Chapter 2 Maxwell’s Equations and Plane EM Waves

2-1 Dielectric and Conductor

     
Displacement vector: D   0 E  P   E   0 1   e  E   0 r E
nv

 P k
Polarization vector: P  lim k 1
v 0 v
 
1 P a R
V
4 0 v ' R2
dv' ,


     
1 a
R   x  x '    y  y '   z  z '  ,  '  x y z  '    R2
2 2 2 2

x' y ' z ' R R

  

1 1
 1  P ' P 
4 0  v '  R 
dv' 
4 0 v '
V  P '  dv'  ' dv'
R v' R 
   
   

1  P a n '   ' P 
4 0  s ' R v' R
 dS '  dv '

 
 
Surface charge density: ρps= P a n .


Volume charge density: ρp=    P
   
Total charge: Q=  P a n dS '     P dv'  0
s' v'

      
 1
E      0 E P   
0
p
 
     
Define D   0 E  P    D     D d S  Q
s

 D x   11  12  13   E x 
  
Note: Generally, D    E or  D y    21  22  23    E y  .
 D z   31  32  33   E z 
  Dx  8 2 0   E x 
 
Eg. For an anisotropic medium characterized by  D y    0 2 5 0   E y  ,
 D z  0 0 9  E z 


find the value of the effective relative permittivity for (a) E  zˆE 0 , (b)

 
E  E 0 ( xˆ  2 yˆ ) , (c) E  E 0 (2 xˆ  yˆ ) .

 Dx  8 2 0  0  0  0 
(Sol.) (a)  D y    0 2 5 0  0 E0   0 0 E0  9 0 0 E0 ,  r =9
       
 D z  0 0 9 1 9 1

 Dx  8 2 0   1  4 1 
       
(b)  D y    0 2 5 0   2 E0   0  8 E0  4 0  2 E0 ,  r =4
 D z  0 0 9  0   0   0 

 Dx  8 2 0   2  18   2
       
(c)  D y    0 2 5 0  1 E0   0  9  E0  9 0 1 E0 ,  r =9
 Dz  0 0 9 0  0  0

Hall Effect:
 
Current density: J  yˆ J 0  Nqv

If the material is a conductor or an n-type semiconductor the charge carrier are

electrons: q < 0
  
Hall field: E h  v  B  ( yˆ v0 )  ( zˆB0 )   xˆv0 B0

d
Hall voltage: Vh    E h dx  v0 B0 d
0

Ex 1
Hall coefficient: C h   0
J y B z Nq
If the material is a p-type semiconductor, the charge carries are holes: q > 0

Hall field: E h  xˆv0 B0

Hall voltage: Vh  v0 B0 d

Hall coefficient: Ch  0
2-2 Boundary Conditions of Electromagnetic Fields
Boundary conditions for electric fields:
Eg. Show that Et=0 on the conductor plane.
(Proof) ∵ The E-field inside a conductor is zero,
 
∴  E d l  Et W  0  Et  0
   s S s
 E d S  En S  0
 En 
0


 
Eg. Show that E1t= E2t and an 2   D1  D2    s on the interface between two
 
dielectric.
 
(Proof)  E d l
abcda
 E1t W  E 2t W  0 , E1t=E2t
 
   
 

s D  d S   D1  a n2  D2  a n1  S  a n 2  D1  D2 S   s S

 

 
an 2   D1  D2    s or D1n-D2n=ρs
 
If ρs=0, then D1n=D2n or ε1E1n=ε2E2n

Eg. Two dielectric media are separated by a charge free boundary. The electric
field intensity in media 1 at the point P1 has a magnitude E1 and makes an angle
α1 with the normal. Determine the magnitude and direction of the electric field
intensity at point P2 in medium 2. [交大電子所]
tan  2  2
(Sol.) E2 sin  2  E1 sin 1 ,  2 E2 cos 2   1 E1 cos1  
tan  1  1

E2  E22t  E22n  E2 sin  2 2  E2 cos 2 2

1/ 2 1/ 2
  1  
2
  1  
2

 E1 sin  1    E1 cos  1    E1 sin  1   cos  1  

2 2

 2    2  
Eg. Assume that z=0 plane separates two lossless dielectric regions with εr1=2 and
     
εr2=3. If E1 in region 1 is x 2 y  y 3x  z 5  z  , find E 2 and D2 at z=0 in

region 2.
       
(Sol.) E1  x 2 y  y 3x  z 5 , E1t z  0  E 2t z  0  x 2 y  y 3x ,

   
D1n z  0  D2 n z  0  2 E1n z  0  3 E 2 n z  0
 2     10     10
E 2 n z  0   z 5   z , ∴ E 2  z  0  x 2 y  y 3x  z
3  3 3

   10

D2 z  0   x 2 y  y 3x  z 3 0
 3

Eg. A lucite sheet (εr=3.2) is introduced perpendicularly in a uniform electric

    
field E 0  x E 0 in free space. Determine E i , Di and Pi inside the lucite. [中

央地球物理所]
   
(Sol.) Di  x Di  x D0  x  0 E0
 1  1   E0
Ei  Di  Di  x
  0 r 3.2
   
 1   11
Pi  Di   0 Ei  x 1    0 E0  x  0 E0 (C / m)
 3.2  16

Eg. Dielectric lenses can be used to collimate electromagnetic fields. The left
surface of the lens is that of a circular cylinder, and right surface is a plane. If
  
E1 at point P(r0,45°,z) in region 1 is a r 5  a 3 , what must be the dielectric


constant of the lens in order that E 3 in region 3 is parallel to the

x-axis?
  
(Sol.) Assume E 2  a r E 2 r  a E 2 , ∵ E1t  E 2t  E  E 2  3

 
For E 3 // x  axis  E 2 // x  axis  E 2   E 2 r  E2r  3
    5
a n  D1  a n  D2   1 Er1   2 Er 2 ,  0 5   0 r 2 3   r 2 
3
Eg. A positive point charge Q is at the center of a spherical dielectric shell of an
inner radius Ri and an outer radius Ro. The dielectric constant of the shell is εr.
  
Determine E , V , D , and P as functions of the radial distance R. [高考]

   
(Sol.) P  D   0 E   0  r  1 E

R>Ro:
 Q Q
E  aˆ R , V 
40 R 2
40 R
 Q 
D  aˆ R and P  0
4R 2

Ri<R<Ro:

 Q Q  Q   1  Q
E  aˆ R  aˆ R , D  ˆ
a , P  aˆ R 1  
40 r R 4R 4R  r  4R
2 2 R 2 2

Ro Q R Q Q  1  1 1 
V   dR   dR  1    
 40 R 2 Ro 40 r R 2 4 0   r  Ro  r R 
 Q  Q 
R<Ri: E  aˆ R , D  aˆ R , P  0,
40 R 2 4R 2

R Q Q  1  1  1  1 1
V V  dR  1    1    
R  Ri Ri 4 0 R 2
4 0   r  Ro   r  Ri R 

Boundary conditions for magnetic fields:

Eg. Show that μ1H1n=μ2H2n and aˆ n 2  ( H 1  H 2 )  J .

 
(Proof)  B d S  0  B1n S  B2n S  0 , B1n=B2n
 μ1H1n=μ2H2n

 H  dl  I   H  dl  H
abcda
1  w  H 2  (w)  J sww

 H1t  H 2t  J sw  aˆn 2  ( H 1  H 2 )  J

If J=0, then H1t=H2t

Eg. Two magnetic media with permeabilities μ1 and μ2 have a common boundary.
The magnetic field intensity in medium 1 at the point P1 has a magnitude H1 and
makes an angle α1 with the normal. Determine the magnitude and the direction
of the magnetic field intensity at point P2 in medium 2.

 H cos  2  1H1 cos 1 tan  2  2

(Sol.)  2 2  
H 2 sin  2  H1 sin 1 tan 1 1

2
  2  tan 1 ( tan 1 )
1
1
   2
H 2  H 22t  H 22n  ( H 2 sin  2 ) 2  ( H 2 cos  2 ) 2  H1 sin 2 1  ( 1 cos 1 ) 2 
 2 

Eg. Consider a plane boundary (y=0) between air (region 1, μr1=1) and iron
 
(region 2, μr2=5000). (a) Assuming B1  0.5 xˆ  10 yˆ (mT), find B2 and the angle


that B2 makes with the interface. (b) Assuming B2  10 xˆ  0.5 yˆ (mT), find B1

and the angle that B1 makes with the normal to the interface.
(Sol.)
  B2 x 0.5
(a) B1  0.5 xˆ  10 yˆ , B2  B2 x xˆ  B2 y yˆ , H 2 x   H 1x   B2 x  2500
5000  o o
  B
B2 y  B1 y  10  B2  2500 xˆ  10 yˆ , tan  2  2 tan 1  500 1x  25
1 B1 y
  B B
(b) B2  10 xˆ  0.5 yˆ , B1  B1x xˆ  B1 y yˆ , H 1x  1x  H 2 x  2 x
1 2
1 10 
 B1x  B2 x   0.002 , B1 y  B2 y  0.5 , ∴ B1  0.002 xˆ  0.5 yˆ ,
 BE 5000
B1x 0.002
tan  1    0.004
B1 y 0.5
Magnetic flux lines round a cylindrical bar magnet:
Eg. Assume that N turns of wire are wound around a toroidal core of a
ferromagnetic material with permeability μ. The core has a mean radius r0, a
circular cross section of radius a (a << r0), and a narrow air gap of length lg, as
shown in Figure. A steady current I0 flows in the wire. Determine (a) the
magnetic flux density Bf in the ferromagnetic core; (b) the magnetic field
intensity Hf in the core; and, (c) the magnetic field intensity Hg in the gap. [台大
電研]
(Sol.)

Bf Bf
 H  d l  NI
C
o , B f  B g  aˆ  B f ,

(2ro  l g ) 
o
l g  NI o

 o NI o  o NI o
Bf H f  aˆ 
 o (2ro  l g )  l g  o (2ro  l g )  l g

NI o
H g  aˆ 
 o (2ro  l g )  l g
2-3 Steady-state Currents

Q Nq v  aˆ n st  
Differential current: I    Nq v  s
t t
    
Current density: J  Nq v  v (A/m2), I   J  dS (A)
s

     
Let v  E, J  v  E  E

 : mobility  : conductivity
    e ue   h u h

electrons holes
Eg. An emf V is applied across a parallel-plate capacitor of area S. The space
between the conducting plates is filled with two different lossy dielectrics of
thicknesses d1 and d2, permittivities ε1 and ε2, and
conductivities σ1 and σ2, respectively. Determine (a)
the current density between the plates, (b) the electric
field intensities in both dielectrics. [高考]
(Sol.)
 d d 
V  R1  R2 I   1  2  I
  1S  2 S 
I V  1 2V
J  
S d1  1   d 2  2   2 d1   1 d 2
 2V  1V
V  E1 d1  E 2 d 2 , J   1 E1   2 E 2 , E1  , E2 
 2 d1   1 d 2  2 d1   1 d 2

Eg. Assume a rectangular conducting sheet of

conductivity σ, width a, and height b. A potential
difference is applied to the side edges. Find (a) the
potential distribution, (b) the current density everywhere
within the sheet. [台科大電子所]
(Sol.)
Vo
(a) V(x)=Cx, V(a)=Ca=V0  V(x)= x
a
Vo Vo
(b) E  V ( x)   xˆ  J   E   xˆ
a a
   dQ d   
Equation of continuity: I   J  dS      dv     J dv    J  0
s
dt dt v t
   p   
 t
If J  E ,   E     0 , ρ=  0 e 
t  t

Boundary conditions for current densities:


  J  0   J 1n  J 2 n Governing Equations for Steady Current Density
  
 J  J 1t  1
      0  J  
Differential Form Integral Form
  
    2t 2  J  0 s J  ds  0

J 1  
     0 c J  d  0
  

Eg. Two conducting media with conductivities σ1 and σ2 are separated by an

interface. The steady current density in medium 1 at point P1 has a magnitude J1
and makes an angle α1 with the normal. Determine the magnitude and direction
of the current density at point P 2 in Medium 2. [台大電研]
(Sol.)

tan  2  2
J 1 cos  1  J 2 cos  2 ,  2 J 1 sin  1   1 J 2 sin  2  
tan  1  1
1 2
  2 
J2  J  J 2
2t
2
2n  J 2 sin  2  2
 J 2 cos 2 
2

  2
  1

J 1 sin 1   J 1 cos 1 2 


  

 J1n  J 2n   1 E1n   2 E2n      

   s   1 2   2  E2n   1   2 1  E1n .
 If
 1n
D  D 2n   s   E
1 1n   E
2 2n   s   1    2 
 2   1   s   1 E1n  D1n .

2-4 Maxwell’s Equations and Plane EM Waves


D
Note: is equivalent to a current density, called the displacement current density.
t
Eg. A voltage source V0sin(ωt), is connected across a parallel-plate capacitor C.
Find the displacement current in the capacitor.
dvC A
(Sol.) iC  C  CV0 cos t   V0 cos t
dt d
  V
D  E  D   0 sin t ,
d

D  A
i D    dS   V0 cos t  iC
A
t d

 V
Lorentz condition:   A   =0
t
  
  D    A    V 2 A
  B  J        A  J   ( V  )  (  A)   2 A  J  (  )   2
t t t t t

  A
2   V
  2 A   2   J  (  A   )
t t

 2 A 
If Lorentz Condition holds, we have  A   2   J
2

t

  
∵   D      E       ( V  A )   2V   (  A)   2V   (  V )   
t t t t 
 2V 
∴  V   2  
2

t 
Effective permittivity:

  E     
 H  J   E  jE  j (  ) E  j C E
t j

 C    j   ' j ' '     '' . Similarly,    ' j ' '

 '' 
Loss tangent: tan  C  
 ' 
Eg. A sinusoidal electric intensity of amplitude 250V/m and frequency 1GHz
exists in a lossy dielectric medium that has a relative permittivity of 2.5 and loss
tangent of 0.001. Find the average power dissipated in the medium per cubic
meter.
(Sol.)

tan    0.001  ,
 0 r
10 9
  0.001(2 10 9 )( )(2.5)  1.39  10  4 ( S / m)
36
1 1 1
p  JE  E 2   (1.39  10  4 )  250 2  4.34 (W / m 3 )
2 2 2
Maxwell’s Equations in the source-free regions:
 
 H  E  
  E   , H  ,  E  0,   H  0
t t
3 4
Phasor representations: Eg. xˆAe j ( z ) , ( xˆ  yˆ )e  j ( z  ) , etc.
5 5
Instantaneous representations: Eg. xˆA cos(t  z   )  Re[ xˆAe  j ( z  )  e jt ] , etc.

   H 
In case E and H are proportional to e , we have   E   
jωt   j H ,
t

 E 
 H    j E , and kx2+ky2+kz2=kx2+ky2+β2=k2=ω2με.
t
 
Eg. Given that H  yˆ 2 cos(15x) sin( 6 10 9 t  z ) in air, find E and β.


(Sol.) Phasor: H  yˆ 2 cos(15x)e  jz , (15 ) 2   2   2  0  0  400  2    13 .2

 1 
E   H  [ xˆ158 cos(15x)  zˆj180 sin( 15x)]e  jz
j 0
 
E ( x, z, t )  Re[ E ( x, z )e jt ]

 
Eg. Given that E  yˆ 0.1cos(10x) sin( 6 10 9 t  z ) in air, find H and β.

(Sol.) Phasor: E  yˆ 0.1cos(10x)e  jz , (10 ) 2   2   2 0 0  400 2    10 3

 1  j
H   E  [ xˆ 0.1 cos(10x )  zˆ0.1(10 ) cos(10x )]e  jz
j0 0
 
H ( x, z, t )  Re[ H ( x, z )e jt ]

Plane EM waves excited by a current sheet:


Given J (t )   xˆJ (t ) at z=0, the field components of the EM plane wave excited by
  z  1 z
the current density are E ( z, t )  xˆ J (t  ) and H ( z, t )   yˆ J (t  ) ,
2 vp 2 vp

respectively. If it is a sinusoidal EM plane wave, J (t )   xˆJ 0 cos(t ) at z=0.

 J  J
We have E ( z, t )  xˆ 0 cos(t  kz) , H ( z, t )   yˆ 0 cos(t  kz) .
2 2
Electromagnetic wave spectrum:
2-5 Plane EM waves in a simple, nonconducting and source-free region
In a simple, nonconducting and source-free region:
 
 H  E  
  E   , H  ,  E  0,   H  0
t t

  2E     2E
    E    (  H )    2  (  E )   E   E   E   2  0 .
2 2 2

t t t
1
Velocity of the plane EM wave: v=

1 1
In vacuum, μ0=4π×10-7, ε0= ×10-9  c   3  10 8 (m / s) .
36  0 0

2 2
Wave number: k=ω/v=    
v/ f 
  
Assume E  e jt  2 E  k 2 E  0 (drop ejωt factor)

  d 2 E( z)  
Suppose E  E ( z )  2
 k 2 E  0  E ( z )  E 0 e  jkz  E 0 e jkz
dz
Traveling wave in +z-direction:

E0 ( z, t )  Re[ E0 e  jkz  e jt ]  E0 cos(t  kz)

dz 
Let ωt-kz=constant  Phase velocity: vp= 
dt k
 
If E  xˆE x ( z),   E   j( xˆH x  yˆH y  zˆH z )

1 1  
 H x  H z  0, H y ( z )    ( jk ) E x ( z )  E x ( z ) , where η=  ,
j  k 
and η0=120π  377Ω in free space.

 
TEM waves (Transverse electromagnetic waves): E and H ⊥ direction of
propagation ( â n )
     jk x jk y  jk z      
E( R)  E( x, y, z)  E0 e x y z  E0 e  jk R  E0 e  jkaˆn R , where R  xˆx  yˆy  zˆz ,


k  aˆ n k , and k x2  k y2  k z2   2 

        
   E  0    ( E0 e  jkaˆn R )  e  jkaˆn R   E0  E0  (e  jkaˆn R )  E0  (e  jkaˆn R )
   
 E0   j ( xˆk x  yˆk y  zˆk z )e  jkaˆn R   jk ( E0  aˆ n )e  jkaˆn R

   
aˆ n  E 0  0  E 0  aˆ n (TE). Similarly,   H  0  H 0  aˆ n (TM)
Relation between E-field and H-field of the plane EM wave:
  1   1        
E ( R)    H ( R)  ( jk )aˆ n  H ( R )  E ( R )  aˆ n  H ( R ) , where η= 
j j k 
  1   1     1  
H ( R)     E ( R)  aˆ n  E ( R)  H ( R )  aˆ n  E ( R )  H  aˆ n
j  

Eg. The instantaneous expression for the magnetic field intensity of a uniform
plane wave propagating in the +y direction in air is given by
 
H  zˆ 4  10 6 cos(10 7 t  k 0 y  ) A/m. (a) Determine k0 and the location where
4

H z vanishes at t=3ms. (b) Write the instantaneous expression for E .

10 7  
(Sol.)   10   k 0  
7
 , aˆ n  yˆ
c 3  10 8
30
   2n  1 1
(a) cos[( 2n  1) ] =0  10 7   3  10 3  y     y  30(3  10 4   n)
2 30 4 2 4
    
(b) E ( z , t )   0 aˆ n  H ( z , t ) , E ( z, t )   xˆ 480 10 6 cos(10 7 t  y )
30 4

Eg. A 100MHz uniform plane wave E  xˆE x propagates in the +z direction.

Suppose εr=4, μr=1, σ=0, and it has a maximum value of 10-4V/m at t =0 and
 
z=0.125m. (a) Write the instantaneous expressions for E and H . (b) Determine

the location where E is a positive maximum when t=10-8sec.

4 0 r
(Sol.) k    0  r  0 r  , aˆ n  zˆ ,    60
3  0 r


(a) E ( z , t )  xˆE x  xˆ10 4 cos( 2  10 8 t  kz   ) has the maximum in case of

  4 
2 108 t  kz    0     E ( z, t )  xˆ10 4 cos( 2 10 8 t  z ),
6 3 6
 1  10 4 4 
H ( z, t )  aˆ n  E ( z, t )  yˆ cos( 2 10 8 t  z )
 60 3 6
4  13 3n
(b) cos(2n )  1, 2 10 8 (10 8 )  z max   2n  z max  
3 6 8 2
Polarization of the EM wave: The direction of electric field of the EM wave.
In the following text, we assume all EM waves to be z-propagated if we do not
specify them.
Linear polarizations in the x and the y-direction,
 
respectively: E  xˆE x e  j ( kz  ) , E  yˆE y e  j ( kz  )

Linear polarization in general case:


E  xˆE x e  j ( kz  )  yˆE y e  j ( kz  ) , where Ex and Ey are in

phase (we can assume the both to be real).

Right–hand circular polarization:


E  xˆE 0 e  j ( kz  )  yˆ jE0 e  j ( kz  )

Left–hand circular polarization:


E  xˆE 0 e  j ( kz  )  yˆ jE0 e  j ( kz  )

Right–hand elliptical polarization:


E  xˆE10 e  j ( kz  )  yˆ jE20 e  j ( kz  ) ( E10  E20 )

Left–hand elliptical polarization:


E  xˆE10 e  j ( kz  )  yˆ jE20 e  j ( kz  ) ( E10  E20 )

We can receive/transmit linearly-polarized EM waves by a

linear dipole antenna.

We can receive/transmit
circularly-polarized EM waves
by a circular reflector antenna.
 
Instantaneous Expression for E of right–hand elliptical–polarization (drop
phase factor e-jθ):

E ( z, t )  Re[ xˆE10 e  jkz  yˆjE20 e  jkz ]e jt   xˆE10 cos(t  kz)  yˆE 20 sin( t  kz)
 xˆE1 ( z, t )  yˆE 2 ( z , t )
E1 (0, t ) E (0, t ) E (0, t ) 2 E2 (0, t ) 2 E (0, t )
 cos(t )  , sin( t )  2 [ 1 ] [ ]  1 , t  tan 1 2
E10 E20 E10 E20 E1 (0, t )
1 1
1. xˆE x  ( xˆE x  yˆjE y )  ( xˆE x  yˆjE y ) : A linearly polarized plane wave can be
2 2
resolved into a right –hand and left–hand elliptically- or circularly-polarized waves.
E.0  E1 E  E0 E  E1 E  E1
2. xˆE0  yˆ jE0  ( xˆ  yˆ j 1 )  ( xˆ 0  yˆ j 0 ):
2 2 2 2
A circularly–polarized plane wave can be resolved into two opposite
elliptically–polarized waves.
E.1  E 2 E  E2 E  E2 E  E2
3. xˆE1  yˆjE2  ( xˆ  yˆj 1 )  ( xˆ 1  yˆj 1 ):
2 2 2 2
An elliptically–polarized plane wave can be resolved into two opposite
circularly–polarized waves.


Eg. The E field of a uniform plane wave propagating in a dielectric medium is
z z
given by E (t , z )  xˆ 2 cos(10 8 t  )  yˆ sin( 10 8 t  ) V/m. (a) Determine the
3 3
frequency and wavelength of the wave. (b) What is the dielectric constant of the
medium? (c) Describe the polarization of the wave. (d) Find the corresponding

H field.

(Sol.) Phasor: E  xˆ 2e  jz / 3  yˆje jz / 3

1 2
(a)   10 8  f  1.59  10 7 Hz , k     2 3
3 k

(b) v   3  10 8  1 /  0 0 r   r  3

(c) It is the left–hand elliptically-polarized wave propagating along +z direction.

0 120 
(d)    , aˆ n  zˆ
 0 r 3

 1  1 3
H  aˆ n  E  zˆ  ( xˆ 2e  jz / 3
 yˆje  jz / 3 )  ( yˆ 2e  jz / 3
 xˆje  jz / 3 )
  120 
3 z z
 H ( z , t )  Re[ H ( z )e jt ]  [ xˆ sin(108 t  )  yˆ 2 cos(108 t  )]
120 3 3
Eg. Write down the instantaneous expression for the electric- and magnetic-field
intensities of sinusoidal time-varying uniform plane wave propagating in free
space and having the following characteristics: (1) f=10GHz; (2) direction of
propagation is the +z direction; (3) left-hand circular polarization; (4) the initial
condition is the electric field in the z=0 plane and t=0 having an x-component
equal to E0 and a y-component equal to √3E0. [台大電研]
 2
(Sol.)   2 1010 , v   c  3  10 8  k   10 2
k 3

Phasor: E  xˆAe  j ( kz  )  yˆjAe  j ( kz  ) for the left-hand circular polarization

 E ( z, t )  Re[ xˆAe ( jkz )  yˆjAe  j ( kz  ) ]e jt  xˆA cos(t  kz   )  yˆA sin( t  kz   )

z=0 and t=0, E (0,0)  xˆA cos( )  yˆA sin(  ) = xˆE0  yˆ 3E0  θ=tan-1(- √3), A=2E0

 2 2
E ( z, t )  xˆ 2E0 cos[ 2 10 10 t  10 2 z  tan 1 ( 3 )]  yˆ 2E0 sin( 2 10 10 t  10 2 z  tan 1 ( 3 )]
3 3
 1  1 2 E0
H aˆ n  E  zˆ  [ xˆAe  j ( kz  )  yˆjAe  j ( kz  ) ]  [ yˆe  j ( kz  )  xˆje j ( kz  ) ]
0 0 120 
  jt
 H ( z, t )  Re[ H ( z )e ]

Application of polarization: Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

The polarizations of incident lights are synchronized by the rotations of molecules of
liquid crystal, which were controlled by an AC voltage. And then the output polarizer
can block the orthogonally-polarized lights to control the output optical intensities.
   
Poynting vector: P  E  H
   
 B ,   D        B  D  
 E    H  J     ( E  H )  H  (  E )  E  (  H )   H  E EJ
t t t t
 
  ( H )   (E )    1 2  1 2 2
 H  E  E  J   (  H )  (  E )  E
t t t 2 t 2
       2   2 2
∴ s ( E  H )  dS  
v
  ( E  H ) dv  
t 
v
(
2
E 
2
H ) dv  
v
 E dv
  
 P  E  H is the electromagnetic power flow per unit area.

  
Instantaneous power density: P( z, t )  Re[ E ( z )e jt ]  Re[ H ( z )e jt ]

  1  E  j ( z  )
Set E ( z )  xˆE x ( z )  xˆE0 e (  j ) z  H ( z )  [aˆ n  E ( z )]  yˆ 0 e z  e ,
 

 
∴ E ( z , t )  Re[ E ( z )e jt ]  xˆE 0 e z cos(t  z )

 E
and H ( z, t )  Re[ H ( z )e jt ]  yˆ 0 e z cos(t  z   )

    
 P( z, t )  E ( z, t )  H ( z, t )  Re[ E ( z )e jt ]  Re[ H ( z )e jt ]
2
E0
 zˆ e  2z [cos   cos( 2t  2z   )]  E0 2

2

 1  
Average power density: Pav  Re( E  H * )
2
2
 1 T E 0  2z
Pav   P( z , t )dt  zˆ e cos  , where T is the period. And it can be proved that
T 0 2

 1  
Pav  Re( E  H * ) .
2

Eg. Show that P ( z , t ) of a circularly–polarized plane wave propagating in a
lossless medium is a constant.
(Sol.) Assuming right–hand circularly–polarized plane wave, aˆ n  zˆ

E ( z , t )  E 0 [ xˆ cos(t  z )  yˆ sin( t  z )]

 1  E
H ( z, t )  (aˆ n  E )  0 [ xˆ sin( t  z )  yˆ cos(t  z )]
 
   E
2

P( z , t )  E ( z , t )  H ( z , t )  zˆ 0

 
Eg. Find P on the surface of a long, straight conducting wire of radius b and
conductivity σ that carries a direct current I. Verify Poynting’s theorem.

 I  J I  I    I2
(Sol.) J  zˆ 2  E   zˆ , H  ˆ
a   P  E  H   ˆ
a
b  b 2 2b 2 2 b 3
r

   I2 
  P  dS   P  aˆ r dS   2b  I 2 ( )  I 2R
s s 2 b 2 2
b 2

2-6 Plane EM Wave in a Lossy Media

       
  H  J  j E  E  j E  j (  j ) E  j c E ,  c    j   '  j '' .
 

Complex wave number: k c    c . Loss tangent: tan  c   ''  ' 

 12
Propagation constant:   jkc  j  c    j  j  (1  )
j
E  e z  e  jkc z  e z  e  jz
If the medium is lossless→α=0 and kc=β; else if the medium is lossy→ α>0.
2
Phase constant:  

  2 1   1
  [ 1 ( )  1] 2 ,    [ 1  ( ) 2  1] 2
2  2 
   1 
Case 1 Low-loss Dielectric:  1    ,     [(1  ( ) 2 ]
 2  8 
 
Intrinsic impedance:  c  (1  j )
 2
 1 1 1 
Phase velocity: v p    [1  ( ) 2 ]
  c  8 
 
Case 2 Good Conductor:  1       f ,
 2

  f   2
and c   (1  j )  (1  j ) Phase velocity: v p  
c    

1 1
Skin Depth (depth of penetration):    .
 f
1 1 
For a good conductor,    
  2
 
Eg. E (t , z )  xˆ100 cos(10 7 t ) V/m at z=0 in seawater: εr=72, μr=1, σ=4S/m. (a)
Determine α, β, vp, and ηc. (b) Find the distance at which the amplitude of E is
1% of its value at z=0. (c) Write E(z,t) and H(z,t) at z=0.8m, suppose it propagates
in the +z direction.
(Sol.)   107  , f=5×106Hz, σ/ωε0εr=200>>1, ∴ Seawater is a good conductor in
this case.
f
(a)   f  8.89Np / m   ,  c  (1  j )

 2 1
v p   3.53  10 6 m / s ,    0.707 m ,    0.112 m
  
1
(b) e z  0.01  z  ln(100 )  0.518 m

(c) E ( z, t )  Re[ E ( z )e jt ]  xˆ100 e z cos(t  z )
z  0.8m  E (0.8, t )  xˆ100 e 0.8 cos(t  0.8 )  xˆ 0.082 cos(10 7 t  7.11)
 1  E (0.8) jt
H (0.8, t )  aˆ n  E (0.8, t ) , H (0.8, t )  yˆ Re[ x e ]  yˆ 0.026 cos(10 7 t  1.61)
 c
Eg. The magnetic field intensity of a linearly polarized uniform plane wave
propagating in the +y direction in seawater εr=80, μr=1, σ=4S/m is
 
H  xˆ 0.1sin( 10 10 t  ) A/m. (a) Determine the attenuation constant, the phase
3
constant, the intrinsic impedance, the phase velocity, the wavelength, and the
skin depth. (b) Find the location at which the amplitude of H is 0.01 A/m. (c)
Write the expressions for E(y,t) and H(y,t) at y=0.5m as function of t.
(Sol.) (a) σ/ωε=0.18<<1, ∴ Seawater is a low-loss dielectric in this case.
   
   83.96Np/ m c  (1  j )  41.8e j 0.0283
2   2
1   1
    [(1  ( ) 2 ]  300 , v p   3.33  10 7 m / s ,    1.19  10 2 m ,
8   
2
  6.67  10 3 m

0.01 1
(b) e y   y  ln 10  2.74  10 2 m
0.1 

(c) H ( y, t )  xˆ 0.1e y sin( 10 10 t  y  ) , y  0.5,   300
3
 
 H (0.5, t )  xˆ5.75  10 20 sin( 10 10 t  )
3
  
aˆ n  yˆ  E (0.5, t )  c aˆ n  H (0.5, t )  zˆ2.41  10 18 sin( 1010t   0.0283 )
3
Eg. Given that the skin depth for graphite at 100 MHz is 0.16mm, determine (a)
the conductivity of graphite, and (b) the distance that a 1GHz wave travels in
graphite such that its field intensity is reduced by 30dB.
1
(Sol.) (a)    0.16  10 3    0.99  10 5 S / m
f

(b) At f=109Hz,   f  1.98 104 Np / m

1.5
 30(dB)  20 log 10 e z  z   1.75  10 4 m
 log 10 e
Eg. Determine and compare the intrinsic impedance, attenuation constant, and
skin depth of copper σcu=5.8×107S/m, silver σag=6.15×107S/m, and brass
σbr=1.59×107S/m at following frequencies: 60Hz and 1GHz.
1 
(Sol.)   f ,   , f    ,  c  (1  j )
 

Copper: 60Hz   c  2.02 (1  j )  10 6  ,   1.17  10 2 Np / m ,   8.53 103 m

1GHz   c  8.25 (1  j )  10 3  ,   4.79  10 5 Np / m ,   2.09 106 m

d 1
Group velocity: v g  
d d  / d


E (t , z )  E 0 cos[(   )t  (    ) z ]  E 0 cos[(   )t  (    ) z ]

 2 E0 cos(t  z ) cos(t  z )

dz  1 d 1
Let t  z =constant  v g     
dt   /  d d / d
dv p dv p
Eg. Show that v g  v p   and v g  v p  
d d
 d dv p
(Proof) v p  ,   v p  , vg   vp  
 d d
2   dv p
∵  ,   2 , d   d  0   , vg  v p  
 d d d

An example of longitudinal vp>0 but longitudinal vg=0 in barber’s pole.

Plasma: Ionized gasses with equal electron and ion densities.
Ionosphere: 50~500 Km in altitude

Simple model of plasma: An electron of charge –e, mass m, position x
 
d 2x 2  e     e2 
 eE  m 2   m x  x  E  Electric dipole p  ex  E
dt m 2 m 2
  Ne 2 
∴ Total electric dipole moment: P  Np   E
m 2

   Ne 2  p2  Ne 2
D   0 E  P   0 (1  ) E   0 (1  2 ) E , where  p  is the plasma
m 2 0  m 0

p2 fp
2

angular frequency, and the effective permittivity is    0 (1  2 )   0 (1  2 ) .

 f

2
fp
Propagation constant:   j  0  1  ( 2
)
f

0
Intrinsic impedance of the plasma:  c  where  0  120  ()
fp
1 ( ) 2

Case 1 f<fp: γ is real,  c is pure imaginary  Attenuation  EM wave is in cutoff.

Case 2 f>fp: γ is pure imaginary,  c is real  EM wave can propagate through the
plasma.