Bio Cbse 12 Project On Hiv Ais
Bio Cbse 12 Project On Hiv Ais
Bio Cbse 12 Project On Hiv Ais
SCHOOL
Sign of examiner
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INDEX
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INTODUCTION
What is HIV?
Human immunodeciency virus (HIV) is a
virus that attacks immune cells called CD4
cells, which are a type of T cell.
These are white blood cells that move around
the body, detecting faults and anomalies in
cells as well as infections. When HIV targets
and inltrates these cells, it reduces the
body's ability to combat other diseases.
This increases the risk and impact of
opportunistic infections and cancers.
However, a person can carry HIV without
experiencing symptoms for a long time.
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HIV is a lifelong infection. However, receiving
treatment and managing the disease
e(ectively can prevent HIV from reaching a
severe level and reduce the risk of a person
SYMPT
passing on the virus.
OMS
The early symptoms of HIV infection may
include:
Chills and fever
joint pain
muscle aches
sore throat
enlarged glands
a red rash,etc.
Without proper and consistent treatment, people living with HIV can
develop AIDS sooner. By that time, the immune system is quite
damaged and has a harder time fighting off infection and disease. With
the use of antiretroviral therapy, a person can maintain chronic HIV
infection without developing AIDS for decades.
How Is
HIV/AI
Sexual contact - HIV is spread most commonly by sexual contact with an
DSThe virus enters the body through the lining of the
infected partner.
vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or mouth during sexual acvity.
Transmi
Blood contaminaon - HIV may also be spread through contact with
tted?
infected blood. However, due to the screening of blood for evidence of
HIV infecon, the risk of acquiring HIV from blood transfusions is
extremely low.
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HIV/AIDS cannot be spread through:
Saliva, sweat or tears
Casual contact, such as sharing food utensils, towels, and bedding
Swimming pools
Toilet seats
Biting insects (such as mosquitoes)
Structure
People with AIDS have such badly damaged immune systems that they get a
number of severe illnesses, called opportunistic infections.
of HIV
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HIV is a spherical virus. The outer shell of the virus is called the envelope and
this is covered in spikes of the ‘glycoproteins’ gp120 and gp41, which allow HIV
to lock onto the CD4 receptor on CD4 T cells and enter the cell.
Inside the virus envelope is a layer called the matrix. The core of the virus, or
nucleus, is held in the capsid, a cone-shaped structure in the centre of the virion.
The capsid contains two enzymes essen1al for HIV replica1on, the reverse
transcriptase and integrase molecules. It also contains two strands of RNA –
which hold HIV’s gene1c material.
HIV’s RNA is made up of nine genes which contain all the instruc1ons to make
new viruses. Three of these genes – gag, pol and env – provide the instruc1ons
to make proteins that will form new virus par1cles.
The
life
cycle
of HIV
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CLINICAL STAGES OF INFECTION
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1. Primary (acute) HIV infection
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fever and rash are the most common symptoms of acute
HIV infection, not everyone will experience these.
2. Chronic infection
HIV infection will not cause further illness for some years.
This period is known as the asymptomatic phase. HIV
gradually reduces the number of CD4 cells in the body
until the CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells/mm3. After
the CD4 cell count falls below this level, the risk of
developing AIDS-related infections (opportunistic
infections) greatly increases.
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ongoing, but none are close to being approved for
general use.
pneumonia
inBuenza
hepatitis A and B
How to
prevent
To help prevent the spread of HIV:
HIV ?
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Use a new condom every time you have sex. Use a new condom
every time you have anal or vaginal sex. Women can use a female
condom. If using a lubricant, make sure it's water-based. Oil-based
lubricants can weaken condoms and cause them to break. During oral
sex use a nonlubricated, cut-open condom or a dental dam — a piece
of medical-grade latex.
Consider preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The combination drugs
emtricitabine plus tenofovir (Truvada) and emtricitabine plus tenofovir
alafenamide (Descovy) can reduce the risk of sexually transmitted HIV
infection in people at very high risk.
Your doctor will prescribe these drugs for HIV prevention only if you
don't already have HIV infection. You will need an HIV test before you
start taking PrEP and then every three months as long as you're taking
it. Your doctor will also test your kidney function before prescribing
Truvada and continue to test it every six months..
Tell your sexual partners if you have HIV. It's important to tell all
your current and past sexual partners that you're HIV-positive. They'll
need to be tested.
Use a clean needle. If you use a needle to inject drugs, make sure
it's sterile and don't share it. Take advantage of needle-exchange
programs in your community and consider seeking help for your drug
use.
What tests
are used to
Antibody/antigen tests
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An1body/an1gen tests are the most commonly used tests. They can show posi1ve results
typically within 18–45 daysTrusted Source a?er someone ini1ally contracts HIV.These tests
check the blood for an1bodies and an1gens. An an1body is a type of protein the body makes
to @ght an infec1on. An an1gen, on the other hand, is the part of the virus that ac1vates the
immune system.
More than 1 million people in the India are living with HIV. It’s different for
everybody, but with treatment, many can expect to live a long, productive life.
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