dx = 3x e dx = dv = v + C = ex + C.
3 3 3 3

Example 14.2.7. Consider the indefinite integral


tan3 x sec2 x dx.

Note first of all that the derivative of the function tan x is equal to sec2 x, so it is convenient to make
the substitution u = tan x. Then du = sec2 x dx, and
 
1 1
tan3 x sec2 x dx = u3 du = u4 + C = tan4 x + C.
4 4
14–6 W W L Chen and X T Duong : Elementary Mathematics

Occasionally, the possibility of substitution may not be immediately obvious, and a certain amount
of trial and error does occur. The fact that one substitution does not appear to work does not mean
that the method fails. It may very well be the case that we have used a bad substitution. Or perhaps
we may slightly modify the problem first. We illustrate this point by looking at two more examples.

Example 14.2.8. Consider the indefinite integral


tan x dx.

Here it does not appear that any substitution will work. However, if we write
 
sin x
tan x dx = dx,
cos x
then we observe that the derivative of the function cos x is equal to − sin x, so it is convenient to make
the substitution u = cos x. Then du = − sin x dx, and
  
− sin x 1
tan x dx = − dx = − du = − log |u| + C = − log | cos x| + C.
cos x u

Example 14.2.9. The indefinite integral


9 + 6x + 2x2 + x3
dx
4 + x2
is rather daunting at first sight, but we have enough technique to study it. Note first of all that
9 + 6x + 2x2 + x3 = 9 + 2x + 2x2 + 4x + x3 = 9 + 2x + 2x2 + x(4 + x2 )
= 1 + 2x + 8 + 2x2 + x(4 + x2 ) = 1 + 2x + 2(4 + x2 ) + x(4 + x2 ).
It follows that
   
9 + 6x + 2x2 + x3 1 2x
dx = dx + dx + (2 + x) dx. (2)
4 + x2 4 + x2 4 + x2
To study the first integral on the right hand side of (2), we can make a substitution x = 2 tan u. Then
dx = 2 sec2 u du, and
    
1 2 sec2 u 1 1 1 −1 x
dx = du = du = u + C1 = tan + C1 . (3)
4 + x2 4 + 4 tan2 u 2 2 2 2
To study the second integral on the right hand side of (2), we note that the derivative of the function
4 + x2 is equal to 2x. If we make a substitution v = 4 + x2 , then dv = 2x dx, and
 
2x 1
dx = dv = log |v| + C2 = log(4 + x2 ) + C2 . (4)
4 + x2 v
The third integral on the right hand side of (2) is easy to evaluate. We have

1
(2 + x) dx = 2x + x2 + C3 . (5)
2
Substituting (3)–(5) into (2) and writing C = C1 + C2 + C3 , we obtain
  
9 + 6x + 2x2 + x3 1 −1 x 1
dx = tan + log(4 + x2 ) + 2x + x2 + C.
4 + x2 2 2 2
It may be worth checking that
 x 
d 1 1 9 + 6x + 2x2 + x3
tan−1 + log(4 + x2 ) + 2x + x2 + C = .
dx 2 2 2 4 + x2
 Chapter 14 : Introduction to Integration 14–7

14.3. Definite Integrals

The formal definition of a definite integral is rather complicated, and we do not propose to discuss it
here. Instead, we shall only give some geometric motivation, and then relate the definite integral to
indefinite integrals we have discussed earlier.
Suppose that f (x) is a real valued function, defined on an interval [A, B] = {x ∈ R : A ≤ x ≤ B}.
We shall suppose also that f (x) has an antiderivative F (x) for every x ∈ [A, B].
Consider first of all the special case that f (x) ≥ 0 for every x ∈ [A, B]. By the definite integral

 B
f (x) dx,
A

we mean the area below the curve y = f (x) and above the horizontal axis y = 0, bounded between the
vertical lines x = A and x = B, as shown in the picture below.

y
y = f(x)

x
A B

In general, we take the area between the curve y = f (x) and the horizontal axis y = 0, bounded
between the vertical lines x = A and x = B, with the convention that the area below the horizontal axis
y = 0 is taken to be negative, as shown in the picture below.

y = f(x)

x
A negative B

We now need a way of calculating this area. In some very special cases, this is very simple.

Example 14.3.1. If we examine the graph of the trigonometric functions in Chapter 3, then it is easy
to see that
 2π  π
sin x dx = 0 and cos x dx = 0.
0 0

In each case, it is easy to see that the area in question above the horizontal axis y = 0 is equal to the
area in question below this axis.
14–8 W W L Chen and X T Duong : Elementary Mathematics

Example 14.3.2. It is easy to see that the area between the line y = x and the horizontal axis y = 0,
bounded between the vertical lines x = 0 and x = 1, is the area of a triangle with base 1 and height 1.
Hence  1
1
x dx = .
0 2

In many instances, we do not have such geometric information to help us calculate the area in
question. Instead, we can use the indefinite integral.

FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS. Suppose that a function F (x)

satisfies F
(x) = f (x) for every x ∈ [A, B]. Then
 B  B
f (x) dx = F (x) = F (B) − F (A).
A A

Remark. A simple consequence of the above is that the constant multiple rule and sum rule for
indefinite integrals extend to definite integrals. For any fixed real number c, we have
 B  B
cf (x) dx = c f (x) dx.
A A

We also have   
B B B
(f (x) + g(x)) dx = f (x) dx + g(x) dx.
A A A
A further consequence of the Fundamental theorem of integral calculus is a rule concerning splitting up
an interval [A, B] into two. Suppose that A < A∗ < B. Then
 B  A∗  B
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx.
A A A∗

Example 14.3.3. Returning to Example 14.3.1, we have

 2π  2π
sin x dx = − cos x = − cos 2π + cos 0 = 0
0 0

and  π 
π
cos x dx = sin x = sin π − sin 0 = 0.
0 0

Example 14.3.4. Returning to Example 14.3.2, we have

 1 
1
1 1 1
x dx = x = −0= .
0 2 0 2 2

Example 14.3.5. We have

 π  π
sin x dx = − cos x = − cos π + cos 0 = 2.
0 0

Example 14.3.6. We have

 2  2
1
dx = log |x| = log 2 − log 1 = log 2.
1 x 1
 Chapter 14 : Introduction to Integration 14–9

Example 14.3.7. We have   1

1
e dx = ex = e1 − e0 = e − 1.
x
0 0

Example 14.3.8. We have

 π/4  π/4
π
sec2 x dx = tan x = tan − tan 0 = 1.
0 0 4

Example 14.3.9. We have

 1  1    
x4 x3 1 1 1 1 2
(x3 + x2 ) dx = + = + − − = .
−1 4 3 −1 4 3 4 3 3

Example 14.3.10. Recall Example 14.2.1. Since


1
√ dx = sin−1 x + C, (6)
1−x2

we have  1/2
 1/2
1 −1 1 π
√ dx = sin x = sin−1 − sin−1 0 = .
0 1−x2
0 2 6
To obtain (6), recall that we can use the substitution x = sin u to show that
 
1
√ dx = du = u + C,
1 − x2

followed by an inverse substitution u = sin−1 x. Here, we need to make the extra step of substituting the
values x = 0 and x = 1/2 to the indefinite integral sin−1 x. Observe, however, that with the substitution
x = sin u, the variable x increases from 0 to 1/2 as the variable u increases from 0 to π/6. But then
 π/6  π/6  1/2
π 1
du = u = = √ dx,
0 0 6 0 1 − x2

so it appears that we do not need the inverse substitution u = sin−1 x. Perhaps we can directly substitute
u = 0 and u = π/6 to the indefinite integral u.

DEFINITE INTEGRAL BY SUBSTITUTION – VERSION 1. Suppose that a substitution

x = g(u) satisfies the following conditions:
(a) There exist α, β ∈ R such that g(α) = A and g(β) = B.
(b) The derivative g
(u) > 0 for every u satisfying α < u < β.
Then dx = g
(u) du, and
 B  β
f (x) dx = f (g(u))g
(u) du.
A α

Remark. If condition (b) above is replaced by the condition that the derivative g
(u) < 0 for every u
satisfying β < u < α, then the same conclusion holds if we adopt the convention that
 β  α


f (g(u))g (u) du = − f (g(u))g
(u) du.
α β
14–10 W W L Chen and X T Duong : Elementary Mathematics

Example 14.3.11. To calculate the definite integral

 1
1
dx,
0 1 + x2

we can use the substitution x = tan u, so that dx = sec2 u du. Note that tan 0 = 0 and tan(π/4) = 1,
and that sec2 u > 0 whenever 0 < u < π/4. It follows that
 1  π/4  π/4  π/4
1 sec2 u π π
dx = du = du = u = −0= .
0 1 + x2 0 1 + tan2 u 0 0 4 4

We can compare this to first observing Example 14.2.2, so that

 1  1
1 −1 π π
dx = tan x = tan−1 1 − tan−1 0 = − 0 = .
0 1 + x2 0 4 4

Example 14.3.12. To calculate the definite integral

 3 √
x x + 1 dx,
0

we can use the substitution x = g(u) = u2 − 1, so that dx = 2u du. Note that g(1) = 0 and g(2) = 3,
and that g
(u) = 2u > 0 whenever 1 < u < 2. It follows that
   2    
3 √ 2
2 5 2 3 64 16 2 2 62 14 116
x x + 1 dx = 2(u2 − 1)u2 du = u − u = − − − = − = .
0 1 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 3 15

DEFINITE INTEGRAL BY SUBSTITUTION – VERSION 2. Suppose that a substitution

u = h(x) satisfies the following conditions:
(a) There exists a function g(u) such that f (x) = g(h(x))h
(x) for every x ∈ [A, B].
(b) The derivative h
(x) > 0 for every x satisfying A < x < B.
Then du = h
(x) dx, and
 B  B  h(B)


f (x) dx = g(h(x))h (x) dx = g(u) du.
A A h(A)

Remark. If condition (b) above is replaced by the condition that the derivative h
(x) < 0 for every x
satisfying A < x < B, then the same conclusion holds if we adopt the convention that
 h(B)  h(A)
g(u) du = − g(u) du.
h(A) h(B)

Example 14.3.13. To calculate the definite integral

 1
x(x2 + 3)4 dx,
0

we can use the substitution u = h(x) = x2 + 3, so that du = 2x dx. Note that h(0) = 3 and h(1) = 4,
and that h
(x) = 2x > 0 whenever 0 < x < 1. It follows that
 1  4  4  
1 1 u5 1 1024 243 781
2
x(x + 3) dx = 4 4
u dx = = − = .
0 2 3 2 5 3 2 5 5 10
 Chapter 14 : Introduction to Integration 14–11

Example 14.3.14. To calculate the definite integral

 4
1
dx,
2 x log x

we can use the substitution u = h(x) = log x, so that du = h
(x) dx, where h
(x) = 1/x > 0 whenever
2 < x < 4. Note also that h(2) = log 2 and h(4) = log 4. It follows that

 4  log 4  log 4  
1 1 log 4
dx = du = log |u| = log log 4 − log log 2 = log = log 2.
2 x log x log 2 u log 2 log 2

Example 14.3.15. To calculate the definite integral

 π
sin2 x cos x dx,
0

we can use the substitution u = h(x) = sin x, so that du = cos x dx. Now h(0) = 0 and h(π) = 0, so
something is funny here! The problem is that
  π

> 0 0<x< ,
2
h
(x) = cos x π 

< 0 <x<π .
2

It follows that we must first write

 π  π/2  π
2 2
sin x cos x dx = sin x cos x dx + sin2 x cos x dx (7)
0 0 π/2

before we can make any substitution. Consider now the first integral on the right hand side of (7). Using
the substitution u = h(x) = sin x, we note that h(0) = 0 and h(π/2) = 1, and that h
(x) > 0 whenever
0 < x < π/2. Hence
 π/2  1
1
sin2 x cos x dx = u2 du = .
0 0 3
Consider next the second integral on the right hand side of (7). Using the substitution u = h(x) = sin x,
we note that h(π/2) = 1 and h(π) = 0, and that h
(x) < 0 whenever π/2 < x < π. Hence
 π  0  1
1
2
sin x cos x dx = u du = −
2
u2 du = − .
π/2 1 0 3

Combining the two parts, we conclude that

 π
sin2 x cos x dx = 0.
0

Alternatively, we can make the substitution x = g(v) = π − v to the second integral on the right hand
side of (7). Then g(π/2) = π/2 and g(0) = π, and g
(v) = −1 < 0 for every v satisfying 0 < v < π/2. It
follows that
 π  0  π/2
2
sin x cos x dx = sin v cos v dv = −
2
sin2 v cos v dv.
π/2 π/2 0

This, combined with (7), gives the same conclusion.

14–12 W W L Chen and X T Duong : Elementary Mathematics

14.4. Areas

We conclude this chapter by describing how we may use definite integrals to evaluate areas. Suppose
that the boundary of a region on the xy-plane can be described by a top edge y = g(x) and a bottom
edge y = f (x) bounded between two vertical lines x = A and x = B, as shown in the picture below.

y
y = g(x)

y = f(x)

x
A B

Then the area of the region is given by the definite integral

 B
(g(x) − f (x)) dx.
A

Example 14.4.1. We wish to show that the area of the ellipse

x2 y2
2
+ 2 = 1,
a b
where a, b ∈ R are positive, is equal to πab. To do this, we may consider the quarter of the ellipse in the
first quadrant, as shown in the picture below.

y
 1/2
x2
y =b 1− 2
b a

x
a

It follows that the shaded region has area

 a  1/2
x2
b 1− 2 dx.
0 a

We can use the substitution x = g(u) = a sin u. Then g(0) = 0 and g(π/2) = a. Furthermore, we have
dx = g
(u) du, where g
(u) = a cos u > 0 whenever 0 < u < π/2. It follows that
 a  1/2  π/2  π/2
x2
b 1− 2 dx = ab(1 − sin2 u)1/2 cos u du = ab cos2 u du
0 a 0 0
 π/2    π/2
1 1 1 1 πab
= ab + cos 2u du = ab u + sin 2u = .
0 2 2 2 4 0 4
 Chapter 14 : Introduction to Integration 14–13

Example 14.4.2. We wish to evaluate the area of the triangle with vertices (0, 1), (1, 0) and (3, 2). To
do this, we split the triangle into two regions as shown in the picture below.

y
2

1 2 3 x

The triangle on the left is bounded between the vertical lines x = 0 and x = 1, and the top edge and
the bottom edge are given respectively by

1
y= x+1 and y = 1 − x.
3
The triangle on the right is bounded between the vertical lines x = 1 and x = 3, and the top edge and
the bottom edge are given respectively by

1
y= x+1 and y = x − 1.
3
It follows that the area of the original triangle is given by
 1     3   
1 1
x + 1 − (1 − x) dx + x + 1 − (x − 1) dx
0 3 1 3
 1  3   1  3
4 2 2 2 1
= x dx + 2 − x dx = x + 2x − x2 = 2.
0 3 1 3 3 0 3 1

Example 14.4.3. We wish to evaluate the area of the quadrilateral with vertices (1, 1), (2, 0), (4, 1)
and (3, 5). To do this, we split the quadrilateral into three regions as shown in the picture below.

y
5

1 2 3 4 x

The triangle on the left is bounded between the vertical lines x = 1 and x = 2, and the top edge and
the bottom edge are given respectively by

y = 2x − 1 and y = 2 − x.
14–14 W W L Chen and X T Duong : Elementary Mathematics

The quadrilateral in the middle is bounded between the vertical lines x = 2 and x = 3, and the top edge
and the bottom edge are given respectively by

1
y = 2x − 1 and y= x − 1.
2
The triangle on the right is bounded between the vertical lines x = 3 and x = 4, and the top edge and
the bottom edge are given respectively by

1
y = 17 − 4x and y= x − 1.
2
It follows that the area of the original quadrilateral is given by
 2  3     4  
1 1
((2x − 1) − (2 − x)) dx + (2x − 1) − x−1 dx + (17 − 4x) − x−1 dx
1 2 2 3 2
 2  3  4 
3 9
= (3x − 3) dx + x dx + 18 − x dx
1 2 2 3 2
 2  3  4
3 2 3 9 15
= x − 3x + x2 + 18x − x2 = .
2 1 4 2 4 3 2

Alternatively, we can transpose the picture above and split the quadrilateral into two regions as shown
in the picture below:
x

y
1 2 3 4 5

Note that the roles of x and y are now interchanged. The triangle on the left is bounded between the
vertical lines y = 0 and y = 1, and the top edge and the bottom edge are given respectively by

x = 2y + 2 and x = 2 − y.

The triangle on the right is bounded between the vertical lines y = 1 and y = 5, and the top edge and
the bottom edge are given respectively by

17 1 1 1
x= − y and x= y+ .
4 4 2 2
It follows that the area of the original quadrilateral is given by
 1  5 
  
17 1 1 1
((2y + 2) − (2 − y)) dy + − y − y+ dy
0 1 4 4 2 2
 1  5   1  5
15 3 3 2 15 3 15
= 3y dy + − y dy = y + y − y2 =
0 1 4 4 2 0 4 8 1 2

as before.
 Chapter 14 : Introduction to Integration 14–15

Problems for Chapter 14

1. Find each of the following indefinite integrals:

 √  
a) 3 dx b) (5x + 3) dx c) (2x2 − 3x + 1) dx
  
d) 3
x dx e) (x − 2)(x + 3) dx f) (1 − 2 cos x) dx
  
1
g) (5 cos x + 4x) dx h) 8ex dx i) dx
x

2. Evaluate each of the following indefinite integrals using the given substitution:

a) x(x2 − 1)99 dx (use the substitution u = x2 − 1)

x2
b) √ dx (use the substitution u = x3 + 2)
2 + x3

c) sin 4x dx (use the substitution u = 4x)

dx
d) (use the substitution u = 2x + 1)
(2x + 1)2

x+3
e) dx (use the substitution u = x2 + 6x)
(x2 + 6x)2

f) sec ax tan ax dx (use the substitution u = ax)

3. Evaluate each of the following indefinite integrals:

  
√
a) cos 2x dx b) x − 1 dx c) x2 cos(1 − x3 ) dx
  
1 x
d) x sin(x2 ) dx e) dx f) √ dx
(1 − 3x)4 x2 + 1
  
g) sec2 (3x) dx h) sin3 x cos x dx i) x(x2 + 16)2 dx
     
1 1
j) 2 3
x x + 8 dx k) √ dx l) x− dx
2x + 5 x
  
2x + 1 1 log x
m) dx n) dx o) dx
x2 + x + 3 x2 − 4x + 4 x
  
ex 2
p) dx q) xex dx r) e2x−1 dx
1 + ex
  
s) sec(4x) tan(4x) dx t) x3 cos(5x4 ) dx u) sec2 (2x + 1) dx
  
(log x)2
v) ex cos(ex ) dx w) dx x) tan x sec3 x dx
x

4. Evaluate each of the following definite integrals:

 2  3  2
1
a) 2x dx b) dx c) e−x dx
1 1 x 0
 3  π  6
d) (3x + 1) dx e) sin x dx f) (x − 3)2 dx
2 0 3
 2  1  a
1 2
g) 2
dx h) xex dx i) (x2 + a2 ) dx
0 4 + x 0 0
 1  1  π/2
1
j) (1 + x + 3x2 ) dx k) √ dx l) sin x dx
2
x +1
0 0 −π/2
14–16 W W L Chen and X T Duong : Elementary Mathematics

5. a) Draw the graphs of the line y = x and the parabola y = x2 .

b) Find the two points of intersection of the two curves.
c) Use definite integrals to find the area bounded between the two curves.

6. Use definite integrals to find the area between the curves y = ex and y = e2x , bounded between the
lines x = 0 and x = 1.

7. Find the area of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (4, 3) and (1, 5).

8. Find the area of the quadrilateral with vertices (1, 1), (5, 2), (2, 3) and (4, 3).

− ∗ − ∗ − ∗ − ∗ − ∗ −