Bio Cbse 12 Project On Hiv Ais

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BODHISUKHA

SCHOOL

NAME: ARITRA HALDER


CLASS: XII
ROLL NO :
TOPIC: HIV
YEAR: 2019-20
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CERTIFICATE

This is to cerfy that Aritra


Halder of classXII,Bodhisukha School
has sasfactorily completed the project of
Biology on HIV in the academic year 2019-
20.

Sign of candidate Sign of teacher

Sign of examiner
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INDEX

Sl no. Topic Page no.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

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INTODUCTION

What is HIV?
Human immunodeciency virus (HIV) is a
virus that attacks immune cells called CD4
cells, which are a type of T cell.
These are white blood cells that move around
the body, detecting faults and anomalies in
cells as well as infections. When HIV targets
and inltrates these cells, it reduces the
body's ability to combat other diseases.
This increases the risk and impact of
opportunistic infections and cancers.
However, a person can carry HIV without
experiencing symptoms for a long time.

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HIV is a lifelong infection. However, receiving
treatment and managing the disease
e(ectively can prevent HIV from reaching a
severe level and reduce the risk of a person
SYMPT
passing on the virus.

OMS
The early symptoms of HIV infection may
include:
 Chills and fever

 joint pain

 muscle aches

 sore throat

 sweats. particularly at night

 enlarged glands

 a red rash,etc.

Symptoms of late-stage HIV infection may


include:
 blurred vision

 diarrhea, which is usually persistent

 a fever of over 100 °F (37 °C) lasting for weeks


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 permanent tiredness

 shortness of breath, or dyspnea

 swollen glands lasting for weeks

 unintentional weight loss

 white spots on the tongue or mouth

Without proper and consistent treatment, people living with HIV can
develop AIDS sooner. By that time, the immune system is quite
damaged and has a harder time fighting off infection and disease. With
the use of antiretroviral therapy, a person can maintain chronic HIV
infection without developing AIDS for decades.
How Is
HIV/AI
Sexual contact - HIV is spread most commonly by sexual contact with an
DSThe virus enters the body through the lining of the
infected partner.
vagina, vulva, penis, rectum, or mouth during sexual acvity.
Transmi
Blood contaminaon - HIV may also be spread through contact with
tted?
infected blood. However, due to the screening of blood for evidence of
HIV infecon, the risk of acquiring HIV from blood transfusions is
extremely low.

Needles - HIV is frequently spread by sharing needles, syringes, or drug


use equipment with someone who is infected with the virus.
Transmission from paent to healthcare worker, or vice-versa through
accidental scks with contaminated needles or other medical
instruments, is rare.

Mother-infant - HIV also can be spread to babies born to, or breas2ed


by, mothers infected with the virus.

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HIV/AIDS cannot be spread through:
 Saliva, sweat or tears
 Casual contact, such as sharing food utensils, towels, and bedding
 Swimming pools
 Toilet seats
 Biting insects (such as mosquitoes)

How Do You Get AIDS?


AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infecon. If you have HIV and you are not
on HIV treatment, eventually your body’s immune system will weaken and you will
progress to AIDS.

Structure
People with AIDS have such badly damaged immune systems that they get a
number of severe illnesses, called opportunistic infections.

of HIV

HIV is called a retrovirus because it works in a back-to-front way. Unlike other


viruses, retroviruses store their gene1c informa1on using RNA instead of DNA,
meaning they need to ‘make’ DNA when they enter a human cell in order to
make new copies of themselves.

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HIV is a spherical virus. The outer shell of the virus is called the envelope and
this is covered in spikes of the ‘glycoproteins’ gp120 and gp41, which allow HIV
to lock onto the CD4 receptor on CD4 T cells and enter the cell.

Inside the virus envelope is a layer called the matrix. The core of the virus, or
nucleus, is held in the capsid, a cone-shaped structure in the centre of the virion.
The capsid contains two enzymes essen1al for HIV replica1on, the reverse
transcriptase and integrase molecules. It also contains two strands of RNA –
which hold HIV’s gene1c material.

HIV’s RNA is made up of nine genes which contain all the instruc1ons to make
new viruses. Three of these genes – gag, pol and env – provide the instruc1ons
to make proteins that will form new virus par1cles.

The
life
cycle
of HIV

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CLINICAL STAGES OF INFECTION

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1. Primary (acute) HIV infection

HIV enters the body by infecting CD4 cells in the mucous


membranes of the vagina or the rectum, or by direct
infection of CD4 t-cells in the bloodstream.

At this stage pre-exposure prophylaxis using antiretroviral


drugs can prevent HIV infection if it is taken consistently.
Post-exposure prophylaxis with a three-drug antiretroviral
combination can prevent HIV infection at this stage and
for up to 72 hours after exposure.

Dendritic cells are among the rst to encounter HIV, their


job is to transport infectious agents to the lymph nodes.
When HIV arrives in the lymph nodes – around 24 to 48
hours after exposure – they activate other immune cells,
such as CD4 t-cells, HIV’s primary target.

It is here in the lymph nodes that HIV begins to replicate.


At this stage, HIV is not detectable in the blood by viral
load (HIV RNA) testing or antibody testing. This stage
may last for between 7 and 21 days and during this
period HIV can only be detected by taking samples
directly from the lymph node tissue (biopsy). Three-drug
antiretroviral therapy begun at this stage of HIV infection
may greatly restrict the spread of HIV to long-lived cells
of the immune system that form a ‘reservoir’ of HIV
infection in the body. Several weeks after infection HIV
becomes detectable in the blood by viral load testing. At
this point people may begin to experience symptoms of
acute HIV infection as levels of HIV in the blood rise very
high. Common symptoms of acute HIV infection include
fever, body rash, swollen glands, among others. While

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fever and rash are the most common symptoms of acute
HIV infection, not everyone will experience these.

2. Chronic infection

HIV infection will not cause further illness for some years.
This period is known as the asymptomatic phase. HIV
gradually reduces the number of CD4 cells in the body
until the CD4 cell count falls below 200 cells/mm3. After
the CD4 cell count falls below this level, the risk of
developing AIDS-related infections (opportunistic
infections) greatly increases.

The asymptomatic phase lasts for around ten years on


average. The length of the asymptomatic phase depends
on how quickly the CD4 cell count declines. If a person
has a very high viral load (above 100,000 copies/ml),
they will lose CD4 cells more quickly.

Antiretroviral treatment suppresses HIV to undetectable


levels, restores the CD4 cell count to normal levels and
prevents disease if started at any time during the
asymptomatic phase and taken every day. All treatment
guidelines recommend that people start treatment as
soon as they are ready after HIV diagnosis.

Is there a vaccine for HIV?


Currently, there are no vaccines to prevent or treat HIV.
Research and testing on experimental vaccines are

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ongoing, but none are close to being approved for
general use.

HIV is a complicated virus. It mutates (changes) rapidly


and is often able to fend o( immune system responses.
Only a small number of people who have HIV develop
broadly neutralizing antibodies, the kind of antibodies
that can ght a range of HIV strains.

The rst HIV vaccine e>cacy study in seven years is


currently underway in South Africa. The experimental
vaccine is an updated version of one used in a 2009 trial
that took place in Thailand. A 3.5-year follow-up after
vaccination showed the vaccine was 31.2 percent
e(ective in preventing HIV infection. It’s the most
successful HIV vaccine trial to date.

The study involves 5,400 men and women from South


Africa. In 2016 in South Africa, about 270,000
people contracted HIV. The results of the study are
expected in 2021.While there’s still no vaccine to prevent
HIV, people with HIV can benet from other vaccines to
prevent HIV-related illnesses, such as:

 pneumonia

 inBuenza

 hepatitis A and B
How to
prevent
To help prevent the spread of HIV:
HIV ?
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 Use a new condom every time you have sex. Use a new condom
every time you have anal or vaginal sex. Women can use a female
condom. If using a lubricant, make sure it's water-based. Oil-based
lubricants can weaken condoms and cause them to break. During oral
sex use a nonlubricated, cut-open condom or a dental dam — a piece
of medical-grade latex.
 Consider preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The combination drugs
emtricitabine plus tenofovir (Truvada) and emtricitabine plus tenofovir
alafenamide (Descovy) can reduce the risk of sexually transmitted HIV
infection in people at very high risk.
Your doctor will prescribe these drugs for HIV prevention only if you
don't already have HIV infection. You will need an HIV test before you
start taking PrEP and then every three months as long as you're taking
it. Your doctor will also test your kidney function before prescribing
Truvada and continue to test it every six months..

 Tell your sexual partners if you have HIV. It's important to tell all
your current and past sexual partners that you're HIV-positive. They'll
need to be tested.

 Use a clean needle. If you use a needle to inject drugs, make sure
it's sterile and don't share it. Take advantage of needle-exchange
programs in your community and consider seeking help for your drug
use.

 If you're pregnant, get medical care right away. If you're HIV-


positive, you may pass the infection to your baby. But if you receive
treatment during pregnancy, you can cut your baby's risk significantly.

 Consider male circumcision. There's evidence that male


circumcision can help reduce the risk of getting HIV infection.

What tests
are used to
Antibody/antigen tests

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An1body/an1gen tests are the most commonly used tests. They can show posi1ve results
typically within 18–45 daysTrusted Source a?er someone ini1ally contracts HIV.These tests
check the blood for an1bodies and an1gens. An an1body is a type of protein the body makes
to @ght an infec1on. An an1gen, on the other hand, is the part of the virus that ac1vates the
immune system.

Nucleic acid test (NAT)


This expensive test isn’t used for general screening. It’s for people who have early symptoms
of HIV or have a known risk factor. This test doesn’t look for an1bodies; it looks for the virus
itself. It takes from 5 to 21 days for HIV to be detectable in the blood. This test is usually
accompanied or con@rmed by an an1body test

Living with HIV: What to expect and 1ps for coping

 Make their health their top priority.


 Focus on their emotional health.
 Use safer sex practices.
 Talk to their healthcare provider about PrEP and PEP.
 Surround themselves with loved ones.

More than 1 million people in the India are living with HIV. It’s different for
everybody, but with treatment, many can expect to live a long, productive life.

The most important thing is to start antiretroviral treatment as soon as


possible. By taking medications exactly as prescribed, people living with HIV
can keep their viral load low and their immune system strong. It’s also
important to follow up with a healthcare provider regularly.

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